ORGANIC NITROGEN IN A TYPIC HAPLUDOX FERTILIZED WITH PIG SLURRY

The application of pig slurry may have a different effect on nitrogen dynamics in soil compared to mineral fertilization. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the different forms of organic N in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Typic Hapludox) and their relationship to N uptake by crops in response to 10 years of annual application of pig slurry and mineral fertilizer. The treatments were application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry, in addition to mineral fertilizer, organized in a randomized block design with four replications. The N contents were determined in the plant tissue and in the forms of total N and acid hydrolyzed fractions: ammonium-N, hexosamine-N, α-amino-N, amide-N, and unidentified-N. Annual application of pig slurry or mineral fertilizer increased the total-N content in the 0-10 cm depth layer. The main fractions of organic N in the soil were α-amino-N when pig slurry was applied and unidentified-N in the case of mineral fertilizers. Pig slurry increased the N fractions considered as labile: α-amino-N, ammonium-N, and amide-N. The increase in these labile organic N fractions in the soil through pig slurry application allows greater N uptake by the maize and oat crops in a no-tillage system.

ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA E COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO: SISTEMA RADICULAR DA SOJA E DO MILHO E ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS DO SOLO

Associadas aos benefícios no solo da semeadura direta, podem ocorrer a formação de gradiente vertical de fertilidade e a de uma camada compactada provocada pelo intenso tráfego de máquinas agrícolas, podendo modificar o crescimento radicular das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as doses e formas de aplicação da adubação fosfatada e a compactação do solo pelo tráfego de máquinas nos atributos físicos e no sistema radicular da soja e do milho nas condições da Chapada dos Parecis, MT. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico argiloso em delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2 × 4 × 4 e três repetições, sendo duas formas de adubação fosfatada (a lanço e no sulco), quatro doses de P2O5 (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1) e quatro níveis de compactação (PT0, PT2, PT4 e PT8 – semeadura direta com compactação induzida por tráfego de trator em zero, duas, quatro e oito passadas, respectivamente). O tráfego de máquinas ocasionou compactação do solo em semeadura direta, aumentando a densidade do solo (Ds) e resistência do solo à penetração (RSP) e reduzindo a macroporosidade e porosidade total, sem efeito da adubação fosfatada. A resposta das espécies à forma de adubação fosfatada foi diferenciada, não apresentando influência no crescimento radicular da soja. No milho, quando fornecida a lanço proporcionou maior área de raízes na camada de 0,00-0,05 m; e, quando no sulco, foram observadas entre as camadas menores diferenças na área radicular. Nas camadas de 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, a RSP de 1,48 e 1,84 MPa (Us = 0,28 m3 m-3) e Ds de 1,32 e 1,35 kg dm-3, respectivamente, proporcionaram redução de 19 e 27 % no diâmetro médio das raízes do milho e aumento de 110 e 49 % no diâmetro das raízes da soja.

QUALIDADE FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA DE UM LATOSSOLO COM DIFERENTES MANEJOS E FERTILIZANTES

Avaliar a qualidade do solo (QS) é uma importante estratégia para definir práticas e sistemas de manejo capazes de manter ou melhorar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar as alterações na QS por meio de indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos em um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com diferentes sistemas de manejo e diferentes fertilizantes. O estudo foi conduzido em Taquaruçu do Sul, RS, utilizando como base um experimento implantado em 2009, distribuído em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: sistemas de manejos do solo (plantio direto, escarificação e cultivo mínimo) associados a diferentes fertilizações - sem fertilização, 80 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) e fertilização mineral. Utilizou-se como referência o solo de uma área de mata nativa, adjacente ao experimento. Foram coletadas amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas (0-10 e 10-20 cm) para avaliar os indicadores químicos, físicos e microbiológicos e instaladas armadinhas (tipo Provid) para estimar os indicadores biológicos do solo. Os indicadores físicos, tais como densidade, resistência à penetração, macroporosidade e porosidade total demonstraram sensibilidade às alterações causadas no solo pelo uso agrícola em relação à mata nativa. No entanto, os físico-mecânicos não são recomendados em avaliações da QS. A matéria orgânica é o indicador mais responsivo à degradação da QS, entretanto, os efeitos do manejo do solo não se manifestam em três anos de estudo. A fertilização com DLS sob plantio direto favorece a diversidade da macrofauna e a atividade microbiológica do solo, constituindo-se uma importante estratégia de manejo no sul do Brasil.

