Seeing Turkish state formation processes: Mapping language and education census data

Language provides an interesting lens to look at state-building processes because of its cross-cutting nature. For example, in addition to its symbolic value and appeal, a national language has other roles in the process, including: (a) becoming the primary medium of communication which permits the nation to function efficiently in its political and economic life, (b) promoting social cohesion, allowing the nation to develop a common culture, and (c) forming a primordial basis for self-determination. Moreover, because of its cross-cutting nature, language interventions are rarely isolated activities. Languages are adopted by speakers, taking root in and spreading between communities because they are legitimated by legislation, and then reproduced through institutions like the education and military systems. P��draig ����� Riag��in (1997) makes a case for this observing that ���Language policy is formulated, implemented, and accomplishes its results within a complex interrelated set of economic, social, and political processes which include, inter alia, the operation of other non-language state policies��� (p. 45). In the Turkish case, its foundational role in the formation of the Turkish nation-state but its linkages to human rights issues raises interesting issues about how socio-cultural practices become reproduced through institutional infrastructure formation. This dissertation is a country-level case study looking at Turkey���s nation-state building process through the lens of its language and education policy development processes with a focus on the early years of the Republic between 1927 and 1970. This project examines how different groups self-identified or were self-identified (as the case may be) in official Turkish statistical publications (e.g., the Turkish annual statistical yearbooks and the population censuses) during that time period when language and ethnicity data was made publicly available. The overarching questions this dissertation explores include: 1.What were the geo-political conditions surrounding the development and influencing the Turkish government���s language and education policies? 2.Are there any observable patterns in the geo-spatial distribution of language, literacy, and education participation rates over time? In what ways, are these traditionally linked variables (language, literacy, education participation) problematic? 3.What do changes in population identifiers, e.g., language and ethnicity, suggest about the government���s approach towards nation-state building through the construction of a civic Turkish identity and institution building? Archival secondary source data was digitized, aggregated by categories relevant to this project at national and provincial levels and over the course of time (primarily between 1927 and 2000). The data was then re-aggregated into values that could be longitudinally compared and then layered on aspatial administrative maps. This dissertation contributes to existing body of social policy literature by taking an interdisciplinary approach in looking at the larger socio-economic contexts in which language and education policies are produced.

ENFERMEDADES TRANSMITIDAS POR MOSQUITOS EN C.S.

This sheet is printed in Spanish. At least 61 different species of mosquitoes exist in South Carolina. Mosquitoes are pests that can cause itchy bites, but they can also cause serious health issues. Mosquitoes can carry harmful viruses and parasites that infect millions of people worldwide each year. Mosquito-borne diseases can cause brain inflammation (or encephalitis), birth defects, internal bleeding, complications from parasites and even death in some cases.

Is phraseology the third articulation of language? Fresh insights into a theoretical conundrum

