Epidemiology of foodborne Norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Noroviruses are one of the principal biological agents associated with the consumption of contaminated food. The objective of this study was to analyse the size and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain.Methods: In all reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with food consumption, faecal samples of persons affected were analysed for bacteria and viruses and selectively for parasites. Study variables included the setting, the number of people exposed, age, sex, clinical signs and hospital admissions. The study was carried out from October 2004 to October 2005.Results: Of the 181 outbreaks reported during the study period, 72 were caused by Salmonella and 30 by norovirus (NoV); the incidence rates were 14.5 and 9.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 50% of the NoV outbreaks and 27% of the bacterial outbreaks (p = 0.03) the number of persons affected was ¿10; 66.7% of NoV outbreaks occurred in restaurants; no differences in the attack rates were observed according to the etiology. Hospitalizations were more common (p = 0.03) in bacterial outbreaks (8.6%) than in NoV outbreaks (0.15%). Secondary cases accounted for 4% of cases in NoV outbreaks compared with 0.3% of cases in bacterial outbreaks (p < 0.001)Conclusion: Norovirus outbreaks were larger but less frequent than bacterial outbreaks, suggesting that underreporting is greater for NoV outbreaks. Food handlers should receive training on the transmission of infections in diverse situations. Very strict control measures on handwashing and environmental disinfection should be adopted in closed or partially-closed institutions.

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée des Etudes] : [Minerve, art étrusque] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 247

Catalogue des tableaux et dessins anciens, aquarelles, gouaches, pastels, gravures par Van Balen, F. Boucher, Breughel... [et al.], objets d'art et d'ameublement, sculptures, plâtres, bronzes, céramique..., sièges et meubles anciens..., composant la collection de monsieur Yves Le Moyne... vente... 5 février 1912... / [experts] Georges Sortais, Duchesne, Duplan

[Vente. Art. 1912-02-05. Paris]

Art i ciència: converses

A la infància, Enric Canadell químic teòric i Àlex Nogué artista visual comparteixen pupitre i jocs de carrer a Castellfollit de la Roca, un poble de la Garrotxa, Girona. Segueixen trajectes vitals ben diferents i desenvolupen una ampla experiència professional internacional en la ciència i l'art. Quaranta-cinc anys més tard es retroben novament sota el projecte "En comptes de la revolució, converses" promogut per Cafè Central i l'Associació per les Arts Contemporànies H.ACC per tal de cercar coincidències en les seves activitats professionals aparentment tan dispars i en la seva forma de viure-les.

A study of the effects of PVAC on works of art on paper and wood: pH and colour change

This paper presents the preliminary findings of pH and colour measurements carried out on artworks on paperand on wood that had been treated with a poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) based adhesive in the 1980s. In both cases, areas treated with PVAC proved to be less acidic than untreated areas. Contrary to expectations, the conservation treatments have not, as yet, increased acidity levels in the objects under study. Colour measurements of the works on paper showed that those that had been backed with a cotton fabric using a mixture of methylcellulose and PVAC were less yellow than those from the same print run that had not been backed. This finding suggests that the backing somehow prevented the natural degradation of the support. In view of these preliminary results, further research is clearly needed. This study forms part of a broader ongoing project to assess the role of PVAC in the conservation of a range of cultural assets.

Piercing among adolescents: body art as risk marker.

PURPOSE: To ascertain the prevalence of piercing among a nationally representative sample of adolescents; to assess whether having a piercing is a marker for risk behaviors; and to determine whether having more than one piercing is a cumulative marker for risk behaviors. METHODS: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 16 to 20 years (N=7548). Controlling for background variables, pierced and non-pierced youth were compared on risk behaviors related to drug use, sexual behavior, and suicide. In a second step, adolescents having one piercing were compared with those having more than one. In both cases, statistically significant variables in the bivariate analysis were included in a logistic regression. Analyses were conducted separately by gender. RESULTS: Overall, 20.2% of our sample had a piercing (excluding earlobes), and it was significantly more prevalent among females than among males (33.8% vs. 7.4%; P<.001). In the bivariate analysis, all risk behaviors were significantly associated with having a piercing, and most of them remained significant in the multivariate analysis. One third of pierced subjects had more than one piercing, with no gender difference in prevalence. In the multivariate analysis, females with more than one piercing were more likely to have had multiple partners and to use cannabis, while no differences were noted for males. CONCLUSIONS: Body piercing is becoming popular among Swiss adolescents, especially females. Having a body piercing seems to be a risk marker for risk behaviors. Moreover, having multiple piercings is a cumulative risk marker for females.

