Does the Stockholm Programme matter? The struggles over ownership of AFSJ multiannual programming. CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security No. 51/December 2012

Does the 2009 Stockholm Programme matter? This paper addresses the controversies experienced at EU institutional levels as to ‘who’ should have ownership of the contours of the EU’s policy and legislative multiannual programming in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) in a post-Lisbon Treaty landscape. It examines the struggles around the third multiannual programme on the AFSJ, i.e. the Stockholm Programme, and the dilemmas affecting its implementation. The latest affair to emerge relates to the lack of fulfilment by the European Commission of the commitment to provide a mid-term evaluation of the Stockholm Programme’s implementation by mid-2012, as requested by both the Council and the European Parliament. This paper shifts the focus to a broader perspective and raises the following questions: Is the Stockholm Programme actually relevant? What do the discussions behind its implementation tell us about the new institutional dynamics affecting European integration on the AFSJ? Does the EU actually need a new (post- Stockholm) multiannual programme for the period 2015–20? And last, what role should the EP play in legislative and policy programming in order to further strengthen the democratic accountability and legitimacy of the EU’s AFSJ?

Estimating surface net solar radiation by use of Landsat-5 TM and digital elevation models

The ground surface net solar radiation is the energy that drives physical and chemical processes at the ground surface. In this paper, multi-spectral data from the Landsat-5 TM, topographic data from a gridded digital elevation model, field measurements, and the atmosphere model LOWTRAN 7 are used to estimate surface net solar radiation over the FIFE site. Firstly an improved method is presented and used for calculating total surface incoming radiation. Then, surface albedo is integrated from surface reflectance factors derived from remotely sensed data from Landsat-5 TM. Finally, surface net solar radiation is calculated by subtracting surface upwelling radiation from the total surface incoming radiation.

Historicizing counterurbanization: in-migration and the reconstruction of rural space in Berkshire (UK), 1901-51

This article uses census data for Berkshire to argue that large-scale counterurbanization began much earlier than is generally recognized in some parts of southern England. This was not just movement down the urban hierarchy, which as Pooley and Turnbull have demonstrated was a long-term feature of England’s settlement system, but in some cases at least amenity-driven migration to rural areas of the kind increasingly recognized as a core component of recent counterurbanization. Despite a reduction of acreage Berkshire’s rural districts saw a 54% rise in population between 1901 and 1951. The sub-regional pattern of growth is assessed to gauge whether ‘clean break’ migration to the remote west of the county (which remained effectively out of commuting range from London throughout the period) was taking place, or whether counterurbanization was confined to the more accessible eastern districts. However, whilst population did increase in both west and east, it was in fact the central districts that grew most impressively. Three case study parishes are investigated in order to gauge the nature and consequences of counterurbanization at a local level. Professional and business migrants figure prominently, seeking to preserve and promote the rural attributes of their new communities, without however cutting their ties to urban centres. It is argued that migration to rural Berkshire in the first half of the twentieth century cannot adequately be described either as a form of extended suburbanization or an anti-metropolitan ‘clean break’. Rather, early counterurbanization marks the first stage on the long road to a post-productivist countryside, in which countryside becomes detached from agriculture, there is socio-economic convergence between town and country, and the ‘rural’ increasingly becomes defined by landscape and identity rather than economic function.

Phenotype MicroArray (TM) in the metabolic characterisation of Salmonella serotypes Agona, Enteritidis, Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis, Newport and Typhimurium

The Phenotype MicroArray (TM) (PM) technology was used to study the metabolic characteristics of 29 Salmonella strains belonging to seven serotypes of S. enterica spp. enterica. Strains of serotypes Typhimurium (six strains among definite phage types DTs 1, 40 and 104) and Agona (two strains) were tested for 949 substrates, Enteritidis (six strains of phage type PT1), Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis and Newport strains (two of each) were tested for 190 substrates and seven other Agona strains for 95 substrates. The strains represented 18 genotypes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among 949 substrates, 18 were identified that could be used to differentiate between the strains of those seven serotypes or within a single serotype. Unique metabolic differences between the Finnish endemic Typhimurium DT1 and Agona strains were detected, for example, in the metabolism of d-tagatose, d-galactonic acid gamma-lactone and l-proline as a carbon source. Thus, the PM technique is a useful tool for identifying potential differential markers on a metabolic basis that could be used for epidemiological surveillance.

