Variations of the soft tissue thicknesses external to the ribs in pectus excavatum patients

Background: Surgical repair of pectus excavatum (PE) has become more popular due to improvements in the minimally invasive Nuss procedure. The pre-surgical assessment of PE patients requires Computerized Tomography (CT), as the malformation characteristics vary from patient to patient. Objective: This work aims to characterize soft tissue thickness (STT) external to the ribs among PE patients. It also presents a comparative analysis between the anterior chest wall surface before and after surgical correction. Methods: Through surrounding tissue segmentation in CT data, STT values were calculated at different lines along the thoracic wall, with a reference point in the intersection of coronal and median planes. The comparative analysis between the two 3D anterior chest surfaces sets a surgical correction influence area (SCIA) and a volume of interest (VOI) based on image processing algorithms, 3D surface algorithms, and registration methods. Results: There are always variations between left and right side STTs (2.54±2.05 mm and 2.95±2.97 mm for female and male patients, respectively). STTs are dependent on age, sex, and body mass index of each patient. On female patients, breast tissue induces additional errors in bar manual

Automatic prebent customized prosthesis for pectus excavatum minimally invasive surgery correction

Pectus excavatum is the most common deformity of the thorax. A minimally invasive surgical correction is commonly carried out to remodel the anterior chest wall by using an intrathoracic convex prosthesis in the substernal position. The process of prosthesis modeling and bending still remains an area of improvement. The authors developed a new system, i3DExcavatum, which can automatically model and bend the bar preoperatively based on a thoracic CT scan. This article presents a comparison between automatic and manual bending. The i3DExcavatum was used to personalize prostheses for 41 patients who underwent pectus excavatum surgical correction between 2007 and 2012. Regarding the anatomical variations, the soft-tissue thicknesses external to the ribs show that both symmetric and asymmetric patients always have asymmetric variations, by comparing the patients’ sides. It highlighted that the prosthesis bar should be modeled according to each patient’s rib positions and dimensions. The average differences between the skin and costal line curvature lengths were 84 ± 4 mm and 96 ± 11 mm, for male and female patients, respectively. On the other hand, the i3DExcavatum ensured a smooth curvature of the surgical prosthesis and was capable of predicting and simulating a virtual shape and size of the bar for asymmetric and symmetric patients. In conclusion, the i3DExcavatum allows preoperative personalization according to the thoracic morphology of each patient. It reduces surgery time and minimizes the margin error introduced by the manually bent bar, which only uses a template that copies the chest wall curvature.

Hand-held robotic device for laparoscopic surgery and training

Laparoscopic surgery (LS) has revolutionized traditional surgical techniques introducing minimally invasive procedures for diagnosis and local therapies. LSs have undeniable advantages, such as small patient incisions, reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery. On the other hand, restricted vision of the anatomical target, difficult handling of the surgical instruments, restricted mobility inside the human body, need of dexterity to hand-eye coordination and inadequate and non-ergonomic surgical instruments may restrict LS only to more specialized surgeons. To overcome the referred limitations, this work presents a new robotic surgical handheld system – the EndoRobot. The EndoRobot was designed to be used in clinical practice or even as a surgical simulator. It integrates an electromechanical system with 3 degrees of freedom. Each degree can be manipulated independently and combined with different levels of sensitivity allowing fast and slow movements. As other features, the EndoRobot has battery power or external power supply, enables the use of bipolar radiofrequency to prevent bleeding while cutting and allows plug-and-play of the laparoscopic forceps for rapid exchange. As a surgical simulator, the system was also instrumented to measure and transmit, in real time, its position and orientation for a training software able to monitor and assist the trainee’s surgical movements.

