Mode et costume au fil du temps

pour un aperçu voir dossier de presse http://www.svha-vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/rhv123_dossier_presse_leger.pdf

Estudio de las virtudes y los vicios en "La Ilíada"

Aristòtil, juntament amb Plató, és considerat un dels grans pares del pensament occidental, i com a tal, les seves teories segueixen sent referents en el panorama acadèmic actual. En aquest treball es pretén analitzar les virtuts i els vicis seleccionats de l’Ètica a Nicòmac que estableixen un diàleg amb la Iliada d’Homer, i així avaluar el potencial pedagògic d’aquesta epopeia de manera especial a partir dels conceptes aristotèlics de mimesi i catarsi, que prenen com a objecte d’estudi algunes veritats universals de l’home.

Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. METHODS: We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18·5 kg/m(2) [underweight], 18·5 kg/m(2) to <20 kg/m(2), 20 kg/m(2) to <25 kg/m(2), 25 kg/m(2) to <30 kg/m(2), 30 kg/m(2) to <35 kg/m(2), 35 kg/m(2) to <40 kg/m(2), ≥40 kg/m(2) [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. FINDINGS: We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19·2 million adult participants (9·9 million men and 9·3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21·7 kg/m(2) (95% credible interval 21·3-22·1) in 1975 to 24·2 kg/m(2) (24·0-24·4) in 2014 in men, and from 22·1 kg/m(2) (21·7-22·5) in 1975 to 24·4 kg/m(2) (24·2-24·6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21·4 kg/m(2) in central Africa and south Asia to 29·2 kg/m(2) (28·6-29·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21·8 kg/m(2) (21·4-22·3) in south Asia to 32·2 kg/m(2) (31·5-32·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13·8% (10·5-17·4) to 8·8% (7·4-10·3) in men and from 14·6% (11·6-17·9) to 9·7% (8·3-11·1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23·4% (17·8-29·2) in men and 24·0% (18·9-29·3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3·2% (2·4-4·1) in 1975 to 10·8% (9·7-12·0) in 2014 in men, and from 6·4% (5·1-7·8) to 14·9% (13·6-16·1) in women. 2·3% (2·0-2·7) of the world's men and 5·0% (4·4-5·6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m(2)). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0·64% (0·46-0·86) in men and 1·6% (1·3-1·9) in women. INTERPRETATION: If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Grand Challenges Canada.

Profile, cost and pattern of prescriptions for polymedicated patients in Catalonia, Spain

OBJECTIVES: Polypharmacy is one of the main management issues in public health policies because of its financial impact and the increasing number of people involved. The polymedicated population according to their demographic and therapeutic profile and the cost for the public healthcare system were characterised. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary healthcare in Barcelona Health Region, Catalonia, Spain (5 105 551 inhabitants registered). PARTICIPANTS: All insured polymedicated patients. Polymedicated patients were those with a consumption of ≥16 drugs/month. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The study variables were related to age, gender and medication intake obtained from the 2008 census and records of prescriptions dispensed in pharmacies and charged to the public health system. RESULTS: There were 36 880 polymedicated patients (women: 64.2%; average age: 74.5±10.9 years). The total number of prescriptions billed in 2008 was 2 266 830 (2 272 920 total package units). The most polymedicated group (up to 40% of the total prescriptions) was patients between 75 and 84 years old. The average number of prescriptions billed monthly per patient was 32±2, with an average cost of 452.7±27.5. The total cost of those prescriptions corresponded to 2% of the drug expenditure in Catalonia. The groups N, C, A, R and M represented 71.4% of the total number of drug package units dispensed to polymedicated patients. Great variability was found between the medication profiles of men and women, and between age groups; greater discrepancies were found in paediatric patients (5-14 years) and the elderly (≥65 years). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides essential information to take steps towards rational drug use and a structured approach in the polymedicated population in primary healthcare.

Maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland in 2007 and in 2015

The Gulf of Finland is said to be one of the densest operated sea areas in the world. It is a shallow and economically vulnerable sea area with dense passenger and cargo traffic of which petroleum transports have a share of over 50 %. The winter conditions add to the risks of maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland. It is widely believed that the growth of maritime transportation will continue also in the future. The Gulf of Finland is surrounded by three very different national economies with, different maritime transportation structures. Finland is a country of high GDP/per capita with a diversified economic structure. The number of ports is large and the maritime transportation consists of many types of cargoes: raw materials, industrial products, consumer goods, coal and petroleum products, and the Russian transit traffic of e.g. new cars and consumer goods. Russia is a large country with huge growth potential; in recent years, the expansion of petroleum exports has lead to a strong economic growth, which is also apparent in the growth of maritime transports. Russia has been expanding its port activities in the Gulf of Finland and it is officially aiming to transport its own imports and exports through the Russian ports in the future; now they are being transported to great extend through the Finnish, Estonian and other Baltic ports. Russia has five ports in the Gulf of Finland. Estonia has also experienced fast economic growth, but the growth has been slowing down already during the past couples of years. The size of its economy is small compared to Russia, which means the transported tonnes cannot be very massive. However, relatively large amounts of the Russian petroleum exports have been transported through the Estonian ports. The future of the Russian transit traffic in Estonia looks nevertheless uncertain and it remains to be seen how it will develop and if Estonia is able to find replacing cargoes if the Russian transit traffic will come to an end in the Estonian ports. Estonia’s own import and export consists of forestry products, metals or other raw materials and consumer goods. Estonia has many ports on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but the port of Tallinn dominates the cargo volumes. In 2007, 263 M tonnes of cargoes were transported in the maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland, of which the share of petroleum products was 56 %. 23 % of the cargoes were loaded or unloaded in the Finnish ports, 60 % in the Russian ports and 17 % in the Estonian ports. The largest ports were Primorsk (74.2 M tonnes) St. Petersburg (59.5 M tonnes), Tallinn (35.9 M tonnes), Sköldvik (19.8 M tonnes), Vysotsk (16.5 M tonnes) and Helsinki (13.4 M) tonnes. Approximately 53 600 ship calls were made in the ports of the Gulf of Finland. The densest traffic was found in the ports of St. Petersburg (14 651 ship calls), Helsinki (11 727 ship calls) and Tallinn (10 614 ship calls) in 2007. The transportation scenarios are usually based on the assumption that the amount of transports follows the development of the economy, although also other factors influence the development of transportation, e.g. government policy, environmental aspects, and social and behavioural trends. The relationship between the development of transportation and the economy is usually analyzed in terms of the development of GDP and trade. When the GDP grows to a certain level, especially the international transports increase because countries of high GDP produce, consume and thus transport more. An effective transportation system is also a precondition for the economic development. In this study, the following factors were taken into consideration when formulating the future scenarios: maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland 2007, economic development, development of key industries, development of infrastructure and environmental aspects in relation to maritime transportation. The basic starting points for the three alternative scenarios were: • the slow growth scenario: economic recession • the average growth scenario: economy will recover quickly from current instability • the strong growth scenario: the most optimistic views on development will realize According to the slow growth scenario, the total tonnes for the maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland would be 322.4 M tonnes in 2015, which would mean a growth of 23 % compared to 2007. In the average growth scenario, the total tonnes were estimated to be 431.6 M tonnes – a growth of 64 %, and in the strong growth scenario 507.2 M tonnes – a growth of 93%. These tonnes were further divided into petroleum products and other cargoes by country, into export, import and domestic traffic by country, and between the ports. For petroleum products, the share of crude oil and oil products was estimated and the number of tanker calls in 2015 was calculated for each scenario. However, the future development of maritime transportation in the GoF is dependent on so many societal and economic variables that it is not realistic to predict one exact point estimate value for the cargo tonnes for a certain scenario. Plenty of uncertainty is related both to the degree in which the scenario will come true as well as to the cause-effect relations between the different variables. For these reasons, probability distributions for each scenario were formulated by an expert group. As a result, a range for the total tonnes of each scenario was formulated and they are as follows: the slow growth scenario: 280.8 – 363 M tonnes (expectation value 322.4 M tonnes)

Le Constitutionnel : journal politique et littéraire

1816/11/17 (Numéro 322).

Historia Regiae Academiae Aboensis

Invocatio: I.N.J.C.

