树木、林内、林冠上与森林区风速廓线研究(英文)

风速是森林生态系统研究中最为重要的变量之一,同时也是控制气流运输过程最基本的要素。由于树木生理指标和生长过程对风速的改变十分敏感,因此风速随高度的变化规律,即风速廓线的研究十分重要。一般认为,在裸地或林冠上的风廓线均呈对数规律变化,但是在单株树木和林分内风速随高度的变化则不呈对数规律。本文根据最近在海岸松林内风的研究结果,总结了针叶树种单株树木内、林分内和林冠上层以及海岸林区的风速廓线变化规律,其主要结论如下:1)单株针叶树树冠内的风速廓线呈指数形式分布,2)在林分内的风速廓线可用风的减弱系数来表示,3)[(\267\347)(\300\252\317\337\324\332\301\326\271\332\262\343)]上的分布可由风廓线参数(摩擦速度、粗糙长度、零平面位移)确定,4)在海岸林区,极端风速的分布可以使用了建筑上的风荷载模型进行预测。另外,本文提出了该研究领域尚需进一步探讨的问题,主要包括:1)风速廓线与树木特征及林分特征间的关系,2)利用简单的方法预测了风速廓线参数,3)风速廓线在树木生理、生态研究的作用、树木生长过程中风的微生态学效应以及森林生态和管理应用等方面。图4表1参60。

樟子松人工固沙林稳定性的研究

提出了人工林稳定性的内涵及其评价标准．分析了影响沙地樟子松人工林稳定性的各种干扰因子，通过对沙地樟子松人工林造林成活、生长情况、对不良外界环境的抗御能力、林分寿命、林分结构和生产力的综合评价分析，认为沙地樟子松引种人工林基本上是稳定的；而生长在立地较好的丘间低地的林分，其稳定性大于沙丘顶部的林分；从抗枯梢病角度看，幼林的抗性大于中林；从林分密度和生产力角度来看．红花尔基沙地樟子松林稳定性高于章古台．

我国煤炭省际调运的空间格局演变及其影响

了解我国煤炭省际运输空间格局的演变及其影响,有助于我国煤炭综合运输及能源可持续利用研究。通过对我国1985年以来煤炭省际输出,输入量和省区的空间变化及社会和环境影响分析,研究发现近20年来我国煤炭省际调运的空间格局发生了明显变化。全国省际煤炭输出和输入量迅速增长,输出和输入的不均匀程度稍有减小。输出省区向西、向北偏移,输入省区向东南方向偏移。在主要的煤炭净输出省区中,山西一直居于主导地位,但是内蒙古和陕西省的影响力逐渐增强：分散的区域性煤炭输出省区影响范围不断萎缩,输出量向邻近省区集中。我国煤炭省际运输空间格局的演变带来了一些社会和环境影响,煤炭省际运输量和运输距离的增加不仅带来了更为严重的环境和生态影响,也为我国东西部地区的协调发展带来了挑战,并对我国能源安全带来了更多的隐患。

中国能源保障水平分区初探

在经济高速增长的新形势下,能源保障风险日益凸现。全国能源保障分区研究不仅是能源风险管理的基本要求,也是经济发展对能源产业提出的新要求。本文阐述了全国能源资源的基础形势,并对1996年~2005年间我国一次能源生产和消费情况进行了分析;构建了由能源储量比、对外依存度、库存增减量、能源生产弹性系数、能源消费弹性系数、运输线路长度6个指标组成的能源保障指标体系,采用因子分析法确定各个指标的权重;并根据灰色聚类方法对全国30个省(市、区)"十五"期间的能源保障能力进行了评估与分区。结果表明:我国能源保障水平具有南

不同土地利用/土地覆盖下土壤粒径分布的分维特征

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“中国陆地生态系统碳循环及其驱动机制研究”(2002CB412500)资助

基于3S的自然植被光能利用率的时空分布特征的模拟

光能利用率(LUE)直接影响植被各层中的能量分布和光合速率,在确定环境对光合和地上部生长分配的综合限制上十分有价值,是衡量系统功能的一个重要指标。本研究以遥感图像(TM)作为数据源,获取了影响植被LUE的重要变量———叶面积指数(LAI);用程序语言编写了描述系统碳循环和水循环的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型(EPPML),对长白山自然保护区的太阳总辐射、净初级生产力(NPP)和LUE等的季节动态和空间分布进行了模拟;并用地理信息系统(GIS)手段对空间数据进行处理、分析和显示,从而实现了将植物生理生态研