Targeting lactate transport suppresses in vivo breast tumour growth

Background: Most cancers, including breast cancer, have high rates of glucose consumption, associated with lactate production, a process referred as “Warburg effect”. Acidification of the tumour microenvironment by lactate extrusion, performed by lactate transporters (MCTs), is associated with higher cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and increased cell survival. Previously, we have described MCT1 up-regulation in breast carcinoma samples and demonstrated the importance of in vitro MCT inhibition. In this study, we performed siRNA knockdown of MCT1 and MCT4 in basal-like breast cancer cells in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions to validate the potential of lactate transport inhibition in breast cancer treatment. Results: The effect of MCT knockdown was evaluated on lactate efflux, proliferation, cell biomass, migration and invasion and induction of tumour xenografts in nude mice. MCT knockdown led to a decrease in in vitro tumour cell aggressiveness, with decreased lactate transport, cell proliferation, migration and invasion and, importantly, to an inhibition of in vivo tumour formation and growth. Conclusions: This work supports MCTs as promising targets in cancer therapy, demonstrates the contribution of MCTs to cancer cell aggressiveness and, more importantly, shows, for the first time, the disruption of in vivo breast tumour growth by targeting lactate transport.

Cost of diseases in Brazil: breast cancer, enteritis, cardiac valve disease and bronchopneumonia

The results from the need to develop methodologies for performing cost analysis in developing countries, principally in the region of Latin America, were studied. It, furthermore, serves to generate knowledge from an economic evaluation in order to support decision-making related to the organization of health systems, particularly in the efficient use of resources which are allocated for the provision of medical services. Two chronic diseases (breast cancer and cardiac valve disease) and two infections (enteritis and bronchopneumonia) were selected for the study. The results recommend the use of a valid methodology for economic cost analysis of any disease to be studied and the use of this information in the decision-making process.

Breast cancer in Mexican women: an epidemiological study with cervical cancer control

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, breast cancer (BC) is one of the main causes of cancer deaths in women, with increasing incidence and mortality in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the study is identify possible risk factors related to BC. METHODS: An epidemiological study of hospital cases of BC and controls with cervical uterine cancer (CUCA) was carried out at eight third level concentration hospitals in Mexico City. The total of 353 incident cases of BC and 630 controls with CUCA were identified among women younger than 75 years who had been residents of the metropolitan area of Mexico City for at least one year. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically in both groups. Variables were analyzed according to biological and statistical plausibility criteria. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Cases and controls were stratified according to the menopausal hormonal status (pre and post menopause). RESULTS: The factors associated with BC were: higher socioeconomic level (OR= 2.77; 95%CI = 1.77 - 4.35); early menarche (OR= 1.32; 95%CI= 0.88 - 2.00); old age at first pregnancy (>31 years: OR= 5.49; 95%CI= 2.16 - 13.98) and a family history of BC (OR= 4.76; 95% CI= 2.10 - 10.79). In contrast, an increase in the duration of the breastfeeding period was a protective factor (>25 months: OR= 0.38; 95%CI= 0.20 - 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the identification of risk factors for BC described in the international literature, in the population of Mexican women. Breastfeeding appears to play an important role in protecting women from BC. Because of changes in women`s lifestyles, lactation is decreasing in Mexico, and young women tend not to breastfeed or to shorten the duration of lactation.

Tratamento radiocirúrgico de metástases cerebrais: a relação da histologia, localização cerebral e sintomas

Objetivo – Caracterizar clínica e estatisticamente os doentes com metástases cerebrais submetidos a radiocirurgia. Metodologia – Análise retrospetiva dos doentes com metástases cerebrais submetidos a radiocirurgia com Linac no Hospital do Meixoeiro, sendo a informação analisada no SPSS, versão 18. Resultados – Avaliaram‑se 116 doentes com metástases cerebrais. As localizações primárias de pulmão (54,30%) e mama (21,60%) predominaram. Destacaram‑se como sintomas mais frequentes: cefaleias, fraqueza motora, hemiparesia, paresia e tonturas. Confirma‑se a existência de correlação entre os sintomas decorrentes da presença de metástase e a sua localização cerebral, evidenciando a sua importância no diagnóstico precoce das metástases. O lobo frontal foi a localização cerebral predominante. Discussão e Considerações Finais – Verifica‑se que tendencialmente não existe correlação entre a localização primária e a localização cerebral da metástase. O número de metástases tratadas não sugere ter influência no tempo de sobrevida após o seu diagnóstico. A realização de cirurgia e/ou administração de radioterapia holocraniana previamente à radiocirurgia não apresentou prolongamento de sobrevida em comparação com os doentes não submetidos a tratamento prévio. ABSTRACT: Objective – To characterize clinically and statistically patients with brain metastases who underwent radiosurgery. Methodology – Retrospective analysis of patients with brain metastases that underwent linear accelerator‑based radiosurgery in Hospital do Meixoeiro, and the information analyzed in SPSS version 18. Results – Were evaluated 116 patients with brain metastases. Primary tumors of lung (54.30%) and breast (21.60%) were predominant. Symptoms that stood out as common: headache, motor deficit, hemiparesis, paresis and dizziness. It was confirmed the existence of a correlation between the symptoms arising from the presence of metastasis and its brain location, showing its importance in early diagnosis of metastases. The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe represented the most affected locations by brain metastases. Discussion of results and Concluding Remarks – It verified that tends to be no correlation between the primary location of the tumor and the location of brain metastasis. The number of treated metastases didn’t suggest influence on survival after their diagnosis. The realization of surgery and/or administration of whole‑brain irradiation therapy prior to radiosurgery, showed no prolongation of survival compared with patients that were not submitted to previous treatment.