Is phraseology the third articulation of language? Fresh insights into a theoretical conundrum Jean-Pierre Colson University of Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) Although the notion of phraseology is now used across a wide range of linguistic disciplines, its definition and the classification of phraseological units remain a subject of intense debate. It is generally agreed that phraseology implies polylexicality, but this term is problematic as well, because it brings us back to one of the most controversial topics in modern linguistics: the definition of a word. On the other hand, another widely accepted principle of language is the double articulation or duality of patterning (Martinet 1960): the first articulation consists of morphemes and the second of phonemes. The very definition of morphemes, however, also poses several problems, and the situation becomes even more confused if we wish to take phraseology into account. In this contribution, I will take the view that a corpus-based and computational approach to phraseology may shed some new light on this theoretical conundrum. A better understanding of the basic units of meaning is necessary for more efficient language learning and translation, especially in the case of machine translation. Previous research (Colson 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), Corpas Pastor (2000, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2015), Corpas Pastor & Leiva Rojo (2011), Leiva Rojo (2013), has shown the paramount importance of phraseology for translation. A tentative step towards a coherent explanation of the role of phraseology in language has been proposed by Mejri (2006): it is postulated that a third articulation of language intervenes at the level of words, including simple morphemes, sequences of free and bound morphemes, but also phraseological units. I will present results from experiments with statistical associations of morphemes across several languages, and point out that (mainly) isolating languages such as Chinese are interesting for a better understanding of the interplay between morphemes and phraseological units. Named entities, in particular, are an extreme example of intertwining cultural, statistical and linguistic elements. Other examples show that the many borrowings and influences that characterize European languages tend to give a somewhat blurred vision of the interplay between morphology and phraseology. From a statistical point of view, the cpr-score (Colson 2016) provides a methodology for adapting the automatic extraction of phraseological units to the morphological structure of each language. The results obtained can therefore be used for testing hypotheses about the interaction between morphology, phraseology and culture. Experiments with the cpr-score on the extraction of Chinese phraseological units show that results depend on how the basic units of meaning are defined: a morpheme-based approach yields good results, which corroborates the claim by Beck and Mel'��uk (2011) that the association of morphemes into words may be similar to the association of words into phraseological units. A cross-linguistic experiment carried out for English, French, Spanish and Chinese also reveals that the results are quite compatible with Mejri���s hypothesis (2006) of a third articulation of language. Such findings, if confirmed, also corroborate the notion of statistical semantics in language. To illustrate this point, I will present the PhraseoRobot (Colson 2016), a computational tool for extracting phraseological associations around key words from the media, such as Brexit. The results confirm a previous study on the term globalization (Colson 2016): a significant part of sociolinguistic associations prevailing in the media is related to phraseology in the broad sense, and can therefore be partly extracted by means of statistical scores. References Beck, D. & I. Mel'��uk (2011). Morphological phrasemes and Totonacan verbal morphology. Linguistics 49/1: 175-228. Colson, J.-P. (2011). La traduction sp��cialis��e bas��e sur les corpus : une exp��rience dans le domaine informatique. In : Sfar, I. & S. Mejri, La traduction de textes sp��cialis��s : retour sur des lieux communs. Synergies Tunisie n�� 2. Gerflint, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, p. 115-123. Colson, J.-P. (2012). Traduire le figement en langue de sp��cialit�� : une exp��rience de phras��ologie informatique. In : Mogorr��n Huerta, P. & S. Mejri (dirs.), Lenguas de especialidad, traducci��n, fijaci��n / Langues sp��cialis��es, figement et traduction. Encuentros Mediterr��neos / Rencontres M��diterran��ennes, N��4. Universidad de Alicante, p. 159-171. Colson, J.-P. (2013). Pratique traduisante et idiomaticit�� : l���importance des structures semi-fig��es. In : Mogorr��n Huerta, P., Gallego Hern��ndez, D., Masseau, P. & Tolosa Igualada, M. (eds.), Fraseolog��a, Opacidad y Traducc��on. Studien zur romanischen Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation (Herausgegeben von Gerd Wotjak). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, p. 207-218. Colson, J.-P. (2014). La phras��ologie et les corpus dans les recherches traductologiques. Communication lors du colloque international Europhras 2014, Association Europ��enne de Phras��ologie. Universit�� de Paris Sorbonne, 10-12 septembre 2014. Colson, J-P. (2016). Set phrases around globalization : an experiment in corpus-based computational phraseology. In: F. Alonso Almeida, I. Ortega Barrera, E. Quintana Toledo and M. S��nchez Cuervo (eds.), Input a Word, Analyse the World: Selected Approaches to Corpus Linguistics. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 141-152. Corpas Pastor, G. (2000). Acerca de la (in)traducibilidad de la fraseolog��a. In: G. Corpas Pastor (ed.), Las lenguas de Europa: Estudios de fraseolog��a, fraseograf��a y traducci��n. Granada: Comares, p. 483-522. Corpas Pastor, G. (2007). Europ��ismen - von Natur aus phraseologische ��quivalente? Von blauem Blut und sangre azul. In: M. Emsel y J. Cuartero Otal (eds.), Br��cken: ��bersetzen und interkulturelle Kommunikationen. Festschrift f��r Gerd Wotjak zum 65. Geburtstag, Fr��ncfort: Peter Lang, p. 65-77. Corpas Pastor, G. (2008). Investigar con corpus en traducci��n: los retos de un nuevo paradigma [Studien zur romanische Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation, 49], Fr��ncfort: Peter Lang. Corpas Pastor, G. (2013). Detecci��n, descripci��n y contraste de las unidades fraseol��gicas mediante tecnolog��as ling����sticas. In Olza, I. & R. Elvira Manero (eds.) Fraseopragm��tica. Berlin: Frank & Timme, p. 335-373. Leiva Rojo, J. (2013). La traducci��n de unidades fraseol��gicas (alem��n-espa��ol/espa��ol-alem��n) como par��metro para la evaluaci��n y revisi��n de traducciones. In: Mellado Blanco, C., Buj��n, P, Iglesias N.M., Losada M.C. & A. Mansilla (eds), La fraseolog��a del alem��n y el espa��ol: lexicograf��a y traducci��n. ELS, Etudes Linguistiques / Linguistische Studien, Band 11. M��nchen: Peniope, p. 31-42. Leiva Rojo, J. & G. Corpas Pastor (2011). Placing Italian idioms in a foreign milieu: a case study. In: Pamies Bertr��n, A., Luque Nadal, L., Bretana, J. &; M. Pazos (eds), (2011). Multilingual phraseography. Second Language Learning and Translation Applications. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag (Colecci��n: Phraseologie und Par��miologie, 28), p. 289-298. Martinet, A. (1966). El��ments de linguistique g��n��rale. Paris: Colin. Mejri, S. (2006). Polylexicalit��, monolexicalit�� et double articulation. Cahiers de Lexicologie 2: 209-221.