Effects of Pig Slurry Application and Crops on Phosphorus Content in Soil and the Chemical Species in Solution

The application of pig slurry rates and plant cultivation can modify the soil phosphorus (P) content and distribution of chemical species in solution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total P, available P and P in solution, and the distribution of chemical P species in solution, in a soil under longstanding pig slurry applications and crop cultivation. The study was carried out in soil columns with undisturbed structure, collected in an experiment conducted for eight years in the experimental unit of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria (RS). The soil was an Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf), subjected to applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. Soil samples were collected from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm, before and after black oat and maize grown in a greenhouse, for the determination of available P, total P and P in the soil solution. In the solution, the concentration of the major cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and pH were determined. The distribution of chemical P species was determined by software Visual Minteq. The 21 pig slurry applications increased the total P content in the soil to a depth of 40 cm, and the P extracted by Mehlich-1 and from the solution to a depth of 30 cm. Successive applications of pig slurry changed the balance between the solid and liquid phases in the surface soil layers, increasing the proportion of the total amount of P present in the soil solution, aside from changing the chemical species in the solution, reducing the percentage complexed with Al and increasing the one complexed with Ca and Mg in the layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm. Black oat and maize cultivation increased pH in the solution, thereby increasing the proportion of HPO42- and reducing H2PO4- species.

PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS E PERMEABILIDADE AO AR EM TOPOSSEQUÊNCIA ARGISSOLO-GLEISSOLO: VARIAÇÃO NO PERFIL E EFEITO DE COMPRESSÃO

Uma topossequência apresenta solos com características estruturais e morfológicas distintas que podem alterar a susceptibilidade à deformação estrutural em curtas distâncias espaciais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga e a suscetibilidade à compactação e mensurar o efeito que cargas acima e abaixo da pressão de preconsolidação causam na permeabilidade ao ar de solos numa topossequência da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas nos horizontes de três perfis de Argissolos (Ap, A1, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; Ap, A1, A2, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; e Ap, A1, BA, Bt1 e Bt2) e dois de Gleissolos (A1, A2, Bg; A, Bg e Cg), no longo de uma topossequência. Essas amostras foram submetidas ao teste de compressão uniaxial, sendo avaliada a permeabilidade ao ar antes e após compressão. Na condição de capacidade de campo, os Gleissolos apresentaram menor suscetibilidade à compactação e maior capacidade de suporte de carga que os Argissolos. O teor de argila esteve diretamente correlacionado com a capacidade de suporte de carga. Portanto, foi inversamente proporcional à suscetibilidade à compactação, exceto em condições de elevada umidade do solo quando a água lubrificou as superfícies aumentando a susceptibilidade à compactação de quaisquer solos. Até 25 kPa de carga ao solo não resultou degradação física do solo, mas quando foram aplicadas cargas de 200 kPa, mesmo na condição de capacidade de campo, houve redução significativa do volume de macroporos e porosidade total em níveis inferiores ao limite crítico (0,10 m3 m-3).

ORGANIC CARBON CONTENTS AND STOCKS IN PARTICLE SIZE FRACTIONS OF A TYPIC HAPLUDOX FERTILIZED WITH PIG SLURRY AND SOLUBLE FERTILIZER

The use of pig slurry (PS) as fertilizer can affect the soil quality and increase total stocks of soil organic carbon (TOC). However, the effects of PS on TOC amount and forms in the soil are not fully understood, particularly in areas under no-tillage (NT). The purpose of this study was to determine TOC contents and stocks in the particulate (POC) and mineral-associated C fractions (MAC) of an Oxisol after nine years of maize-oat rotation under NT, with annual applications of PS, soluble fertilizer and combined fertilization (pig slurry + soluble fertilizer). The experiment was initiated in 2001 in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina, with the following treatments: PS at rates of 0 (without fertilization - PS0); 25 (PS25); 50 (PS50); 100 (PS100); and 200 m3 ha-1yr-1 (PS200); fertilization with soluble fertilizer (SF); and mixed fertilization (PS + SF). The TOC content was determined in samples of six soil layers to a depth of 40 cm, and the POC and MAC contents in four layers to a depth of 20 cm. From the rate of 50 m3 ha-1yr-1 and upwards, the soil TOC content and stock increased according to the PS rates in the layers to a depth of 10 cm. The POC and MAC contents and stocks were higher in the surface layers, with a clear predominance of the second fraction, but a greater relative amplitude in the contents of the first fraction.

