The modern state and the re-creation of the indigenous other: The case of the authentic Sami in Sweden and the white man's Indian in the United States of America

The present study comparatively examined the socio-political and economic transformation of the indigenous Sámi in Sweden and the Indian American in the United States of America occurring first as a consequence of colonization and later as a product of interaction with the modern territorial and industrial state, from approximately 1500 to 1900. ^ The first colonial encounters of the Europeans with these autochthonous populations ultimately created an imagery of the exotic Other and of the noble savage. Despite these disparaging representations, the cross-cultural settings in which these interactions took place also produced the hybrid communities and syncretic life that allowed levels of cultural accommodation, autonomous space, and indigenous agency to emerge. By the nineteenth century, however, the modern territorial and industrial state rearranges the dynamics and reaches of power across a redefined territorial sovereign space, consequently, remapping belongingness and identity. In this context, the status of indigenous peoples, as in the case of Sámi and of Indian Americans, began to change at par with industrialization and with modernity. At this point in time, indigenous populations became a hindrance to be dealt with the legal re-codification of Indigenousness into a vacuumed limbo of disenfranchisement. It is, thus, the modern territorial and industrial state that re-creates the exotic into an indigenous Other. ^ The present research showed how the initial interaction between indigenous and Europeans changed with the emergence of the modern state, demonstrating that the nineteenth century, with its fundamental impulses of industrialism and modernity, not only excluded and marginalized indigenous populations because they were considered unfit to join modern society, it also re-conceptualized indigenous identity into a constructed authenticity.^

Potential mitigation of midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America

Beef production can be environmentally detrimental due in large part to associated enteric methane (CH4) production, which contributes to climate change. However, beef production in well-managed grazing systems can aid in soil carbon sequestration (SCS), which is often ignored when assessing beef production impacts on climate change. To estimate the carbon footprint and climate change mitigation potential of upper Midwest grass-finished beef production systems, we conducted a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing two grazing management strategies: 1) a non-irrigated, lightly-stocked (1.0 AU/ha), high-density (100,000 kg LW/ha) system (MOB) and 2) an irrigated, heavily-stocked (2.5 AU/ha), low-density (30,000 kg LW/ha) system (IRG). In each system, April-born steers were weaned in November, winter-backgrounded for 6 months and grazed until their endpoint the following November, with average slaughter age of 19 months and a 295 kg hot carcass weight. As the basis for the LCA, we used two years of data from Lake City Research Center, Lake City, MI. We included greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with enteric CH4, soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, alfalfa and mineral supplementation, and farm energy use. We also generated results from the LCA using the enteric emissions equations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We evaluated a range of potential rates of soil carbon (C) loss or gain of up to 3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Enteric CH4 had the largest impact on total emissions, but this varied by grazing system. Enteric CH4 composed 62 and 66% of emissions for IRG and MOB, respectively, on a land basis. Both MOB and IRG were net GHG sources when SCS was not considered. Our partial LCA indicated that when SCS potential was included, each grazing strategy could be an overall sink. Sensitivity analyses indicated that soil in the MOB and IRG systems would need to sequester 1 and 2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for a net zero GHG footprint, respectively. IPCC model estimates for enteric CH4 were similar to field estimates for the MOB system, but were higher for the IRG system, suggesting that 0.62 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 greater SCS would be needed to offset the animal emissions in this case.

The story of the Twentieth Michigan infantry, July 15th, 1862 to May 30th, 1865. Embracing official documents on file in the records of the state of Michigan and of the United States referring or relative to the regiment.

"Record of service of Michigan volunteers in the civil war, 1861-1865, published under the direction of Geo. H. Brown, adjutant general," (viii, 104 p. at end) has special t.p.

The Fifty-fifth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, colord [sic], June 1863-September 1865 /

"Third edition, revized, with additions and in simplified spelling, February, 1919."

History of the Third Regiment of Wisconsin Veteran Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1865 /

Reprint. Originally published: Madison, Wis. : Veteran Association of the Regiment, 1891.

Officers of the 1st Michigan Infantry

Man sitting center, over number 1, identified as Edward D. Judd. Man sitting at right is George Mogk

Commercial tariffs and regulations of the several states of Europe and America, together with the commercial treaties between England and foreign countries, Pt. IV-[VI, VIII-XXI, XXIII]

Master microform held by: ResP.

Official records of the Union and Confederate navies in the war of the rebellion.

Printed as House documents, beginning with the 53d Congress, 3d session.

Annual report FY ... of the Secretary of the Army on civil works activities.

Description based on: 1986, v. 2; title from cover.

Recollections of a Naval Officer, 1841-1865

UANL

The Confederate Congress.

Includes bibliography.

Arbitration of claims for compensation for losses and damages resulting from lawful impediments to the recovery of pre-war debts. Mixed commission under article VI of the treaty between Great Britain and the United States of November 19, 1794.

Added t.-p.: Moore, J. B. International adjudications, ancient and modern ... Modern series. vol. III.

In the matter of United Steelworkers of America-CIO and various steel and iron ore companies : case no. D-18-C.

"New York, N.Y. February 13, 1952"--V. 3.

Southern history of the war. Official reports of battles,

Pages 1-31, (Report of General Beauregard of the battle of Manassas) is a reprint of p. 17-45 "Official reports of Generals Johnston and Beauregard of the battle of Manassas" Richmond, 1862. 144 p. The remainder of the volume is a reprint of "Official reports of battles. Published by order of Congress". Richmond, 1862. 571 p.

A compilation of the messages and papers of the confederacy,

Photocopy.