Ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide detection

A sensor for H2O2 amperometric detection based on a Prussian blue (PB) analogue was developed. The electrocatalytic process allows the determination of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0 V with a limit of detection of 1.3 mu mol L-1 in a flow injection analysis (FIA) configuration. Studies on the optimization of the FIA parameters were performed and under optimal FIA operational conditions the linear response of the method was extended up to 500 mu mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide with good stability. The possibility of using the developed sensor in medium containing sodium ions and the increased operational stability constitute advantages in comparison with PB-based amperometric sensors. The usefulness of the methodology was demonstrated by addition-recovery experiments with rainwater samples and values were in the 98.8 to 103% range.

A selective conductive polymer-based sensor for volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC)

A novel poly(p-xylylene), PPX, derivative bearing alkoxyphenyl side groups was electrochemically synthesized in 87% yield. The polymer, poly(4`-hexyloxy-2,5-biphenyleneethylene) (PHBPE), presented a fraction (92%) soluble in common organic solvents. It showed to be thermally resistant up to 185 degrees C. UV-vis analysis revealed an E-gap of 3.5 eV Gas sensors made from thin films of 10-camphorsulfonic acid-doped PHBPE deposited on interdigitated electrodes exhibited significant changes in electrical conductance upon exposure to five VHOCs: 1,2-dichloroethane, bromochloromethane, trichloromethane, dichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. The conductance decreased after exposure to tetrachloromethane and increased after exposure to all the other VHOCs. Three-dimensional plots of relative response versus time of half response versus time of half recovery showed good discrimination between the five VHOCs tested. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification of N-acetylcysteine in pharmaceuticals using cobalt phthalocyanine modified graphite electrodes

Flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection was employed for the quantification of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in pharmaceutical formulations, utilizing an ordinary pyrolytic graphite (OPG) electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). Cyclic voltammetry was used in preliminary studies to establish the best conditions for NAC analysis. In FIA-amperometric experiments the OPG-CoPc electrode exhibited sharp and reproducible current peaks over a wide linear working range (5.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-3) mol L(-1)) in 0.1 mol L(-1) NaOH solution. High sensitivity (130 mA mol(-1) cm(2)) and a low detection limit (9.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1)) were achieved using the sensor. The repeatability (R.S.D.%) for 13 successive flow injections of a solution containing 5.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) NAC was 1.1%. The new procedure was applied in analyses of commercial pharmaceutical products and the results were in excellent agreement with those obtained using the official titrimetric method. The proposed amperometric method is highly suitable for quality control analyses of NAC in pharmaceuticals since it is rapid, precise and requires much less work than the recommended titrimetric method. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of carbaryl in tomato ""in natura"" using an amperometric biosensor based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity

This work reports the utilization of two methodologies for carbaryl determination in tomatoes. The measurements were carried out using an amperometric biosensor technique based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity due to carbaryl adsorption and a HPLC procedure. The electrochemical experiments were performed in 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solutions at pH 7.4 with an incubation time of 8 min. The analytical curve obtained in pure solutions showed excellent linearity in the 5.0 x 10(-5) to 75 x 10(-5) mol L-1 range, with the limit of detection at 0.4 x 10(-3) gL(-1). The application of such a methodology in tomato samples involved solely liquidising the samples, which were spiked with 6.0 x 10(-6) and 5.0 x 10(-5) mol L-1 carbaryl. Recovery in such samples presented values of 99.0 and 92.4%, respectively. In order to obtain a comparison, HPLC experiments were also conducted under similar conditions. However, the tomato samples have to be manipulated by an extraction procedure (MSPD), which yielded much lower recovery values (78.3 and 84.8%, respectively). On the other hand, the detection limit obtained was much lower than that for the biosensor, i.e., 3.2 x 10(-6) g L-1. Finally, the biosensor methodology was employed to analyze carbaryl directly inside the tomato, without any previous manipulation. In this case, the biosensor was immersed in the tomato pulp, which had previously been spiked with the pesticide for 8 min, removed and inserted in the electrochemical cell. A recovery of 83.4% was obtained, showing very low interference of the matrix constituents. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of a gold electrode modified by trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)(Ist)SO(4)](+) to produce an electrochemical sensor for nitric oxide