Organic and Nitrogen Fertilization of Soil under ‘Syrah’ Grapevine: Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Nitrate Concentration

ABSTRACT Viticulture is an activity of great social and economic importance in the lower-middle region of the São Francisco River valley in northeastern Brazil. In this region, the fertility of soils under vineyards is generally poor. To assess the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilization on chemical properties and nitrate concentrations in an Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Plinthustalf), a field experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco, on Syrah grapevines. Treatments consisted of two rates of organic fertilizer (0 and 30 m3 ha-1) and five N rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), in a randomized block design arranged in split plots, with five replications. The organic fertilizer levels represented the main plots and the N levels, the subplots. The source of N was urea and the source of organic fertilizer was goat manure. Irrigation was applied through a drip system and N by fertigation. At the end of the third growing season, soil chemical properties were determined and nitrate concentration in the soil solution (extracted by porous cups) was determined. Organic fertilization increased organic matter, pH, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC, but decreased exchangeable Cu concentration in the soil by complexation of Cu in the organic matter. Organic fertilization raised the nitrate concentration in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, making it leachable. Nitrate concentration in the soil increased as N rates increased, up to more than 300 mg kg-1 in soil and nearly 800 mg L-1 in the soil solution, becoming prone to leaching losses.

Solvent vapours in incubators: a source of exposure among neonates?

Hygiene practices in neonatal units require the use of disinfecting solutions containing ethanol or isopropanol. Newly disinfected hands or soaked swabs introduced inside the incubators may emit vapours leading to alcohol exposures to the neonates. Alcohol emissions from hands and other occasional sources (e.g. soaked disinfecting swabs) lead to measurable levels of vapours inside incubators. Average isopropanol and ethanol concentrations ranging from 33.1 to 171.4 mg/m(3) (13.8 to 71.4 ppm) and from 23.5 to more than 146 mg/m3 (9.8 to > 6 ppm) respectively were measured inside occupied incubators (n = 11, measurement time about 230 min) in a neonatal unit of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne during regular activity. Exposure concentrations in a wide range of possible situations were then investigated by modeling using the one-box dispersion model. Theoretical modeling suggested typical isopropanol peaks and average concentrations ranging between 10(2) and 10(3) mg/m(3) (4.10(1) to 4.10(2)ppm), and 10(1) to 10(2) mg/m(3) (4 to 4.10(1) ppm), respectively. Based on our results we suggest several preventive measures to reduce the neonates' exposures to solvent vapours.

Exposition des enfants à la fumée passive: le point sur des campagnes de sensibilisation

Enfants de moins de 10 ans fumant passivement 14 cigarettes ! D'avril 2010 à avril 2011, l'exposition de 148 enfants (81 garçons et 67 filles) a été testée: 10 enfants de moins d'un an, 25 de 1 à 5 ans, 19 de 5 à 10 ans, 30 de 10 à 15 ans et 64 de 15 à 18 ans. 10 d'entre eux sont des fumeurs et la plus jeune de 14 ans fume 10 cigarettes par jour. Leurs parents, ou parfois des jeunes eux-mêmes, ont commandé de manière volontaire, via les sites Internet des CIPRET Valais, Vaud et Genève, un badge MoNIC gratuit. Les résultats quant à l'exposition de ces enfants interpellent et méritent l'attention.Pour l'ensemble des enfants, la concentration moyenne de nicotine dans leur environnement intérieur mesurée via les dispositifs MoNIC est de 0,5 mg/m3, avec des maximums pouvant aller jusqu'à 21 mg/m3. Pour le collectif d'enfants âgés de moins de 10 ans (26 garçons et 28 filles; tous non-fumeurs), la concentration de nicotine n'est pas négligeable (moyenne 0,069 mg/m3, min 0, max 0,583 mg/m3). En convertissant ce résultat en équivalent de cigarettes inhalées passivement, nous obtenons des chiffres allant de 0 à 14 cigarettes par jour* avec une moyenne se situant à 1.6 cig/j. Encore plus surprenant, les enfants de moins d'un an (4 garçons et 6 filles) inhalent passivement, dans le cadre familial, en moyenne 1 cigarette (min 0, max 2.2). Pour les deux autres collectifs: 10-15 ans et 15-18 ans, les valeurs maximales avoisinent les 22 cigarettes. Notons cependant que ce résultat est influencé, ce qui n'est pas le cas des enfants plus jeunes, par le fait que ces jeunes sont également parfois des fumeurs actifs.* Quand la durée d'exposition dépassait 1 jour (8 heures), le nombre d'heures a toujours été divisé par 8 heures. Le résultat obtenu donne l'équivalent de cigarettes fumées passivement en huit heures. Il s'agit de ce fait d'une moyenne, ce qui veut dire que durant cette période les enfants ont pu être exposés irrégulièrement à des valeurs supérieures ou inférieures à cette moyenne. [Auteurs]

Comparaison des performances des systèmes CR à aiguilles et à poudre en mammographie.

