855 resultados para Antioxidant supplementation


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The effect of boiling (10 minutes) on eleven green vegetables frequently consumed in the Mediterranean diet was evaluated. For that, some physicochemical parameters and the contents of vitamin C, phenolics and carotenoids, as well as the antioxidant activity, were determined in raw and boiled samples. The raw vegetables analysed in this study were good sources of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, with contents ranging from 10.6 to 255.1 mg/100 g, 0.03 to 3.29 mg/100 g and 202.9 to 1010.7 mg/100 g, respectively. Boiling promoted losses in different extensions considering both the different bioactive compounds and the distinct vegetables analysed. Contrary to phenolics (more resistant), vitamin C was the most affected compound. Boiling also originated significant losses in the antioxidant activity of the vegetables. Considering all the parameters analysed, the vegetables most affected by boiling were broccoli and lettuce. The least affected ones were collard and tronchuda cabbage.

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The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of three endemic Laurus sp. from Portugal were analysed. Dried leaves of L. nobilis L., L. azorica (Seub.) Franco, and L. novocanariensis Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern. Prieto, E. Días, J. C. Costa & C. Aguiar, collected in the mainland and in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, respectively, were used to prepare different extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and hydroalcoholic). They were studied regarding their DPPH˙ scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and the main phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Total flavonoid contents were 30.1, 46.3, and 36.7 mg of epicatechin equivalents per g of sample (dry weight) for L. nobilis, L. azorica and L. novocanariensis, respectively. Epicatechin was the major compound, representing ∼12.1% of total flavan-3-ols in L. nobilis, ∼25.6% in L. azorica, and ∼19.9% in L. novocanariensis. Although all samples presented a similar phenolic profile, significant differences were observed in their total contents and antioxidant activity.

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OBJECTIVE: The study tests the hypothesis that a low daily fat intake may induce a negative fat balance and impair catch-up growth in stunted children between 3 and 9y of age. DESIGN: Randomized case-control study. SETTING: Three rural villages of the West Kiang District, The Gambia. SUBJECTS: Three groups of 30 stunted but not wasted children (height for age z-score < or = -2.0, weight for height z-score > or = -2.0) 3-9 y of age were selected by anthropometric survey. Groups were matched for age, sex, village, degree of stunting and season. INTERVENTION: Two groups were randomly assigned to be supplemented five days a week for one year with either a high fat (n = 29) or a high carbohydrate biscuit (n = 30) each containing approximately 1600 kJ. The third group was a non supplemented control group (n = 29). Growth, nutritional status, dietary intake, resting energy expenditure and morbidity were compared. RESULTS: Neither the high fat nor the high carbohydrate supplement had an effect on weight or height gain. The high fat supplement did slightly increase adipose tissue mass. There was no effect of supplementation on resting energy expenditure or morbidity. In addition, the annual growth rate was not associated with a morbidity score. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that neither a high fat nor a high carbohydrate supplement given during 12 months to stunted Gambian children induced catch-up growth. The authors suggest that an adverse effect of the environment on catch-up growth persists despite the nutritional interventions.

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Choline supplementation improving memory functions in rodents is assumed to increase the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the brain. We have found that a combined pre- and postnatal supplementation results in long-lasting facilitation of spatial memory in juvenile rats when training was conducted in presence of a local salient cue. The present work was aimed at analysing the effects of peri- and postnatal choline supplementation on spatial abilities of naive adult rats. Rats given a perinatal choline supplementation were trained in various cued procedures of the Morris navigation task when aged 5 months. The treatment had a specific effect of reducing the escape latency of the rats when the platform was at a fixed position in space and surrounded by a suspended cue. This effect was associated with an increased spatial bias when the cue and platform were removed. In this condition, the control rats showed impaired spatial discrimination following the removal of the target cue, most likely due to an overshadowing of the distant environmental cues. This impairment was not observed in the treated rats. Further training with the suspended cue at unpredictable places in the pool revealed longer escape latencies in the control than in the treated rats suggesting that this procedure induced a selective perturbation of the normal but not of the treated rats. A special probe trial with the cue at an irrelevant position and no escape platform revealed a significant bias of the control rats toward the cue and of the treated rats toward the uncued spatial escape position. This behavioural dissociation suggests that a salient cue associated with the target induces an alternative "non spatial" guidance strategy in normal rats, with the risk of overshadowing of the more distant spatial cues. In this condition, the choline supplementation facilities a spatial reliance on the cue, that is an overall facilitation of learning a set of spatial relations between several visual cues. As a consequence, the improved escape in presence of the cue is associated with a stronger memory of the spatial position following disappearance of the cue. This and previous observations suggest that a specific spatial attention process relies on the buffering of highly salient visual cues.to facilitate integration of their relative position in the environment.