A interdisciplinaridade das tecnologias da saúde no diagnóstico e no tratamento de tumores de mama: estudo de caso

Introdução – O cancro de mama é a principal causa de morte por cancro na população feminina portuguesa. Assim, pretende-se descrever sucintamente o percurso de uma paciente com tumor de mama, evidenciando a interligação entre algumas áreas das tecnologias da saúde. Metodologia – Selecionou-se um caso clínico de uma paciente com cancro de mama e recorreu-se à pesquisa bibliográfica de forma a apoiar ou refutar os resultados obtidos com o referido caso clínico. Resultados e discussão de resultados – Em 1996 foi diagnosticado à paciente um carcinoma ductal da mama esquerda e posteriormente, em 2011, foi diagnosticada uma metástase do carcinoma mamário com padrão mucinoso. Neste caso, bem como em todos os tumores de mama, foi realizada uma abordagem multidisciplinar envolvendo diferentes áreas das tecnologias da saúde. Para deteção e diagnóstico do cancro de mama são utilizadas a mamografia e a ultrassonografia. Para casos de re-estadiamento e monitorização da terapêutica devem ser utilizadas a tomografia por emissão de positrões (TEP) e a ressonância magnética mamária. No que se refere à terapêutica, neste tipo de tumores recorre-se à cirurgia, à radioterapia e à quimioterapia. ABSTRACT - Introduction – The breast cancer is the main cause of death by cancer in the Portuguese female population. We intend to describe briefly the pathway of a patient with breast cancer, highlighting the connection between some of the health technology areas. Methodology – It was selected a clinical case of a patient with breast cancer and it was used a literature research to support or refute the results obtained with the mentioned clinical case. Results and discussion – In 1996, it was diagnosed to the patient a ductal carcinoma of the left breast and in 2011 it was diagnosed a breast metastases. In this case, as well as other breast tumours, it was done a multidisciplinary approach involving different areas of health technologies. For detection and diagnose of breast cancer it’s used the mammography and ultrasound. For cases of re-staging and treatment monitoring it should be used positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the breast. Regarding the therapy approach, in this type of tumours, it is used surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Exercício físico e cancro da mama: uma revisão