Objectifs: Comparaison des performances en qualité d'image des deux types de systèmes CR. Matériels et méthodes: Les performances ont été mesurées au moyen de la fonction de transfert de modulation (FTM), du spectre de bruit, de l'efficacité quantique de détection (DQE),le seuil de détection du contraste en épaisseur d'or et la dose glandulaire moyenne. Les systèmes CR à aiguilles Agfa HM5.0 et Carestream SNP-M1 ont étécomparés aux systèmes à poudre Agfa MM3.0, Fuji ProfectCS et Carestream EHR-M3. Résultats: La FTM à 5mm-1 de Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1 est 0,21 et 0,27, et entre 0,14 et 0,16 pour les systèmes à poudre. Un DQE maximal de 0,51 et 0,5 a étéobtenu pour Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1, et 0,35, 0,50 et 0,34 pour Agfa MM3,0, Fuji Profect et Carestream EHR-M3. Des valeurs de DQE à 5mm-1 de0,18 et 0,13 ont été obtenues pour Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1, et entre 0,04 et 0,065 pour les systèmes à poudre. Les seuils de détection du contrastede Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1 étaient 1,33im et 1,29im, et 1,45im et 1,63im pour Agfa MM3,0 et Fuji Profect. Conclusion: Les systèmes à aiguilles offrent des meilleures FTM et DQE et un seuil de visibilité du contraste plus bas que les systèmes à poudre .

Deriva nictemeral de macroinvertebrados en el rio Llobregat (Barcelona)

A study on the qualitative and quantitative coniposition of macroinvertebrate drift in the Llobregat river ( N E Spain) is put fonvard. Samples were taken hourly during a 24 hour period in august 1982. The samples were taken with a net of 625 cm. of filtering surface and an opening mesh size of 500 microns, which íiltered 72,1 m3 /h. and collected 75.719 individuals during the sampling period. That means a drift rate of 1.224 indiv./h. and a drift density of 17 indi/m3 . 8 I0/o of the organismes collected were exuviae, mainly pupal chironomid skins (54%) and nimphal ephemeroptera moults (27(Ynj. The remainder percentage of living organisms represents a drift rate of 227 indiv./h. and a drift density of 3.14 indiv./m3. These are intermediate values ifwe compare them with the data published. Sixty per cent of the living drift were chiroiiomids. 17.5 '1 ephemeroptera and 10 (%1 trichoptera; these being the niost iniportant groups. Ofthe 87 species identified in those groups 23 were common in al1 the (7 1 ) samples (Table 1)

Rockfall travel distance analysis by using empirical models (Solà d'Andorra la Vella, Central Pyrenees)

The prediction of rockfall travel distance below a rock cliff is an indispensable activity in rockfall susceptibility, hazard and risk assessment. Although the size of the detached rock mass may differ considerably at each specific rock cliff, small rockfall (<100 m3) is the most frequent process. Empirical models may provide us with suitable information for predicting the travel distance of small rockfalls over an extensive area at a medium scale (1:100 000¿1:25 000). "Solà d'Andorra la Vella" is a rocky slope located close to the town of Andorra la Vella, where the government has been documenting rockfalls since 1999. This documentation consists in mapping the release point and the individual fallen blocks immediately after the event. The documentation of historical rockfalls by morphological analysis, eye-witness accounts and historical images serve to increase available information. In total, data from twenty small rockfalls have been gathered which reveal an amount of a hundred individual fallen rock blocks. The data acquired has been used to check the reliability of the main empirical models widely adopted (reach and shadow angle models) and to analyse the influence of parameters which affecting the travel distance (rockfall size, height of fall along the rock cliff and volume of the individual fallen rock block). For predicting travel distances in maps with medium scales, a method has been proposed based on the "reach probability" concept. The accuracy of results has been tested from the line entailing the farthest fallen boulders which represents the maximum travel distance of past rockfalls. The paper concludes with a discussion of the application of both empirical models to other study areas.