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This thesis investigated whole body glucose disposal and the adaptive changes in skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism following 28 d of supplementation with 1000 mg R(+)-lipoic acid in young sedentary males (age, 22.1 ± 0.67 yr, body mass, 78.7 ± 10.3 kg, n=9). In certain individuals, lipoic acid decreased the 180-min area under the glucose concentration and insulin concentration curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (n=4). In the same individuals, lipoic acid supplementation decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity (PDK) (0.09 ± 0.024 min"^ vs. 0.137 ± 0.023 min'\ n=4). The fasting levels of the activated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were decreased following lipoic acid (0.42 ± 0.13 mmol-min'kg'^ vs. 0.82 ± 0.32 mmolrnin'^kg"\ n=4), yet increased to a greater extent during the OGTT (1.21 ± 0.34 mmol-min'kg"' vs. 0.81 ±0.13 mmolmin"'kg'\ n=4) following hpoic acid supplementation. No changes were demonstrated in the remaining subjects (n=5). It was concluded that improved glucose clearance during an OGTT following lipoic acid supplementation is assisted by increased muscle glucose oxidation through increased PDHa activation and decreased PDK activity in certain individuals.

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Canadian honeys were analyzed for sugar concentration, honey colour, total phenolic content, the level of brown pigments, and antioxidant activity in order to elucidate the main components involved in the antioxidant activity of honey. By employing size-exclusion chromatography in combination with activity-guided fractionation, it was demonstrated that the antioxidant components are of high molecular weight (HMW), brown in colour and absorb at both 280nm and 450nm. The presence of brown HMW antioxidant components prompted an investigation on the influence of heattreatment on the Maillard reaction and the formation of melanoid ins. Heat-treatment of honey resulted in an increase in the level of phenolics in the melanoidin fractions which correlated with an increase in antioxidant activity. The preliminary results of this study suggest for the first time that honey melanoidins underlie the antioxidant activity of unheated and heat-treated honey, and that phenolic constituents are involved in the melanoidin structure and are likely incorporated by covalent or non-covalent interaction.

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In animals, both stress resistance and longevity appear to be influenced by the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-l signaling (lIS) pathway, the basic organization of which is highly conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. Reduced lIS or genetic disruption of the lIS pathway leads to the activation of forkhead box transcription factors, which is thought to upregulate the expression of genes involved in enhancing stress resistance, including perhaps key antioxidant enzymes as well as DNA repair enzymes. Enhanced antioxidant and DNA repair capacities may underlie the enhanced cellular stress resistance observed in long-lived animals, however little data is available that directly supports this idea. I used three. experimental approaches to test the association of intracellular antioxidant and DNA base excision repair (BER) capacities with stress resistance and longevity: (1) a comparison of multiple vertebrate endotherm species of varying body masses and longevities; (2) a comparison of long-lived Snell dwarf mice and their normallittermates; and (3) a comparison of hypometabolic animals undergoing hibernation or estivation with their active counterparts. The activities of the five major intracellular antioxidant enzymes as well as the two rate-limiting enzymes in the BER pathway, apurininc/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease and polymerase ~, were measured. These measurements were performed in one or more of the following: (1) cultured dermal fibroblasts; (2) brain tissue; (3) heart tissue; (4) liver tissue. My results indicate that antioxidant enzymes are not universally upregulated in association with enhanced stress resistance and longevity. I also did not find that BER enzyme activity was positively correlated with longevity, in an inter-species context, though there was evidence for enhanced BER in long-lived Snell dwarf mice. Thus, while there were instances in which enhanced antioxidant and BER enzyme activities were associated with increased stress resistance and/or longevity, this was not universally the case, indicating that other mechanisms must be involved. These results suggest the need to re-examine existing 'oxidative stress' hypotheses of longevity and probe further into the molecular physiology of longevity to discover its mechanistic basis.