Language-based Techniques for Practical and Trustworthy Secure Multi-party Computations

Secure Multi-party Computation (MPC) enables a set of parties to collaboratively compute, using cryptographic protocols, a function over their private data in a way that the participants do not see each other's data, they only see the final output. Typical MPC examples include statistical computations over joint private data, private set intersection, and auctions. While these applications are examples of monolithic MPC, richer MPC applications move between "normal" (i.e., per-party local) and "secure" (i.e., joint, multi-party secure) modes repeatedly, resulting overall in mixed-mode computations. For example, we might use MPC to implement the role of the dealer in a game of mental poker -- the game will be divided into rounds of local decision-making (e.g. bidding) and joint interaction (e.g. dealing). Mixed-mode computations are also used to improve performance over monolithic secure computations. Starting with the Fairplay project, several MPC frameworks have been proposed in the last decade to help programmers write MPC applications in a high-level language, while the toolchain manages the low-level details. However, these frameworks are either not expressive enough to allow writing mixed-mode applications or lack formal specification, and reasoning capabilities, thereby diminishing the parties' trust in such tools, and the programs written using them. Furthermore, none of the frameworks provides a verified toolchain to run the MPC programs, leaving the potential of security holes that can compromise the privacy of parties' data. This dissertation presents language-based techniques to make MPC more practical and trustworthy. First, it presents the design and implementation of a new MPC Domain Specific Language, called Wysteria, for writing rich mixed-mode MPC applications. Wysteria provides several benefits over previous languages, including a conceptual single thread of control, generic support for more than two parties, high-level abstractions for secret shares, and a fully formalized type system and operational semantics. Using Wysteria, we have implemented several MPC applications, including, for the first time, a card dealing application. The dissertation next presents Wys*, an embedding of Wysteria in F*, a full-featured verification oriented programming language. Wys* improves on Wysteria along three lines: (a) It enables programmers to formally verify the correctness and security properties of their programs. As far as we know, Wys* is the first language to provide verification capabilities for MPC programs. (b) It provides a partially verified toolchain to run MPC programs, and finally (c) It enables the MPC programs to use, with no extra effort, standard language constructs from the host language F*, thereby making it more usable and scalable. Finally, the dissertation develops static analyses that help optimize monolithic MPC programs into mixed-mode MPC programs, while providing similar privacy guarantees as the monolithic versions.

Cross-linguistic influences in the phonetic and lexical component in English, Baque and Spanish: Contextual and individual factors in language acquisition and attrition.

350 p.

La lengua de las inscripciones m��tricas del Peloponeso (siglos VII- IV a.C.)