Rockfall monitoring by Terrestrial Laser Scanning ¿ case study of the basaltic rock face at Castellfollit de la Roca (Catalonia, Spain)

This case study deals with a rock face monitoring in urban areas using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The pilot study area is an almost vertical, fifty meter high cliff, on top of which the village of Castellfollit de la Roca is located. Rockfall activity is currently causing a retreat of the rock face, which may endanger the houses located at its edge. TLS datasets consist of high density 3-D point clouds acquired from five stations, nine times in a time span of 22 months (from March 2006 to January 2008). The change detection, i.e. rockfalls, was performed through a sequential comparison of datasets. Two types of mass movement were detected in the monitoring period: (a) detachment of single basaltic columns, with magnitudes below 1.5 m3 and (b) detachment of groups of columns, with magnitudes of 1.5 to 150 m3. Furthermore, the historical record revealed (c) the occurrence of slab failures with magnitudes higher than 150 m3. Displacements of a likely slab failure were measured, suggesting an apparent stationary stage. Even failures are clearly episodic, our results, together with the study of the historical record, enabled us to estimate a mean detachment of material from 46 to 91.5 m3 year¿1. The application of TLS considerably improved our understanding of rockfall phenomena in the study area.

Rockfall induced seismic signals: case study in Montserrat, Catalonia

After a rockfall event, a usual post event survey includes qualitative volume estimation, trajectory mapping and determination of departing zones. However, quantitative measurements are not usually made. Additional relevant quantitative information could be useful in determining the spatial occurrence of rockfall events and help us in quantifying their size. Seismic measurements could be suitable for detection purposes since they are non invasive methods and are relatively inexpensive. Moreover, seismic techniques could provide important information on rockfall size and location of impacts. On 14 February 2007 the Avalanche Group of the University of Barcelona obtained the seismic data generated by an artificially triggered rockfall event at the Montserrat massif (near Barcelona, Spain) carried out in order to purge a slope. Two 3 component seismic stations were deployed in the area about 200 m from the explosion point that triggered the rockfall. Seismic signals and video images were simultaneously obtained. The initial volume of the rockfall was estimated to be 75 m3 by laser scanner data analysis. After the explosion, dozens of boulders ranging from 10¿4 to 5 m3 in volume impacted on the ground at different locations. The blocks fell down onto a terrace, 120 m below the release zone. The impact generated a small continuous mass movement composed of a mixture of rocks, sand and dust that ran down the slope and impacted on the road 60 m below. Time, time-frequency evolution and particle motion analysis of the seismic records and seismic energy estimation were performed. The results are as follows: 1 ¿ A rockfall event generates seismic signals with specific characteristics in the time domain; 2 ¿ the seismic signals generated by the mass movement show a time-frequency evolution different from that of other seismogenic sources (e.g. earthquakes, explosions or a single rock impact). This feature could be used for detection purposes; 3 ¿ particle motion plot analysis shows that the procedure to locate the rock impact using two stations is feasible; 4 ¿ The feasibility and validity of seismic methods for the detection of rockfall events, their localization and size determination are comfirmed.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to particles (PM) induces adverse health effects (cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases). A key-role in these adverse effects seems to be played by oxidative stress, which is an excess of reactive oxygen species relative to the amount of reducing species (including antioxidants), the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to document the oxidative stress caused by exposure to respirable particles in vivo, and to test whether exposed workers presented changes in their urinary levels for reducing species.METHODS: Bus depot workers (n = 32) exposed to particles and pollutants (respirable PM4, organic and elemental carbon, particulate metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NOx, O3) were surveyed over two consecutive days. We collected urine samples before and after each shift, and quantified an oxidative stress biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), the reducing capacity and a biomarker of PAH exposure (1-hydroxypyrene). We used a linear mixed model to test for associations between the oxidative stress status of the workers and their particle exposure as well as with their urinary level of reducing species.RESULTS: Workers were exposed to low levels of respirable PM4 (range 25-71 μg/m3). However, urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine increased significantly within each shift and between both days for non-smokers. The between-day increase was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the concentrations of organic carbon, NOx, and the particulate copper content. The within-shift increase in 8OHdG was highly correlated to an increase of the urinary reducing capacity (Spearman ρ = 0.59, p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that exposure to components associated to respirable particulate matter causes a systemic oxidative stress, as measured with the urinary 8OHdG. The strong association observed between urinary 8OHdG with the reducing capacity is suggestive of protective or other mechanisms, including circadian effects. Additional investigations should be performed to understand these observations.