The modification of a gold electrode surface by electropolymerization of trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)(Ist)SO(4)](+) to produce an electrochemical sensor for nitric oxide was investigated. The influence of dopamine, serotonin and nitrite as interferents for NO detection was also examined using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The characterization of the modified electrode was carried out by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and SERS techniques. The gold electrode was successfully modified by the trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)(Ist)SO(4)](+) complex ion using cyclic voltammetry. The experiments show that a monolayer of the film is achieved after ten voltammetric cycles, that NO in solution can coordinate to the metal present in the layer, that dopamine, serotonin and nitrite are interferents for the detection of NO, and that the response for the nitrite is much less significant than the responses for dopamine and serotonin. The proposed modified electrode has the potential to be applied as a sensor for NO. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Adaptive, Decentralized, And Real-Time Sampling Strategies For Resource Constrained Hydraulic And Hydrologic Sensor Networks

We discuss the development and performance of a low-power sensor node (hardware, software and algorithms) that autonomously controls the sampling interval of a suite of sensors based on local state estimates and future predictions of water flow. The problem is motivated by the need to accurately reconstruct abrupt state changes in urban watersheds and stormwater systems. Presently, the detection of these events is limited by the temporal resolution of sensor data. It is often infeasible, however, to increase measurement frequency due to energy and sampling constraints. This is particularly true for real-time water quality measurements, where sampling frequency is limited by reagent availability, sensor power consumption, and, in the case of automated samplers, the number of available sample containers. These constraints pose a significant barrier to the ubiquitous and cost effective instrumentation of large hydraulic and hydrologic systems. Each of our sensor nodes is equipped with a low-power microcontroller and a wireless module to take advantage of urban cellular coverage. The node persistently updates a local, embedded model of flow conditions while IP-connectivity permits each node to continually query public weather servers for hourly precipitation forecasts. The sampling frequency is then adjusted to increase the likelihood of capturing abrupt changes in a sensor signal, such as the rise in the hydrograph – an event that is often difficult to capture through traditional sampling techniques. Our architecture forms an embedded processing chain, leveraging local computational resources to assess uncertainty by analyzing data as it is collected. A network is presently being deployed in an urban watershed in Michigan and initial results indicate that the system accurately reconstructs signals of interest while significantly reducing energy consumption and the use of sampling resources. We also expand our analysis by discussing the role of this approach for the efficient real-time measurement of stormwater systems.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um sensor de CO2 de baixo custo

Este trabalho descreve um estudo e desenvolvimento de um sensor de dióxido de carbono (CO2), de baixo custo, para monitoramento da qualidade do ar em ambientes climatizados. O sensor aqui proposto baseia-se na técnica de absorção em infravermelho não dispersivo (NDIR). Este trabalho avalia alguns métodos já empregados e propõe um modelo alternativo visando uma solução de baixo custo que possa ser incorporada a sistemas de monitoramento e/ou condicionamento existentes, permitindo o controle do teor de CO2. A metodologia inclui o estudo dos diferentes tipos de sensores de CO2, a seleção da técnica mais apropriada para medição, o estudo das alternativas para implementação da técnica selecionada, o desenvolvimento, testes e avaliações da solução. Especificamente desenvolveu-se uma solução em termos de sensor de CO2 que utiliza componentes comerciais, sendo facilmente reprodutível e de custo reduzido. O sensor desenvolvido tem faixa de medição entre 330 a mais de 10000 ppm, com resolução estimada em torno de 20 a 30 ppm, com erro em relação ao padrão menor que 10% da medição ou 150 ppm,o que for maior.