Many works deal with the study of Greek epigrams. These texts gather precious historical, religious and epigraphic content whose analysis has been addressed from a literary point of view. The degree of dependence of Hellenistic epigrams of earlier period epigrams are of great interest, as shown by recent and numerous papers on this matter (Harder et al . 1998; 2002; 2006; 2012; Bing and Bruss 2007; Baumbach et al. 2010). Another major line of research is focused on the origin of epigrams and their relation to elegy (Gentilli 1968; Passa 1998b) or to hexametric poetry and the oral-formulaic language inherited from Homeric tradition (di Tillio 1969; Moranti 1971, 1972; Gentili and Giannini 1977). Furthermore, other authors, such as Day (2010), have pointed out the significance of the performative and ritual nature of epigrams. Likewise, this field of study has undergone a renewal because of new papyrological findings enriching the existing epigram collection corpora. Compared to all these works, monographs and studies dedicated to the analysis of the language of the verse inscriptions are fewer. Many of them explore the linguistic differences between literary epigrams and those epigrams preserved by epigraphic means, as well as the degree of intervention of later tradition on such texts (Tiberi 1996, del Barrio Vega 2008; Kaczko 2009). The first exclusively linguistic reviews were published by the end of the 19th century (Wagner 1883; Fengler 1892), however, they are descriptive analyses lacking from an independent methodology. Kock(1910) was the first researcher who systematized and suggested a linguistic hypothesis and upheld the use of epichoric dialects by poets. His theory was supported by adepts such as Kretschmer (1913; 1915) although some discordant voices appeared soon, such as Buck (1923) who denied the existence of a linguistic standard and endorsed the importance of the Ionic model over the epichoric one. Traditionally, Greek language manuals point out the significance of the Ionic model and accept the adaptation of Homeric language to epichoric dialect. The study of verse inscription language was not systematically resumed until Mickey's publications (1981a; 1981b). According to this researcher, epigraphic poetry consists of a tempered version of the epichoric dialect where the dialect-characteristic features are avoided. Following the same line but with some differences, Alonso D��niz and Nieto Izquierdo (2009) conclude that the most distinctive features of Argolic are not avoided, at least at the metrical inscriptions from Argolid...

A Grammar of Tajio. A Language Spoken in Central Sulawesi

This work is a description of Tajio, a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It covers the essential aspects of Tajio grammar without being exhaustive. Tajio has a medium sized phoneme inventory consisting of twenty consonants and five vowels. The language does not have lexical (word) stress; rather, it has a phrasal accent. This phrasal accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable of an intonational phrase, rendering this syllable auditorily prominent through a pitch rise. Possible syllable structures in Tajio are (C)V(C). CVN structures are allowed as closed syllables, but CVN syllables in word-medial position are not frequent. As in other languages in the area, the only sequence of consonants allowed in native Tajio words are sequences of nasals followed by a homorganic obstruent. The homorganic nasal-obstruent sequences found in Tajio can occur word-initially and word-medially but never in word-final position. As in many Austronesian languages, word class classification in Tajio is not straightforward. The classification of words in Tajio must be carried out on two levels: the morphosyntactic level and the lexical level. The open word classes in Tajio consist of nouns and verbs. Verbs are further divided into intransitive verbs (dynamic intransitive verbs and statives) and dynamic transitive verbs. Based on their morphological potential, lexical roots in Tajio fall into three classes: single-class roots, dual-class roots and multi-class roots. There are two basic transitive constructions in Tajio: Actor Voice and Undergoer Voice, where the actor or undergoer argument respectively serves as subjects. It shares many characteristics with symmetrical voice languages, yet it is not fully symmetric, as arguments in AV and UV are not equally marked. Neither subjects nor objects are marked in AV constructions. In UV constructions, however, subjects are unmarked while objects are marked either by prefixation or clitization. Evidence from relativization, control and raising constructions supports the analysis that AV and UV are in fact transitive, with subject arguments and object arguments behaving alike in both voices. Only the subject can be relativized, controlled, raised or function as the implicit subject of subjectless adverbial clauses. In contrast, the objects of AV and UV constructions do not exhibit these features. Tajio is a predominantly head-marking language with basic A-V-O constituent order. V and O form a constituent, and the subject can either precede or follow this complex. Thus, basic word order is S-V-O or V-O-S. Subject, as well as non-subject arguments, may be omitted when contextually specified. Verbs are marked for voice and mood, the latter of which is is obligatory. The two values distinguished are realis and non-realis. Depending on the type of predicate involved in clause formation, three clause types can be distinguished: verbal clauses, existential clauses and non-verbal clauses. Tajio has a small number of multi-verbal structures that appear to qualify as serial verb constructions. SVCs in Tajio always include a motion verb or a directional.