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The maximum lifespan (MLSP) of endothermic vertebrates can range from as little as a year to over two centuries, yet the underlying phenotype of aging is very similar amongst this group of organisms. One organelle that may be important in the phenotype of aging is the mitochondrion. When damaged, this organelle is thought to contribute to many of the neurodegenerative diseases of aging. For this thesis, mitochondria from brain tissues of 7 mammalian and 2 avian species were isolated to assess whether the antioxidant glutathione system and major molecular chaperone, HSP60, is correlated to species MLSP. Furthermore, HSP60, and the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, GRP78, were measured under basal conditions, and following the introduction of an oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) in cultured mammalian myoblasts from 10 different species. My results indicate that the enzymes involved in the glutathione defense system are not correlated to species MLSP in brain mitochondria; however HSP60 levels are indeed higher in the longer-lived species. HSP60 levels are also higher at the basal level in cultured mammalian myoblasts and after 1 hour of hydrogen peroxide exposure. GRP78 induction is not correlated to species MLSP at the basal level or following hydrogen peroxide exposure. Therefore, these results suggest that HSP60 is a correlate of longevity in endothermic vertebrate species, but neither the glutathione antioxidant defense system, nor GRP78, correlates to species longevity.

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I present evidence of an antioxidant mechanism for vitamin E that correlates strongly with its physical location in a model lipid bilayer. These data address the overlooked problem of the physical distance between the vitamin's reducing hydrogen and lipid acyl chain radicals. The combined data from neutron diffraction, NMR and UV spectroscopy experiments, all suggest that reduction of reactive oxygen species and lipid radicals occurs specifically at the membrane's hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface. The latter is possible when the acyl chain adopts conformations in which they snorkel to the interface from the hydrocarbon matrix. Moreover, not all model lipids are equal in this regard, as indicated by the small differences in the vitamin's location. The present result is a clear example of the importance of lipid diversity in controlling the dynamic structural properties of biological membranes. Importantly, these results suggest that measurements of alpha-tocopherol oxidation kinetics, and its products, should be revisited by taking into consideration the physical properties of the membrane in which the vitamin resides.

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Thèse réalisée dans le cadre d'une cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université d'Auvergne en France