Synthesis and magnetic studies of copper(II)-lanthanide(III) 5-bromosalicylideneglycylglycine

The physico-chemical properties of the new 3d-4f heteronuclear complexes with general formula LnCu3(C11H8N2 O4Br)3·13H2O (where Ln = Pr, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb and H3(C11H8N2 O4Br) - 5-bromosalicylideneglycylglycine) were studied. The compounds were characterized by elemental, spectral and thermal analyses and magnetic measurements. The formation of Schiff base is evidenced by a strong band at ca. 1646-1650 cm-1 attributable to C=N stretching mode. The presence of water molecules is confirmed by broad absorptions with maximum at 3360 - 3368 cm-1. The Cu(II)-Ln(III) complexes are stable up to ca. 318 K. During dehydration process the water molecules are lost probably in two stages. The magnetic susceptibility data for these complexes change with temperature according to the Curie-Weiss law.

Complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III)

The complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III) have been synthesized as polycrystalline hydrated solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have the following colours: violet for Nd(III), white for Gd(III) and cream for Ho(III) compounds. The carboxylate groups bind as bidentate chelating (Ho) or bridging ligands (Nd, Gd). On heating to 1173K in air the complexes decompose in several steps. At first, they dehydrate in one step to form anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals. The gaseous products of their thermal decomposition in nitrogen were also determined and the magnetic susceptibilites were measured over the temperature range of 76-303K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results show that 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III) are high-spin complexes with weak ligand fields. The solubility value in water at 293K for analysed 4-chlorophenoxyacetates is in the order of 10-4mol/dm³.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de apoio à decisão para a diagnose de doenças, pragas e distúrbios abióticos dos citros

A preocupação com a diagnose dos problemas que afetam as plantas cítricas proporcionou ao longo dos anos o acúmulo de conhecimento, que precisava ser organizado e divulgado de forma eficiente e rápida. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse trabalho construir uma base de conhecimentos para diagnóstico de doenças bióticas e abióticas dos citros, desenvolver e implementar o sistema de apoio à decisão (SAD) e avaliar o sistema. O SAD foi construído utilizando a ferramenta 'Borland Delphi' versão 5. Foram formuladas 562 perguntas, 322 regras e anexadas fotografias para facilitar o diagnóstico de 34 doenças, 40 pragas e 34 distúrbios abióticos dos citros. A avaliação do SAD foi dividida em verificação e validação. Na verificação, o SAD foi submetido a uma análise por meio de questionário a 5 especialistas em citros. A validação do programa foi realizada com quatro grupos, de diferentes níveis de conhecimento (10 pessoas/grupo), tentando diagnosticar corretamente. Obteve-se um acerto de 45,6% dos usuários e 93,6% do SAD. O sistema foi denominado Dr. Citrus (protótipo com registro no INPI n° 014070009188).

Análise estrutural em floresta ombrófila densa de terra firme não explorada, Amazônia Oriental

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a composição florística e as estruturas horizontal, interna e diamétrica da floresta. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Unidade de Manejo Florestal (UMF) da Fazenda Tracajás (02º35'53"S e 47º47'10"W), Município de Paragominas, Estado do Pará, Brasil. A floresta foi estratificada em três áreas homogêneas, denominadas classes I, II e III de estoques volumétricos, empregando-se análise multivariada: análises de agrupamento e discriminante. Em cada classe de estoque foram instaladas, aleatoriamente, cinco parcelas de 100 x 100 m (1,0 ha) cada uma, para medição dos indivíduos com dap > 15 cm. No centro de cada parcela de 100 x 100 m foi instalada uma subparcela de 10 x 100 m (0,1 ha), para medição dos indivíduos com 5 cm < dap < 15 cm. Nas classes I, II e III de estoques volumétricos das árvores com dap > 15 cm (nível I de inclusão), respectivamente, estimou-se uma densidade total de 322,4; 309,0; e 313,8 indivíduos por hectare, bem como dominância total de 27,36; 27,45; e 25,88 m²/ha e volume de fuste total de 358,69; 328,33; e 308,69 m³/ha. Nas classes I, II e III de estoques volumétricos das árvores com 5 cm < dap < 15 cm (nível II de inclusão), respectivamente, estimaram-se densidade total de 846; 854; e 886 indivíduos por hectare, dominância total de 4,80; 4,93; e 5,46 m²/ha e volume de fuste total de 93,98; 91,23; e 97,61 m³/ha. As espécies de maior valor de importância relativa, Lecythis idatimon (potencial), Rinorea guianensis (não comercial) e Pouteria guianensis (potencial), ocorreram em todos os níveis de inclusão e classes de estoque. As distribuições de diâmetros de todas as espécies e das espécies comerciais com dap > 5 cm, estimadas pela equação de Meyer, confirmaram a tendência exponencial negativa ("J-invertido"). A análise da estrutura da floresta em classes de estoque permitiu melhor conhecimento da composição de espécies e da estrutura fitossociológica, sendo útil na tomada de decisões em planos de manejo de rendimento sustentável.