Monitoramento de temperaturas noturnas da superfície terrestre no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com uso do sensor orbital AVHRR/NOAA

A temperatura da superfície terrestre (TST), além da ação determinante sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas, influencia também muitos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos, tendo significativa relevância científica em um vasto campo das atividades de pesquisa e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi verificar a adequação do uso de sensores orbitais AVHRR/3 NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) classe POES (Polar Operational Environmental Satellites) para mapeamento de temperaturas da superfície terrestre no Rio Grande do Sul, visando sua implementação em programas operacionais de monitoramento agrometeorológico. No estudo realizado no período de junho a setembro de 2002, foram utilizadas 11 imagens noturnas e 20 imagens diurnas, captadas na estação de recepção de imagens NOAA pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Pesquisas em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia (CEPSRM). Após processamento, as imagens foram utilizadas para a determinação da temperatura de brilho da banda 4 e 5 da TST através dos métodos de Becker e Li (1990), Kerr et al. (1992) e Sobrino et al. (1993). A TST obtida a partir das imagens foi comparada aos dados de temperatura do ar obtidos em 13 estações meteorológicas de superfície Os resultados mostraram que os sensores orbitais AVHRR/3 são adequados para o mapeamento noturno de temperaturas da superfície terrestre no Rio Grande do Sul. O método de Sobrino et al. (1993) é o mais adequado entre os métodos testados para a estimativa das temperaturas noturnas no Estado, embora ainda seja necessário um aprofundamento teórico em relação aos efeitos atmosféricos sobre regiões localizadas em baixas latitudes. Também a temperatura estimada por sensores remotos pode ser utilizada para estimar a temperatura do ar nos locais avaliados, sendo que ainda deve ser testada a extrapolação para outros locais.

An online platform for real-time sensor data collection, visualization, and sharing

Sharing sensor data between multiple devices and users can be^challenging for naive users, and requires knowledge of programming and use of different communication channels and/or development tools, leading to non uniform solutions. This thesis proposes a system that allows users to access sensors, share sensor data and manage sensors. With this system we intent to manage devices, share sensor data, compare sensor data, and set policies to act based on rules. This thesis presents the design and implementation of the system, as well as three case studies of its use.

Investigação numérica do desempenho de um sensor de fibra ótica de índice de refração, baseado em SPR e utilizando COMSOL multiphysics

Esta tese é dedicada aos sensores de fibra ótica especificamente aos sensores baseados no fenómeno de ressonância de plasmão de superfície, SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance), gerados em fibras óticas com configuração do tipo “D”, para aplicação em sensores refratométricos. Numa primeira parte desta dissertação são descritos os aspetos teóricos fundamentais para a compreensão dos fenómenos de ressonância de plasmões de superfície e a sua utilização em sistemas sensores. Estes fenómenos ocorrem na superfície de interface entre metais e outros meios materiais, sendo capazes de afetar as propriedades em reflexão e transmissão de uma onda eletromagnética incidente (feixe luminoso), de uma forma que é fortemente dependente dos meios na proximidade do metal. Assim, a medição das propriedades do feixe luminoso, como por exemplo o comprimento de onda de ressonância com SPR, permite monitorizar esses meios. Numa segunda fase foi implementada a simulação destes modelos, em COMSOL Multiphysics, que permitia não só a obtenção dos espetros de transmissão dos fenómenos de ressonância de plasmões de superfície, mas também a obtenção das distribuições do campo elétrico e magnético em função das dimensões do sensor. O COMSOL permitiu também a obtenção das curvas do deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante, perante variações do índice de refração exterior, da espessura do metal, da espessura da bainha e da espessura de outro elemento de elevado índice de refração. A fase seguinte foi verificar que os resultados dos métodos teóricos para os diferentes parâmetros de estudo eram semelhantes aos resultados obtidos no COMSOL. Conclui-se que com este programa é possível criar novos sensores em fibra ótica, baseados em SPR, para melhorar e otimizar os parâmetros de ressonância e sensibilidade do sensor. A última fase do trabalho baseou-se na modelização de uma fibra cuja configuração seja tal que possa criar um pequeno efeito de antena e fazer com que parte da luz seja guiada para o exterior da fibra e possa interatuar com o meio externo para melhor sensibilidade.