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L’athérosclérose est à l’origine d’importantes obstructions vasculaires. La sévérité de l’ischémie tissulaire provoquée par l’athérosclérose dépend en partie de la capacité de l’organisme à former de nouveaux vaisseaux (néovascularisation). Les mécanismes de néovascularisation sont modulés par la balance oxydo-réductive. Une exacerbation du stress oxydant est retrouvée dans tous les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, et en particulier lors du vieillissement. Au niveau vasculaire, la CuZnSOD est la principale enzyme antioxydante. Cependant, son rôle spécifique dans le vieillissement vasculaire et dans le développement de nouveaux vaisseaux en réponse à l’ischémie n’est pas connu. Nos hypothèses de recherche sont: 1) qu’une absence de CuZnSOD diminue la néovascularisation réparatrice en réponse à l’ischémie 2) que cette diminution de la néovascularisation est dûe au vieillissement de la vasculature affectant à la fois les cellules endothéliales matures et les cellules progénitrices endothéliales. Nous avons démontré qu’une déficience en CuZnSOD diminue significativement la néovascularisation en réponse à l’ischémie. Cette diminution de néovascularisation est associée à une augmentation du stress oxydant et une réduction de la biodisponibilité du NO. La déficience en CuZnSOD réduit significativement le nombre de EPCs (moelle, rate). De plus, ces EPCs présentent une augmentation significative des niveaux de stress oxydant, une diminution de la production de NO et une capacité réduite à migrer et à s’intégrer à un réseau tubulaire. Fait important, il iv est possible d’améliorer la néovascularisation des souris déficientes en CuZnSOD par une supplémentation en EPCs provenant de souris contrôles. Nous avons également démontré que la récupération du flot sanguin suivant l’ischémie est significativement réduite par l’âge. À la fois chez les jeunes et les vieilles souris, la déficience en CuZnSOD mène à une réduction additionnelle de la néovascularisation. Fait intéressant, le potentiel néovasculaire des jeunes souris déficiente en CuZnSOD est similaire à celui des vieilles souris contrôles. Les niveaux de stress oxydant sont également augmentés de façon similaire dans ces deux groupes de souris. L’âge et la déficience en CuZnSOD sont tous deux associés à une réduction du nombre d’EPCs isolées de la moelle et de la rate. L’effet de l’âge seul sur la fonction des EPCs est modeste. Par contre, la déficience en CuZnSOD en condition de vieillissement est associée à d’importants effets délétères sur l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs. En résumé, nos résultats suggèrent que la protection contre le stress oxydant par la CuZnSOD est essentielle pour préserver la fonction des EPCs et la néovascularisation réparatrice en réponse à l’ischémie. Le défaut de néovascularisation observé en absence de CuZnSOD est associé à un vieillissement vasculaire accéléré. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans le contexte du vieillissement, la CuZnSOD a un rôle encore plus important pour limiter les niveaux de stress oxydant, préserver la fonction des EPCs et maintenir l’intégrité des tissus ischémiques.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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La méthylation de l'ADN est l'une des modifications épigénétiques au niveau des îlots CpG. Cette modification épigénétique catalysée par les ADN méthyltransférases (DNMTs) consiste en la méthylation du carbone 5' d’une cytosine ce qui aboutit à la formation de 5-méthylcytosine. La méthylation de l'ADN est clairement impliquée dans l'inactivation des gènes et dans l'empreinte génétique. Elle est modulée par la nutrition, en particulier par les donneurs de méthyle et par une restriction protéique. Ces modifications épigénétiques persistent plus tard dans la vie et conduisent au développement de nombreuses pathologies telles que le syndrome métabolique et le diabète de type 2. En fait, de nombreux gènes clés subissent une modification de leur état de méthylation en présence des composants du syndrome métabolique. Cela montre que la méthylation de l'ADN est un processus important dans l'étiologie du syndrome métabolique. Le premier travail de ce doctorat a porté sur la rédaction d’un article de revue qui a examiné le cadre central du syndrome métabolique et analyser le rôle des modifications épigénétiques susceptibles d'influer sur l'apparition du stress oxydant et des complications cardiométaboliques. D’autre part, les cellules intestinales Caco-2/15, qui ont la capacité de se différencier et d’acquérir les caractéristiques physiologiques de l'intestin grêle, ont été utilisées et traitées avec du Fer-Ascorbate pour induire un stress oxydant. Le Fer-Ascorbate a induit une augmentation significative de l’inflammation et de la peroxydation des lipides (malondialdehyde) ainsi que des altérations de de la défense antioxydante (SOD2 et GPx) accompagnées de modifications épigénétiques. De plus, la pré-incubation des cellules avec de la 5-aza-2'-désoxycytidine, un agent de déméthylation et/ou l’antioxydant Trolox a normalisé la défense antioxydante, réduit la peroxydation des lipides et prévenu l'inflammation. Ce premier travail a démontré que les modifications du redox et l’inflammation induites par le Fer-Ascorbate peuvent impliquer des changements épigénétiques, plus particulièrement des changements dans la méthylation de l’ADN. Pour mieux définir l’impact du stress oxydant au niveau nutritionnel, des cochons d’Inde âgés de trois jours ont été séparés en trois groupes : 1) Témoins: alimentation régulière; 2) Nutrition parentérale (NP) 3) H2O2 : Témoins + 350 uM H2O2. Après quatre jours, pour un groupe, les perfusions ont été stoppées et les animaux sacrifiés pour la collecte des foies. Pour l’autre groupe d’animaux, les perfusions ont été arrêtées et les animaux ont eu un accès libre à une alimentation régulière jusqu'à la fin de l’étude, huit semaines plus tard où ils ont été sacrifiés pour la collecte des foies. Ceci a démontré qu’à une semaine de vie, l'activité DNMT et les niveaux de 5'-méthyl-2'-désoxycytidine étaient inférieurs pour les groupes NP et H2O2 par rapport aux témoins. A neuf semaines de vie, l’activité DNMT est restée basse pour le groupe NP alors que les niveaux de 5'-méthyl-2'-désoxycytidine étaient plus faibles pour les groupes NP et H2O2 par rapport aux témoins. Ce travail a démontré que l'administration de NP ou de H2O2, tôt dans la vie, induit une hypométhylation de l'ADN persistante en raison d'une inhibition de l'activité DNMT. Finalement, des souris ayant reçu une diète riche en gras et en sucre (HFHS) ont été utilisées comme modèle in vivo de syndrome métabolique. Les souris ont été nourris soit avec un régime standard chow (témoins), soit avec une diète riche en gras et en sucre (HFHS) ou avec une diète HFHS en combinaison avec du GFT505 (30 mg/kg), un double agoniste de PPARα et de PPARδ, pendant 12 semaines. La diète HFHS était efficace à induire un syndrome métabolique étant donnée l’augmentation du poids corporel, du poids hépatique, des adiposités viscérales et sous-cutanées, de l’insensibilité à l’insuline, des lipides plasmatiques et hépatiques, du stress oxydant et de l’inflammation au niveau du foie. Ces perturbations étaient accompagnées d’une déficience dans l’expression des gènes hépatiques PPARα et PPARγ concomitant avec une hyperméthylation de leurs promoteurs respectifs. L’ajout de GFT505 à la diète HFHS a empêché la plupart des effets cardiométaboliques induits par la diète HFHS via la modulation négative de l’hyperméthylation des promoteurs, résultant en l’augmentation de l’expression des gènes hépatiques PPARα et PPARγ. En conclusion, GFT505 exerce des effets métaboliques positifs en améliorant le syndrome métabolique induit par l'alimentation HFHS via des modifications épigénétiques des gènes PPARs. Ensemble, les travaux de cette thèse ont démontré que le stress oxydant provenant de la nutrition induit d’importants changements épigénétiques pouvant conduire au développement du syndrome métabolique. La nutrition apparait donc comme un facteur crucial dans la prévention de la reprogrammation fœtale et du développement du syndrome métabolique. Puisque les mécanismes suggèrent que le stress oxydant agit principalement sur les métabolites du cycle de la méthionine pour altérer l’épigénétique, une supplémentation en ces molécules ainsi qu’en antioxydants permettrait de restaurer l’équilibre redox et épigénétique.