Uma Introdu����o �� Sintaxe do C++: C++03 e C++11

A interac����o dos humanos com os computadores envolve uma combina����o das tarefas de programa����o e de utiliza����o. Nem sempre �� expl��cita a diferen��a entre as duas tarefas. Introduzir comandos num programa de desenho assistido por computador �� utiliza����o ou programa����o numa linguagem interpretada? Modificar uma folha de c��lculo com macros �� utiliza����o ou programa����o? Usar um ���Integrated Development Environment��� ou IDE para inserir dados num ficheiro �� utiliza����o (do IDE) ou programa����o? A escrita de um texto usando LaTeX ou HTML �� utiliza����o ou programa����o numa ���markup language���? Recorrer a um programa de computa����o simb��lica �� utiliza����o ou programa����o? Utilizar um processador de texto �� utiliza����o ou programa����o visual? Ao utilizador n��o se exige um conhecimento completo de todos os comandos, todos os menus, todos os s��mbolos do software que utiliza. Nem a memoriza����o da sintaxe e de todos os pormenores de funcionamento de um programa �� um atributo necess��rio ou sequer ��til ao utilizador; a concretiza����o desse conhecimento n��o assegura maior efici��ncia na utiliza����o. Quando se come��a, apenas algumas instru����es elementares s��o recebidas, por vezes de um colega, de um Professor, ou obtidas recorrendo �� pesquisa na Internet. Com a familiariza����o, o utilizador exige mais do Software que usa e de si pr��prio: um manual passa a ser um recurso de grande utilidade. A confian��a conquistada gera, periodicamente, a necessidade de auto-exame e de aumento do ��mbito do conhecimento. Desta forma, quem utiliza computadores acaba por ser confrontado com uma tarefa que, efectivamente, pode ser considerada ou requer programa����o. P��e-se uma quest��o no imediato (se ningu��m decidiu por si) que �� a da selec����o da linguagem de programa����o. A abordagem multiparadigma e longa experi��ncia de utiliza����o do C++ tornam-no atractivo para aplica����es onde a efici��ncia se combina com a disponibilidade de estruturas de dados e algoritmos adoptados pela ind��stria (o que coloquialmente se denomina STL, Standard Template Library, cf. [#breymann, #josuttis], mais geralmente biblioteca Standard). Adicionalmente, linguagens populares como o Java, C# e PHP possuem sintaxes inspiradas e em muitas partes coincidentes com as do C e C++. Por exemplo, um ciclo ���for��� em Java �� parcialmente coincidente com o do C99, que �� um sub-conjunto do ���for��� do C++. S��o os pormenores, a efici��ncia e as capacidades do C++ que permitem a cria����o de software Profissional. Todos os sistemas operativos cl��ssicos (Unix, Microsoft Windows, Linux) disp��em de compiladores, IDE, bibliotecas e s��o em grande parte constru��dos recorrendo a C e C++. Relativamente a outras linguagens, a quantidade de ferramentas dispon��vel e o conhecimento adquirido durante d��cadas �� dif��cil de ignorar. Esse conhecimento faz com que a sintaxe do C++ pare��a muito maior do que o estritamente necess��rio e afaste potenciais interessados. A longa evolu����o do C++ introduziu tamb��m uma diferen��a no estilo muito marcada. C��digo dos anos 80 e 90 do s��culo XX �� frequentemente menos leg��vel do que o que correntemente se produz. Muitos tutoriais dispon��veis online fazem parecer a linguagem menos rigorosa (e mais complexa) do que na realidade ��, j�� que raramente �� apresentado o caso geral da sintaxe. Constata-se que muitos autores ainda usam os cabe��alhos do C, quando j�� n��o s��o necess��rios. Scott Meyers afirma que o C++ �� uma federa����o de linguagens [#scottmeyers] e por esse facto requer perspectivas de abordagem distintas de outras linguagens. Sem alguma sistematiza����o �� dif��cil apreciar a sua compacidade e coer��ncia. Por��m, a forma harmoniosa como as componentes sint��cticas se encaixam �� uma grande mais-valia do C++ s�� constatada com experimenta����o e leitura atenta. A presente monografia dirige-se a quem pretenda utilizar o C++ como ferramenta profissional de Software. Em termos de pr��-requisitos Acad��micos, dir-se-�� que um curso (1�� Ciclo) de Ci��ncia ou de Engenharia aumentar�� o interesse por certos aspectos mais t��cnicos da linguagem mas qualquer indiv��duo com gosto pela experimenta����o tirar�� proveito do conte��do. Este texto n��o busca a exaustividade enciclop��dica na cobertura do tema. Neste texto forne��o, de forma directa, uma introdu����o ao C++ a qual permite come��ar a produzir c��digo sem os custos da dispers��o de fontes e nota����es na recolha de informa����o. Antecipo assim a sua utiliza����o nos Pa��ses de L��ngua Portuguesa, uma vez que os textos que encontrei s��o ora mais exigentes ora menos completos, frequentemente ambos.