Associações de professores e sindicatos em Espanha, durante a transição da ditadura de Franco para a democracia (1970-1983)

Este artigo analisa os processos do associativismo e a emergência do sindicalismo livre dos professores em Espanha que deixam a ditadura de Franco e se inserem na democracia e na liberdade. Contemplou-se um conceito abrangente de transição política, partindo da reforma educativa de 1970 até ao início do governo socialista em 1983 com as suas propostas de mudança educacional. Associativismo, sindicalismo e movimentos de renovação pedagógica configuram os âmbitos de construção da identidade profissional e democrática do amplo sector dos docentes dos diversos níveis de ensino em Espanha numa década- chave da sua história contemporânea, como é a dos anos 70 do século XX.

State Policies, Territories and Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador (1983-2012)

This work seeks to reconstruct the dynamics of the agreements and disagreements between the State and the indigenous peoples in Ecuador, emphasising particularly on two key elements: first, the indigenous peoples participation and exercise of their political rights, in particular the right to self-government and autonomy within their jurisdictions; and secondly, indigenous peoples’ degree of direct influence on public policies’ formulation and implementation, specially those directly affecting their territories, including the exploitation of natural resources. In Ecuador, during this historical period, the state has gone through three major moments in its relationship with indigenous peoples: neo - indigenism associated to developmentalism (1980-1984); multiculturalism associated to neoliberalism (1984- 2006) as one of the dominant trends over the period; and the crisis of neoliberalism and the search for national diversity and interculturalism associated to post- neoliberalism (2007-2013). Each has had a particular connotation, as to the scope and methods to respond to indigenous demands. In this context, this research aims to answer the central question: how has the Ecuadorian State met the demands of the indigenous movement in the last three decades, and how has it ensured the validity of their gradually recognized rights? And how and to what extent by doing so, it contradicts and alters the existing economic model based on the extraction of primary resources?