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5-HT2A receptor binding parameters were studied in the cerebral cortex and brain stem of control, diabetic, insulin, insulin + tryptophan and tr3yptophan treated streptozotocin diabetic rats. Scatchard analysis using selective antagonist, [-H](±)2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-l-[2-(4-piperidine)- methanol] ([3H]MDL100907) in cerebral cortex of diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in dissociation constant (Kd) without any change in maximal binding (Bm). Competition binding studies in cerebral cortex using ketanserin against [3H]MDL100907 showed the appearance of an additional site in the low affinity region during diabetes. In the brain stem, Scatchard analysis showed a significant increase in Bmax and Kd. Displacement studies showed a shift in the receptor affinity towards a low affinity state. All these altered parameters in diabetes were reversed to control level by insulin, insulin + tryptophan and tryptophan treatments. Tryptophan treatment is suggested to reverse the altered 5-HT2Abinding and blood glucose level to control status by increasing the brain 5-HT content.

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ABSTRACT: p-Phenylenediamine was chemically attached to low molecular weight chlorinated paraffin wax. The polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine was characterized by vapor-phase osmometry (VPO), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The efficiency and permanence of the polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine as an antioxidant was compared with a conventional amine-type antioxidant in natural rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanizates showed improved aging resistance in comparison to vulcanizates containing a conventional antioxidant. The presence of liquid polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine also reduces the amount of the plasticizer required for compounding.