Sistema sensor em fibra ótica para deteção de gás

O presente trabalho descreve duas técnicas de deteção de gás baseadas em fibra ótica e apresenta dois sistemas sensores testados em ambiente laboratorial, usando técnicas de processamento de sinal usualmente associadas à espetroscopia de absorção. O estudo inicial do estado da arte dos sensores baseados em fibra ótica para a deteção de gases apresenta soluções com elevada seletividade, sensibilidade e resolução que permitem tempos de resposta curtos e esquemas de multiplexagem versáteis. A técnica de espetroscopia de absorção direta (DAS) permite a deteção de gases de forma simples e com alguma eficácia, mas com uma baixa relação-sinal-ruido. A espetroscopia por modulação de comprimento de onda (WMS) é uma técnica muito eficaz e de elevada sensibilidade para a deteção de gases, dado que a deteção é deslocada para frequências afastadas do ruído base, melhorando significativamente a relação-sinal-ruído. Estas técnicas foram escolhidas para a implementação de dois sistemas optoeletrónicos, totalmente controlados pelas respetivas aplicações em LabVIEW para a deteção e monitorização de amónia (NH3), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e metano (CH4). O trabalho é finalizado com a caraterização laboratorial dos sistemas e avaliação do desempenho, permitindo a otimização dos sistemas e técnicas implementados. De referir que o trabalho realizado nas instalações da Unidade de Optoeletrónica e Sistemas Eletrónicos (UOSE) do Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), Tecnologia e Ciência (TEC), laboratório associado coordenado pelo INESC Porto, permitiu, excelentes condições de trabalho, essenciais para implementar de forma prática os diversos conceitos estudados, bem como testar e caraterizar todos os sistemas desenvolvidos em ambiente laboratorial. O trabalho desenvolvido enquadra-se no âmbito do projeto europeu ECOAL-MGT (Gestão ecológica de pilhas de resíduos de carvão), que será implementado para monitorização remota de parâmetros fundamentais de uma escombreira de carvão em auto-combustão em S.ºPedro da Cova, Portugal.

Medição e modelagem da resposta de um sensor de pig perfilométrico sob diferentes solicitações dinâmicas

Ensure the integrity of the pipeline network is an extremely important factor in the oil and gas industry. The engineering of pipelines uses sophisticated robotic inspection tools in-line known as instrumented pigs. Several relevant factors difficult the inspection of pipelines, especially in offshore field which uses pipelines with multi-diameters, radii of curvature accentuated, wall thickness of the pipe above the conventional, multi-phase flow and so on. Within this context, appeared a new instrumented Pig, called Feeler PIG, for detection and sizing of thickness loss in pipelines with internal damage. This tool was developed to overcome several limitations that other conventional instrumented pigs have during the inspection. Several factors influence the measurement errors of the pig affecting the reliability of the results. This work shows different operating conditions and provides a test rig for feeler sensors of an inspection pig under different dynamic loads. The results of measurements of the damage type of shoulder and holes in a cyclic flat surface are evaluated, as well as a mathematical model for the sensor response and their errors from the actual behavior

Controle feedback de nível baseado em sensor de imagem aplicado ao equipamento misturador-decantador à inversão de fases (MDIF®)

The treatment of wastewaters contaminated with oil is of great practical interest and it is fundamental in environmental issues. A relevant process, which has been studied on continuous treatment of contaminated water with oil, is the equipment denominated MDIF® (a mixer-settler based on phase inversion). An important variable during the operation of MDIF® is the water-solvent interface level in the separation section. The control of this level is essential both to avoid the dragging of the solvent during the water removal and improve the extraction efficiency of the oil by the solvent. The measurement of oil-water interface level (in line) is still a hard task. There are few sensors able to measure oil-water interface level in a reliable way. In the case of lab scale systems, there are no interface sensors with compatible dimensions. The objective of this work was to implement a level control system to the organic solvent/water interface level on the equipment MDIF®. The detection of the interface level is based on the acquisition and treatment of images obtained dynamically through a standard camera (webcam). The control strategy was developed to operate in feedback mode, where the level measure obtained by image detection is compared to the desired level and an action is taken on a control valve according to an implemented PID law. A control and data acquisition program was developed in Fortran to accomplish the following tasks: image acquisition; water-solvent interface identification; to perform decisions and send control signals; and to record data in files. Some experimental runs in open-loop were carried out using the MDIF® and random pulse disturbances were applied on the input variable (water outlet flow). The responses of interface level permitted the process identification by transfer models. From these models, the parameters for a PID controller were tuned by direct synthesis and tests in closed-loop were performed. Preliminary results for the feedback loop demonstrated that the sensor and the control strategy developed in this work were suitable for the control of organic solvent-water interface level