Measurements of stratospheric ozone at a mid-latitude observing station Valentia, Ireland (51.94° N, 10.25° W), using ground-based and ozonesonde observations from 1994 to 2009

Sixteen years (1994 – 2009) of ozone profiling by ozonesondes at Valentia Meteorological and Geophysical Observatory, Ireland (51.94° N, 10.23° W) along with a co-located MkIV Brewer spectrophotometer for the period 1993–2009 are analyzed. Simple and multiple linear regression methods are used to infer the recent trend, if any, in stratospheric column ozone over the station. The decadal trend from 1994 to 2010 is also calculated from the monthly mean data of Brewer and column ozone data derived from satellite observations. Both of these show a 1.5 % increase per decade during this period with an uncertainty of about ±0.25 %. Monthly mean data for March show a much stronger trend of ~ 4.8 % increase per decade for both ozonesonde and Brewer data. The ozone profile is divided between three vertical slots of 0–15 km, 15–26 km, and 26 km to the top of the atmosphere and a 11-year running average is calculated. Ozone values for the month of March only are observed to increase at each level with a maximum change of +9.2 ± 3.2 % per decade (between years 1994 and 2009) being observed in the vertical region from 15 to 26 km. In the tropospheric region from 0 to 15 km, the trend is positive but with a poor statistical significance. However, for the top level of above 26 km the trend is significantly positive at about 4 % per decade. The March integrated ozonesonde column ozone during this period is found to increase at a rate of ~6.6 % per decade compared with the Brewer and satellite positive trends of ~5 % per decade.

The Article 51 reporting requirement for self-defense actions

This article examines one legal criterion for the exercise of the right of self-defense that has been significantly overlooked by commentators: the so-called “reporting requirement.” Article 51 of the United Nations (UN) Charter provides, inter alia, that “[m]easures taken by members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council.” Although the requirement to report all self-defense actions to the Council is clearly set out in Article 51, the Charter offers no further guidance with regard to this obligation. Reference to the practice of states since the UN’s inception in 1945 is therefore essential to understanding the scope and nature of the reporting requirement. As such, this article is underpinned by an extensive original dataset of reporting practice covering the period from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2013. We know from Article 51 that states “shall” report, but do they, and—if so—in what manner? What are the various implications of reporting, of failing to report, and of the way in which states report? How are reports used, and by whom? Most importantly, this article questions the ultimate value of states reporting their self-defense actions to the Security Council in modern interstate relations.

Intragroup diffuse light in compact groups of galaxies - II. HCG 15, 35 and 51

This continuing study of intragroup light in compact groups of galaxies aims to establish new constraints to models of formation and evolution of galaxy groups, specially of compact groups, which are a key part in the evolution of larger structures, such as clusters. In this paper we present three additional groups (HCG 15, 35 and 51) using deep wide-field B- and R-band images observed with the LAICA camera at the 3.5-m telescope at the Calar Alto observatory (CAHA). This instrument provides us with very stable flat-fielding, a mandatory condition for reliably measuring intragroup diffuse light. The images were analysed with the OV_WAV package, a wavelet technique that allows us to uncover the intragroup component in an unprecedented way. We have detected that 19, 15 and 26 per cent of the total light of HCG 15, 35 and 51, respectively, are in the diffuse component, with colours that are compatible with old stellar populations and with mean surface brightness that can be its low as 28.4 B mag arcsec(-2). Dynamical masses, crossing times and mass-to-light ratios were recalculated using the new group parameters. Also tidal features were analysed using the wavelet technique.

Energy transfer processes in Yb(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped sodium alumino-phosphate glasses with improved 1.8 mu m emission

Sodium alumino-phosphate glasses co-doped with Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) ions have been prepared with notably low OH(-) content, and characterized from the viewpoint of their spectroscopic properties. In these glasses, Yb(3+) acts as an efficient sensitizer of excitation energy at 0.98 mu m - which can be provided by high power and low cost diode lasers, and subsequently undergoes non-resonant energy transfer to Tm(3+) ions ((2)F(5/2), (3)H(6) --> (2)F(7/2), (3)H(5)). Through this process, the emitting level (3)F(4) is rapidly populated, generating improved emission at 1.8 mu m ((3)F(4) --> (3)H(6)). In order to guarantee the efficiency of such favorable energy transfer, energy losses via multiphonon decay, Yb-Yb radiative trapping, and non- radiative transfer to OH(-) groups were evaluated, and minimized when possible. The dipole - dipole energy transfer microscopic parameters corresponding to Yb(3+) --> Tm(3+), Yb(3+) --> Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) --> Tm(3+) transfers, calculated by the Forster-Dexter model, are C(Yb-Tm) = 2.9 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), C(Yb-Yb) = 42 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1) and C(Tm-Tm) = 43 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), respectively.

Estudo dos fatores prognosticos na recorrencia da primeira crise convulsiva na infancia