From local groups to early states: the development of complexity in protohistoric Catalonia

La recerca sobre la protohistoria de Catalunya s'ha fonamentat tradicionalment en la historia cultural, pero el treba11 deIs darrers vint-i-cinc anys ha comenat a donar 11um sobre aspectes crucials com el canvi social i la formació de l'Estat arcaico Aquest article és una visió general sobre aquests temes. S'hi analitza particularment el paper del creixement demogrMic com a element crucial del canvi social, pero també s'hi té en compte el paper que eventualment hi hagin pogut tenir els moviments de població i el comerç colonial.

Freud, l'art moderne et les "misérables cannibales nus": une perspective décalée sur le destin des pulsions

La «modernité» de la psychanalyse, comme entreprise à la fois thérapeutique et de savoir, dépend-elle, pour tout ou partie, du fond animique prétendument archaïque ou primitif défini par cette discipline comme son principal objet d'étude? Rapportée à l'horizon épistémique de la psychanalyse, cette articulation entre archaïsme et modernité aurait-elle seulement été du goût de Freud? En interrogeant de manière critique les rapports de Freud à l'art «moderne», à l'art «classique» et aux arts «primitifs», ce texte entend simultanément mettre en évidence l'importance du paradigme des arts dans la constitution de l'identité épistémique de la psychanalyse et proposer une possible relecture des relations entre nature et culture ou du phénomène de sublimation, tels que définis par le fondateur de la psychanalyse.

A Reply to comments by D. Bar-Yosef M. Stiner on "Prehistoric exploitation of marine resources in Southern Africa with particular reference to shellfish gathering: opportunities and continuities"

I am very grateful to Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer and Mary Stiner for their comments on an article I published in the previous issue of Pyrenae. Having spent many years working with coastal sites in South Africa and now settling in the Mediterranean academic landscape, I value the feedback from these two well-known archaeologists who have dedicated years of hard work in this later part of the world. Their opinions are very much appreciated for they allow me to bring new contexts to some of the (old) questions I have pursued in South Africa, an exercise that would help me with the process of broadening my research interests to the Mediterranean region.

Figura zoomorfa de Montbarbat

Presentem una figura d'animal fragmentada, realitzada amb fang, trobada al poblat iberic de Montbarbat (LLoret de Mar -Maçanet de la Selva, La Selva). 1 estudiem també diverses figures d'animals --exemptes o formant part de vasos-que provenen d'altres jaciments de Catalunya.

Arquitectura domèstica al Bronze Final i Primera Edat del Ferro a Catalunya: habitacions construïdes amb materials duradors: estat de la qüestió

El present treball es proposa l'estudi fonnal de I'habitat construtt amb materials duradors a Catalunya durant el Bronze Final i la Primera Edat del Ferro, i se centra en l'aninisi dels materials i tecniques de construcció emprats, així com en l' estructura de la casa (planta, dimensions, superfície). Els elements definidors d'aquests habitacles en els períodes estudiats consisteixen en l'ús sistematic de la pedra i la terra com a materials de construcció i la disposició d'habitacions de planta rectangular compartint parets mitgeres, amb poca compartimentació interna i pocs agenc¡:aments al seu interior (llar, forn, banquetes). Les dimensions maximes d'aquestes habitacions no superen, per nonna general, els 20 metres quadrats. La unifonnitat d'aquestes construccions, unida a la poca compartimentació de l'espai, suggereix que ens trobem davant una arquitectura poc especialitzada, que podria correspondre a una societat amb una organització socio-política poc complexa.

Producción cerámica en Catalunya en la Edad del Bronce: el ejemplo de la cueva de Les Pixarelles

La cerámica aparecida en la cueva de Les Pixarelles proporciona un conjunto ideal para estudiar la evolución de las producciones cerámicas desde la fase final del Neolítico hasta el Bronce final en Catalunya. El estudio diacrónico de las cerámicas se ha basado en la combinación del estudio tipológico y estilístico y en un estudio petrográfico que ha permitido caracterizar diversas fábricas. Las diferencias observadas responden a la utilización de diversas materias primas y a la utilización de diferentes técnicas de preparación de pasta que revelan una interesante complejidad para la producción cerámica de la zona.