Introdução – Os efeitos fisiológicos da atividade física e do treino são atualmente motivo de extensa investigação cujos resultados mostraram já de forma incontroversa os seus benefícios em diferentes condições clínicas. Diferentes estudos mostraram já os efeitos benéficos do exercício regular de intensidade leve a moderada na diminuição do risco de cancro, bem como na aptidão física de indivíduos portadores de cancro, submetidos ou não a cirurgia. A prescrição do exercício mais adequado para a sua maior eficácia na melhoria da aptidão física e para a diminuição da fadiga não é, no entanto, ainda consensual. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de rever o conhecimento atual sobre os benefícios do exercício físico em sobreviventes de cancro da mama, bem como sistematizar as linhas orientadoras atuais para a prescrição do exercício físico na referida população. Metodologia – Recorreu-se a uma revisão da literatura, tendo como base as palavras-chave: cancro da mama, sobreviventes de cancro da mama, risco de cancro, exercício físico, atividade física e treino, dando preferência a estudos que, na classificação de Oxford, correspondessem aos níveis I (ensaios clínicos randomizados e revisões sistemáticas) e II de evidência científica (ensaios clínicos não randomizados). Conclusão – Embora se reconheça que o exercício físico é benéfico para a população em geral e existam linhas orientadoras para a prescrição do exercício físico em indivíduos com cancro, estas não são ainda absolutamente consensuais, necessitando sempre de individualização no treino. A investigação em torno das questões que envolvem a adequada prescrição do exercício físico em indivíduos com ou em risco de desenvolver cancro é primordial. ABSTRACT - Introduction – Physiological effects of physical activity and training are currently subject of extensive research which has already showed uncontroversial benefits in different clinical conditions. Different studies have already shown the beneficial effects of mild to moderate regular exercise in decreasing cancer risk and increasing physical fitness of individuals suffering from cancer, undergoing surgery or not. However, the appropriate exercise prescription for greater efficacy in improving physical fitness and decreasing fatigue is not yet consensus. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge about the benefits of exercise on breast cancer survivors and systematize the existing guidelines for prescribing exercise in this population. Methodology – A literature review was conducted based on the keywords: breast cancer, breast cancer survivors, cancer risk, physical exercise, physical activity and training, giving preference to studies in the classification of Oxford corresponded to level I (randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews) and II (no randomized clinical trials) scientific evidence. Conclusion – Although it is recognized that exercise is beneficial for general population and that there are guidelines for exercise prescription for individuals with cancer, there is no absolute agreement and they constantly require individual adaptations in training. Research on issues involving the correct prescription of exercise for individuals with or at risk of developing cancer is vital.

Preferências no exercício físico em mulheres portuguesas sobreviventes de cancro da mama

Introdução – Os benefícios do exercício físico em sobreviventes de cancro da mama têm sido reportados; contudo, a sua prática permanece baixa, tornando importante o conhecimento dos fatores que promovam a motivação e adesão ao exercício nesta população. Objetivos – Identificar as preferências quanto à programação e aconselhamento do exercício físico de uma amostra da população de mulheres portuguesas sobreviventes de cancro da mama e averiguar a influência das variáveis demográficas e médicas nestas preferências. Método – Foi aplicado um questionário a uma amostra não probabilística sequencial de 26 mulheres sobreviventes de cancro da mama. Resultados – A amostra era maioritariamente constituída por mulheres entre os 45 e os 62 anos, casadas ou em união de facto, com ensino básico, empregadas e com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) > 24,4. Maioritariamente tinham realizado cirurgia radical há um mês ou mais, apresentavam estadio I do tumor, efetuavam quimioterapia como tratamento adjuvante e algumas realizavam classes de fisioterapia. A maioria das participantes demonstrava interesse em receber aconselhamento, sentia-se apta a participar num programa de exercício, preferia receber aconselhamento face-a-face no hospital e acompanhada por outros doentes oncológicos. O exercício deveria ser supervisionado e com intensidade moderada, sendo as caminhadas o tipo de exercício preferido. Não foi estatisticamente possível realizar a associação entre as variáveis demográficas e médicas e as preferências. Conclusão – Alguns resultados obtidos estão em concordância com estudos prévios; contudo, outros divergem destes. Os resultados obtidos podem fornecer informações importantes para a construção futura de programas de exercício para esta população. ABSTRACT - Introduction – The benefits of physical exercise in cancer survivors have been reported, although it’s practice remains low, becoming important the acknowledgement of the factors that promote the motivation and adhesion of physical exercise in this population. Objectives – To identify the preferences about programming and counseling of physical exercise inside a population-based sample of Portuguese women who have survived breast cancer. We also intend to investigate the influence of demographic and medical variables in those preferences. Method – A questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sequential sample of 26 women that have survived breast cancer. Results – Our sample was mainly composed by women aged between 45 and 62, married or in a cohabitation state, with basic instruction, employed and with a Body Mass Index (BMI)> 24.4. Most of them have had radical mastectomy for at least one month, had the Stage I of the tumor, and had done chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment and some of them were practicing post-surgery physical therapy. The majority of participants showed interest in receiving counseling, felt able to participate in an exercise program, preferred receiving face-to-face counseling, at the hospital and with other cancer patients. The exercise should be supervised and with a moderate intensity. Walking was their preferred choice of exercise. It was not statistically possible to establish the relationship between demographic and medical variables and those preferences. Conclusion – Some results are in agreement with previous studies; however, others diverge from these. The results obtained can provide important information for future construction of exercise programs for this population.