As crises convulsivas têm sua maior incidência na infância, causando grande ansiedade nos pais e constituindo uma situação freqüente em emergência pediátrica. Estima-se que aproximadamente 4% de todos os indivíduos apresentam uma convulsão durante os primeiros 15 anos de vida. Sabe-se que a recorrên¬cia de crises na infância, após um primeiro episódio, é incerta, e vários estudos têm sido realizados com o intuito de estimar o risco de recorrência de primeira crise, mas os resultados têm-se mostrado conflitantes. A decisão de iniciar o tra¬tamento após a primeira crise é controversa. Este estudo foi elaborado com a finalidade de avaliar a possibilidade de recorrência e de responder questões referentes a fatores prognósticos capa¬zes de auxiliar no manejo da primeira crise na infância. Foi objetivo geral identificar fatores preditivos para a re¬corrência de crises convulsivas na infância. Foram objetivos específicos identifi¬car a participação de fatores desencadeantes agudos e apontar fatores remotos relacionados com a recorrência de crises; estudar a incidência de crises convul¬sivas recorrentes na infância; relacionar o tipo de crise com a possibilidade de re¬corrência; e relacionar os achados eletrencefalográficos com a possibilidade de recorrência. Foram incluídas 136 crianças com idades de 1 mês a 12 anos atendi¬das no setor de Emergência Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre por ocasião da primeira crise convulsiva, com ou sem fator desencadeante, e acompanhadas por 24 meses, sendo vistas na primeira crise e na recorrência e / ou a intervalos de 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses. Foram solicitados eletrencefalogramas após a primeira crise e na recorrência. Foram excluídas crianças que apresenta¬ram crises prévias ao estudo, em uso de anticonvulsivantes ou com quadros ca¬racterísticos de epilepsia ausência, síndrome de West e Lennox - Gastaut.As crianças foram divididas em 2 grupos : Grupo I - com crise única, 77 casos; Grupo II - com recorrência de crises, 44 casos. A média de idade foi de 29 meses e 20 dias, e nos dois grupos houve predominância de faixa etária de 1 a 48 meses. Setenta e três crianças eram do sexo masculino e 48 do sexo femi¬nino, sendo 70 brancas e 51 não-brancas. Quanto ao aspecto sócio-econômico, nos dois grupos houve nítido predomínio de baixa escolaridade dos pais. O estudo teve 11% de perdas. Foi possível concluir que história familiar de crise convulsiva, exis¬tência de fatores desencadeantes na primeira convulsão, tipo de crise, dura¬ção da crise e alterações paroxísticas no eletrencefalograma foram fatores prediti¬vos para a recorrência de crise convulsiva. Os fatores desencadean¬tes agudos, hipertermia e infecção, foram protetores quanto ao risco de recorrên¬cia. Os fatores desencadeantes remotos não tiveram influência na recorrência de crises. A incidência de crises convulsivas recorrentes foi de 36,36% no tempo em que durou o estudo. Quando a primeira crise foi parcial, aumentou em 6 vezes o risco de recorrência. Quando paroxismos focais foram observados no primeiro eletrencefalograma, o risco de recorrência foi 3 vezes maior. Nesta amostra os riscos acumulados para recorrência foram 14,88%, 23,14%, 28,93%, 33,06% e 35,54% para 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 meses, respectivamente. Embora não es¬tatisticamente significativa, houve forte tendência para recorrência com os seguintes fatores: história familiar positiva de doença neuropsiquiátrica, baixa escolaridade dos pais, baixos índices de Apgar e alterações ao exame físico inicial.

Integração de imagens TM e aerogeofísicas para análise litoestrutural de uma porção da zona de cisalhamento transcorrente dorsal de Canguçu, regiao de Quitéria-Várzea do Capivarita, RS

A utilização de programas de processamento de imagens digitais e de sistemas de informações geográficas que admitem a importação e exportação de inúmeros formatos de apresentação de dados, aliado a modernos equipamentos de computação, tem tornado a integração de dados, de diferentes sensores, um caminho padrão em Geociências, pela otimização da relação custo/tempo na execução de serviços de mapeamento. Neste contexto, esse trabalho resulta da análise da integração de dados de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica, com o objetivo de verificar sua aplicabilidade na identificação e caracterização litológica e estrutural de uma área-teste, localizada na Região de Quitéria -Várzea do Capivarita, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia usada, em um primeiro momento, priorizou o processamento e análise individual de dados cartográficos, de imagens TM/LANDSAT-5 e dados de aeromagnetometria e aerogamaespectrometria nos canais Contagem Total (CT), Potássio (K), Tório (Th) e Urânio (U). Os dados foram, a seguir, convertidos para o formato digital na forma de imagens (“raster”) com resolução espacial de 30 x 30 m, a fim de permitir o cruzamento de informações através de técnicas de Processamento Digital de Imagens e de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG’s). A integração das imagens TM e geofísicas foi realizada com o uso da Transformação IHS, através da conversão das bandas TM para as componentes individuais I, H e S; substituindo-se a componente H, pela imagem geofísica no retorno ao espaço RGB. A análise dos produtos de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica obtidos nessa pesquisa, permitiram identificar os Domínios Morfoestruturais; identificar e delimitar as diferentes Unidades Fotolitológicas; reconhecer os principais sistemas estruturais a partir da extração e análise de lineamentos; obter informações do padrão de relevo magnético; e, principalmente, a geração de imagens temáticas de teores de radioelementos com a identificação de áreas promissoras de mineralizações. Os resultados comprovam a eficiência do emprego de técnicas de integração de dados digitais, via computador, tanto para fins de mapeamento litoestrutural, como em caráter prospectivo, em serviços geológicos de grandes áreas.