Solar radiation over and under sea ice and photographic quantification of Ice algal aggregates during the POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVII/3 (IceArc) in summer 2012

The ice cover of the Arctic Ocean has been changing dramatically in the last decades and the consequences for the sea-ice associated ecosystem remain difficult to assess. Algal aggregates underneath sea ice have been described sporadically but the frequency and distribution of their occurrence is not well quantified. We used upward looking images obtained by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to derive estimates of ice algal aggregate biomass and to investigate their spatial distribution. During the IceArc expedition (ARK-XXVII/3) of RV Polarstern in late summer 2012, different types of algal aggregates were observed floating underneath various ice types in the Central Arctic basins. Our results show that the floe scale distribution of algal aggregates in late summer is very patchy and determined by the topography of the ice underside, with aggregates collecting in dome shaped structures and at the edges of pressure ridges. The buoyancy of the aggregates was also evident from analysis of the aggregate size distribution. Different approaches used to estimate aggregate biomass yield a wide range of results. This highlights that special care must be taken when upscaling observations and comparing results from surveys conducted using different methods or on different spatial scales.

Solar irradiance over and under seasonal land-fast sea ice off Barrow, Alaska, in 2010

The amount of solar radiation transmitted through Arctic sea ice is determined by the thickness and physical properties of snow and sea ice. Light transmittance is highly variable in space and time since thickness and physical properties of snow and sea ice are highly heterogeneous on variable time and length scales. We present field measurements of under-ice irradiance along transects under undeformed land-fast sea ice at Barrow, Alaska (March, May, and June 2010). The measurements were performed with a spectral radiometer mounted on a floating under-ice sled. The objective was to quantify the spatial variability of light transmittance through snow and sea ice, and to compare this variability along its seasonal evolution. Along with optical measurements, snow depth, sea ice thickness, and freeboard were recorded, and ice cores were analyzed for chlorophyll a and particulate matter. Our results show that snow cover variability prior to onset of snow melt causes as much relative spatial variability of light transmittance as the contrast of ponded and white ice during summer. Both before and after melt onset, measured transmittances fell in a range from one third to three times the mean value. In addition, we found a twentyfold increase of light transmittance as a result of partial snowmelt, showing the seasonal evolution of transmittance through sea ice far exceeds the spatial variability. However, prior melt onset, light transmittance was time invariant and differences in under-ice irradiance were directly related to the spatial variability of the snow cover.

Particulate and phytoplankton absorption during POLARSTERN cruises ANT-XXVI/3 and ANT-XXVIII/3

The euphotic depth (Zeu) is a key parameter in modelling primary production (PP) using satellite ocean colour. However, evaluations of satellite Zeu products are scarce. The objective of this paper is to investigate existing approaches and sensors to estimate Zeu from satellite and to evaluate how different Zeu products might affect the estimation of PP in the Southern Ocean (SO). Euphotic depth was derived from MODIS and SeaWiFS products of (i) surface chlorophyll-a (Zeu-Chla) and (ii) inherent optical properties (Zeu-IOP). They were compared with in situ measurements of Zeu from different regions of the SO. Both approaches and sensors are robust to retrieve Zeu, although the best results were obtained using the IOP approach and SeaWiFS data, with an average percentage of error (E) of 25.43% and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.10 m (log scale). Nevertheless, differences in the spatial distribution of Zeu-Chla and Zeu-IOP for both sensors were found as large as 30% over specific regions. These differences were also observed in PP. On average, PP based on Zeu-Chla was 8% higher than PP based on Zeu-IOP, but it was up to 30% higher south of 60°S. Satellite phytoplankton absorption coefficients (aph) derived by the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm at different wavelengths were also validated and the results showed that MODIS aph are generally more robust than SeaWiFS. Thus, MODIS aph should be preferred in PP models based on aph in the SO. Further, we reinforce the importance of investigating the spatial differences between satellite products, which might not be detected by the validation with in situ measurements due to the insufficient amount and uneven distribution of the data.

Caracteres físico-químicos de efluentes de fábricas de aceite de oliva : Mendoza (Argentina)

La producción de aceite de oliva genera distintos subproductos entre los cuales el efluente o alpechín representa un serio problema mediambiental. En los países productores el alpechín es un residuo muy contaminante debido a su elevada composición orgánica, sus efectos inhibitorios y la tendencia de sus componentes a sufrir oxidación biológica. Estas características y la estacionalidad de su producción dificultan su eliminación. La industria del aceite de oliva está actualmente en expansión en Argentina. En Mendoza, dicha actividad tiene una gran tradición y un impacto ambiental considerable. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los caracteres físico- químicos de los efluentes de fábricas de aceite oliva en Mendoza (Argentina) para conocer la realidad de la industria local y rever las especificaciones legales para efluentes. Los efluentes de dos fábricas fueron evaluados en tres puntos de muestreo: agua de entrada al proceso, salida de la fábrica y pileta de deposición final de los efluentes. Se analizó el contenido de iones, pH, conductividad eléctrica, DBO y DQO. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que las características del efluente dependen del método de extracción utilizado y la eventual dilución con agua de lavado. La calidad del agua subterránea utilizada en el proceso no es un factor determinante para lograr un efluente fácilmente tratable. El problema medioambiental que se plantea es la producción de un efluente con alto contenido orgánico, salino y bajo pH, caracteres que impiden su vuelco en cursos de agua superficial o red de cloacas, por no cumplir con los requisitos indicados en la normativa vigente. Por lo tanto, las fábricas elaboradoras de aceite de oliva serán las encargadas de que dichos efluentes reciban un adecuado proceso de depuración que permita su eliminación o reutilización.