RAPD analysis of genetic variability in a multiprovenance base population of Eucalyptus grandis hill ex maiden

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability among individuals of a base population of Eucalyptus grandis and to build a molecular marker database for the analyzed populations. The Eucalyptus grandis base population comprised 327 individuals from Coff's Harbour, Atherton and Rio Claro. A few plants came from other sites (Belthorpe MT. Pandanus, Kenilworth, Yabbra, etc.). Since this base population had a heterogeneous composition, the groups were divided according to geographic localization (latitude and longitude), and genetic breeding level. Thus, the influence of those two factors (geographic localization and genetic breeding level) on the genetic variability detected was discussed. The RAPD technique allowed the evaluation of 70 loci. The binary matrix was used to estimate the genetic similarity among individuals using Jaccard's Coefficient. Parametric statistical tests were used to compare within-group similarity of the means. The obtained results showed that the base population had wide genetic variability and a mean genetic similarity of 0.328. Sub-group 3 (wild materials from the Atherton region) showed mean genetic similarity of 0.318. S.P.A. (from Coff's Harbour region) had a mean genetic similarity of 0.322 and was found to be very important for maintenance of variation in the base population. This can be explained since the individuals from those groups accounted for most of the base population (48.3% for it). The base population plants with genetic similarity higher than 0.60 should be phenotypically analyzed again in order to clarify the tendency of genetic variability during breeding programs.