Efetividade do Pnf-Chi® na funcionalidade do membro superior e na qualidade de vida, em mulheres submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico por cancro da mama

Mestrado em Fisioterapia.

Differential expression of CDC25 phosphatases splice variants in human breast cancer cells

Background: CDC25 phosphatases control cell cycle progression by activating cyclin dependent kinases. The three CDC25 isoforms encoding genes are submitted to alternative splicing events which generate at least two variants for CDC25A and five for both CDC25B and CDC25C. An over-expression of CDC25 was reported in several types of cancer, including breast cancer, and is often associated with a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies did not address the expression of CDC25 splice variants. Here, we evaluated CDC25 spliced transcripts expression in anti-cancerous drug-sensitive and resistant breast cancer cell lines in order to identify potential breast cancer biomarkers. Methods: CDC25 splice variants mRNA levels were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and by an original real-time RT-PCR assay. Results: CDC25 spliced transcripts are differentially expres-sed in the breast cancer cell lines studied. An up-regulation of CDC25A2 variant and an increase of the CDC25C5/C1 ratio are associated to the multidrug-resistance in VCREMS and DOXOR breast cancer cells, compared to their sensitive counterpart cell line MCF-7. Additionally, CDC25B2 tran-script is exclusively over-expressed in VCREMS resistant cells and could therefore be involved in the development of certain type of drug resistance. Conclusions: CDC25 splice variants could represent interesting potential breast cancer prognostic biomarkers.

eRF3a/GSPT1 12-GGC allele increases the susceptibility for breast cancer development

It is now widely recognized that translation factors are involved in cancer development and that components of the translation machinery that are deregulated in cancer cells may become targets for cancer therapy. The eukaryotic Release Factor 3 (eRF3) is a GTPase that associates with eRF1 in a complex that mediates translation termination. eRF3a/GSPT1 first exon contains a (GGC)n expansion coding for proteins with different N-terminal extremities. Herein we show that the longer allele (12-GGC) is present in 5.1% (7/137) of the breast cancer patients analysed and is absent in the control population (0/135), corresponding to an increased risk for cancer development, as revealed by Odds Ratio analysis. mRNA quantification suggests that patients with the 12-GGC allele overexpress eRF3a/GSPT1 in tumor tissues relative to the normal adjacent tissues. However, using an in vivo assay for translation termination in HEK293 cells, we do not detect any difference in the activity of the eRF3a proteins encoded by the various eRF3a/GSPT1 alleles. Although the connection between the presence of eRF3a/GSPT1 12-GGC allele and tumorigenesis is still unknown, our data suggest that the presence of the 12-GGC allele provides a potential novel risk marker for various types of cancer.

Modulation of translation factor's gene expression by histone deacetylase inhibitors in breast cancer cells

The histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate (NaBu) and trichostatin A (TSA) exhibit anti-proliferative activity by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which NaBu and TSA cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest are not yet completely clarified, although these agents are known to modulate the expression of several genes including cell-cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. The enzymes involved in the process of translation have important roles in controlling cell growth and apoptosis, and several of these translation factors have been described as having a causal role in the development of cancer. The expression patterns of the translation mechanism, namely of the elongation factors eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and of the termination factors eRF1 and eRF3, were studied in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction after a 24-h treatment with NaBu and TSA. NaBu induced inhibition of translation factors' transcription, whereas TSA caused an increase in mRNA levels. Thus, these two agents may modulate the expression of translation factors through different pathways. We propose that the inhibition caused by NaBu may, in part, be responsible for the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by this agent in MCF-7 cells.