马钱苷的电喷雾串联质谱及傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱研究

利用电喷雾串联质谱(ESI-MSn)技术研究马钱苷的质谱碎裂机理,探讨其碎裂方式,并利用傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FTICR-MS)及SORI-CID高分辨率、高质量准确度对其碎裂机理进行验证研究。采用H/D交换和串联质谱的方法,发现马钱苷羟基上的活泼氢在质谱中性碎片丢失过程中较易被转移,表现出较大的化学活性。通过加入特定的Na+和Li+等碱金属离子,极大地提高了马钱苷化合物质谱分析的灵敏度,获得了更多的结构信息,建立了马钱苷化合物质谱鉴定和分析的新方法。

Removal of Cr(III, VI) by quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids functionalized silica materials

A series of silica-based organic–inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by the sol–gel process for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) adsorption. These silica materials generally had high surface areas, good physical–chemical stability and high thermal stability. Trialkylmethylammonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate ([A336][C272]) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) were explored as porogens to prepare porous silica and as extractants to extract chromium ions. Cyphos IL 104 and [A336][C272] functionalized silica sorbents (SG-2, SG-5) can be effectively used for the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by adjusting pH values, whereas trialkylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) functionalized silica sorbents (SG-3, SG-4) can only be used for the removal of the single chromium species, Cr(VI) or Cr(III).

In situ preparation and luminescent properties of LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ nanoparticles and transparent LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+/PMMA nanocomposite

LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ nanoparticles were prepared by the reverse microemulsion with functional monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as oil phase, and LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposite was obtained via polymerization of MMA monomer. The nanoparticles and nanocomposite have been well characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV/vis spectrum, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra and luminescence decays. The obtained solid nanocomposite LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+/PMMA is highly transparent and exhibits strong green photoluminescence upon UV excitation, due to the integration of luminescent LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ nanoparticles. The luminescent lifetime of Tb3+ is determined to be 1.25 ms in the nanocomposite. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Polyethylene glycol-stabilized platinum nanoparticles: The efficient and recyclable catalysts for selective hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene to o-chloroaniline

In the present work, platinum nanoparticles were prepared by in situ reduction with polyethylene glycols (PEGs). The catalytic performance of Pt nanoparticles immobilized in PEGs (Pt-PEGs) is discussed for the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (o-CNB). A high selectivity to o-chloroaniline (o-CAN) of about 99.7% was obtained with the Pt-PEGs catalysts at the complete conversion of o-CNB, which is much higher than that (83.4%) obtained over the conventional catalyst of Pt/C. The Pt nanoparticies could be immobilized in PEGs stably and recycled for four times with the same activity and selectivity. It presents a promising performance in the hydrogenation and its wide application in catalytic reactions is expected.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-scale Terbium (III)-trimesic acid (TMA)-1,10-phenanthroline(phen) luminescent complex

The nano-scale luminescent complex of Terbium(III)-trimesic acid (TMA)-1,10-phenanthroline(phen) was successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method in this paper. The chemical formula of the synthesized complex was speculated to be Tb(TMA)(phen)(0.0125)center dot 5H(2)O by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD pattern of Tb(TMA)(phen)(0.0125)center dot 5H(2)O indicated that it was a new crystalline complex since the diffraction angle, diffraction intensity and the distance of crystal plane were all different from those of the two ligands. TG curve proved that the synthesized nano-scale luminescent complex was stable in the range from ambient temperature to 464 degrees C in air. TEM images showed that the complex was spherical shape with an average size of 40 nm.

Blue long lasting phosphorescence of Tm3+ in zinc pyrophosphate phosphor

Phosphate long lasting phosphorescence (LLP) phosphors with composition of (Zn1-xTmx)(2)P2O7 were prepared by the high-temperature solid-state method. Their properties were systematically investigated utilizing XRD, photoluminescence, phosphorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) spectra. These phosphors emit blue light that is related to the characteristic emission due to the D-1(2)-H-3(6), D-1(2)-H-3(4) and (1)G(4)-H-3(6) transitions of Tm3+. After the UV light excitation source was switched off, the bright blue long lasting phosphorescence can be observed which could last for more than 1 h in the limit of light perception of dark-adapted human eyes (0.32 mcd/m(2)). Two TL peaks at 336 K and 415 K appeared in the TL spectrum. By analyzing the TL curve the depths of traps were calculated to be 0.67 eV and 0.97 eV, respectively.Also, the mechanism was discussed in this report.