Kun sanat eivät riitä. Rytmi, modernismi ja Eila Kivikk’ahon runous

Tutkimusta ohjaa kysymys siitä, miten runojen rytmi toiminnallaan vaikuttaa. Rytmiä luonnehtivat toisto, vaihtelu ja liike, ja tällaista rytminäkemystä kehystetään toisiinsa kytköksissä olevilla lähestymistavoilla. Tällä tavoin liikkeessä oleva tutkimuskäytäntö toimii lisäksi vuorovaikutuksessa aineiston, Eila Kivikk’ahon (1921-2004) runouden (1942-1995) kanssa. Rytmi osoittautuu tutkimuksessa yhteydenpidon muodoksi: ilmaisutavaksi, joka vaikuttaa vastaanottajiinsa ja sitoutuu tapaan, jolla rytmi kulloinkin ymmärretään. Kun sanat eivät riitä. Rytmi, modernismi ja Eila Kivikk'ahon runous osoittaa, että runous on kiinni ajassa. Eila Kivikk’ahon runoja voidaan lukea kannanottoina niiden ilmestymisaikaan, joskaan kannanotot eivät esiinny välttämättä suoraan sanottuina, ilmaistuina kylläkin. Ruumiillisuus ja sen sukupuolittuneisuus, modernismin katvealue ja sanomisen ehdot ovat asioita, jotka luetaan tutkimuksessa kannanottojen piiriin ja jotka kiertyvät rytmin kysymykseen. Kannanotot eivät silti redusoidu runojen ilmestymisaikaan vaan ulottuvat luennan hetkeen, tähän ja nyt, vaihtuvan nykyajan aikalaisuuteen. Joidenkin kannanottojen havaitseminen mahdollistuneekin aikojen kuluttua. Runot tarttuvat ja liikuttavat lukemista rytmin voimin. Vuorovaikutus toteutuu tietyin ehdoin ja antaa samalla tilaa uusille tulkintamahdollisuuksille. Keskeiseksi tutkimuksessa tulee rytmin ruumiillisuus, aistimellisuus ja materiaalisuus. Rytmi ei toimi irrallaan sanoista, vaikkakin rytmin toiminnan ja sanallisen merkityksen välinen eronteko on tutkimuksellisesti myös paikallaan. Näin voidaan pohtia sitä, miten rytmi kielen materiaalisuutena ja materiaalisen ilmaisuna viittaa lisäksi sanallisen ilmaisun problematiikkaan, sen rajoihin ja ehtoihin. Sanomaton käsitetään tällöin olennaiseksi osaksi ilmaisua, joka ilmenee eri tavoin. Sanomaton on jotakin, josta ei voi – kenties vielä – puhua suoraan. Suhtautumistapa rytmiin kertoo osaltaan siitä, missä ilmaisun rajojen ja normien nähdään sijaitsevan. Tutkimuksen mukaan nuo rajat ja normit kertovat osaltaan suhtautumisesta ”toiseen sukupuoleen”, naisiin, ja siihen, mikä mielletään naiselliseksi ja naispuoliseksi. Modernismin "kutsumattomana haltiattarena" rytmi sisältää myös uhan ja vaaran mahdollisuuden: ylikäyvä rytminen toisto viettelee mukaansa samanistisessa hengessä, joskin runoudessa tällaisesta harvoin lienee kyse. Sukupuolittunutta normittamista luonnehtii negatiivinen suhtautuminen toistoon, joka liitetään arkiseen, ruumiilliseen ja ”vanhaan”, ja tällöin modernistisen runouden uudistumisen tarve tulee uhatuksi. Vanhan toisto on kuitenkin aina jossakin määrin välttämätöntä, mikä koskee kaikkea ilmaisua. Tästä aiheutuu ratkeamattomuutta, joka on myös läpikäyvä piirre Kivikk’ahon runoissa ja kietoutuu sanomattomaan. Ratkeamattoman ilmaisu ja käsittely voidaan ymmärtää osaksi rytmipolitiikkaa, jossa selittymättömälle annetaan tilaa. Se tekee sanomattoman ilmeiseksi ja ilmaisullisesti vaikuttavaksi tekijäksi. Sotienjälkeinen suomenkielinen modernismi, oikeammin modernistinen lukutapa, on muokannut vahvasti nykykäsityksiä runouden rytmistä. 1940-luvulla vapaa rytmi tarjosi mahdollisuuksia irtaantua mitallisen rytmin kontrollista. Toisaalta ruumiillisuutta kontrolloitiin edelleen. Tutkimus tuo esiin, että tulkintakontekstilla on olennainen sijansa, kun sanallistetaan sanomatonta, ruumiillista rytmiä. 1950-luvun alussa, jolloin modernistinen lukutapa valtasi alaa, rytmi alkoi siirtyä marginaaliin. Kun sanasto ja kuvallisuus nostettiin keskiöön, rytmi asettui samalla ei-sanallisen kommunikaation mahdollistajaksi, joka ei kiellä tradition vaikutusta. Edelleen 1960-luvulla informaation painotus toiseutti rytmiä, joka kuitenkin osoitti kykynsä ilmaista sitä, mihin sanat eivät riitä. 1990-luvun muuttuneissa tilanteissa rytmi, ja laajemmin kielen materiaalinen tuntu, nousi uudella tavalla esiin vaikuttaen yhä 2000-luvulla. Myös taukojen liike on nähtävissä rytmisenä toimintatapana, jota voisi luonnehtia runon kädenojennukseksi, jälleen erääksi tavaksi tarttua lukijaan ja kuulijaan Kun sanat eivät riitä on voinut irtaantua joistakin modernistisen lukutavan sokeista tai kuuroista pisteistä, koska käsitteellistä kehikkoa jäsentävät modernismin jälkeiset näkökulmat. Rytmin toiseuttamisen ja samalla sen potentiaalin kartoittaminen osoittautuu näkökulmaksi, joka mahdollistaa sotienjälkeisen suomenkielisen modernismin uudelleen järjestelyä ja ajattelemista. ”Kova ja kuiva” modernismi on ollut esteettinen ihanne ja kategoria, joka ei kerro riittävästi lähimenneisyytemme runoudesta. Modernismin ideologiaan on kuulunut, osin aivan aiheellisesti, vapauden juhlinta: vihdoinkin irrottaudutaan runoutta kahlitsevasta mitan ikeestä. On totta, että mitallisuus voi kahlita. Rajoja ja sääntöjä muodostettiin kuitenkin yhtä lailla muodon vallankumousta tehtäessä, ja vapaallakin rytmillä on toiston kuvionsa. Lisäksi on huomattava, että modernistisen runouden käyttövoimana ovat ristiriitaisuus ja paradoksit. Niihin kuuluvat sekä epäusko sanoihin että usko ilmaisun mahdollisuuksien etsimiseen epätodennäköisiltä alueilta: sieltä, mikä ei antaudu suoraan sanoiksi.