638 resultados para textbooks
Resumo:
The paper is a comparative inquiry into the roles of Ilia Chavchavadze (1837-1907) and Taras Shevchenko (1818-1861) as national poets and anti-colonial (anti-Tsarist) intellectuals within the context of their respective national traditions (Georgia and Ukraine). During the period of their activity (19th and the beginning of 20th century) both Ukraine and Georgia were under Tsarist imperial rule, albeit the two poets lived in different periods of Russian empire history. Through their major works, each called on their communities to ‘awaken’ and ‘revolt’ against oppression, rejected social apathy caused by Tsarist subjugation and raised awareness about the historical past of their nations. The non-acceptance of present and belief in an independent future was one of the dominant themes in the poetry and prose of both. Their contemporary importance is illustrated in political discourse both after Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), and Rose Revolution in Georgia (2003) where both poets are referred “as founding fathers of national ideology”, the history textbooks alluding to them as “symbols of anti-colonial resistance”. To this day, however, there has been surprisingly little academic writing in the West endeavoring to compare the works and activities of the two poets and their impact on national mobilization in Tsarist Ukraine and Georgia, even though their countries are often mentioned in a same breath by commentators on contemporary culture and politics. The paper attempts to fill this gap and tries to understand the relationship between literature and social mobilization in 19th century Russian Empire. By reflecting on Taras Shevchenko’s and Ilia Chavchavadze’s poetry, prose and social activism, I will try to explain how in different periods of Russian imperial history, the two poets helped to develop a modern form of political belonging among their compatriots and stimulated an anti-colonial mobilization with different political outcomes. To theorize on the role of poets and novelists in anti-colonial national movement, I will reflect on the writings of Benedict Anderson (1991), John Hutchinson (1994; 1999), Rory Finnin (2005; 2011) and problematize Miroslav Hroch’s (1996) three phase model of the development of national movements. Overall, the paper would aim to show the importance of, what John Hutchinson called, ‘cultural nationalists’ in understanding contemporary nationalist discourse in Georgian and Ukrainian societies.
Resumo:
The ATLS program by the American college of surgeons is probably the most important globally active training organization dedicated to improve trauma management. Detection of acute haemorrhagic shock belongs to the key issues in clinical practice and thus also in medical teaching. (In this issue of the journal William Schulz and Ian McConachrie critically review the ATLS shock classification Table 1), which has been criticized after several attempts of validation have failed [1]. The main problem is that distinct ranges of heart rate are related to ranges of uncompensated blood loss and that the heart rate decrease observed in severe haemorrhagic shock is ignored [2]. Table 1. Estimated blood loos based on patient's initial presentation (ATLS Students Course Manual, 9th Edition, American College of Surgeons 2012). Class I Class II Class III Class IV Blood loss ml Up to 750 750–1500 1500–2000 >2000 Blood loss (% blood volume) Up to 15% 15–30% 30–40% >40% Pulse rate (BPM) <100 100–120 120–140 >140 Systolic blood pressure Normal Normal Decreased Decreased Pulse pressure Normal or ↑ Decreased Decreased Decreased Respiratory rate 14–20 20–30 30–40 >35 Urine output (ml/h) >30 20–30 5–15 negligible CNS/mental status Slightly anxious Mildly anxious Anxious, confused Confused, lethargic Initial fluid replacement Crystalloid Crystalloid Crystalloid and blood Crystalloid and blood Table options In a retrospective evaluation of the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database blood loss was estimated according to the injuries in nearly 165,000 adult trauma patients and each patient was allocated to one of the four ATLS shock classes [3]. Although heart rate increased and systolic blood pressure decreased from class I to class IV, respiratory rate and GCS were similar. The median heart rate in class IV patients was substantially lower than the value of 140 min−1 postulated by ATLS. Moreover deterioration of the different parameters does not necessarily go parallel as suggested in the ATLS shock classification [4] and [5]. In all these studies injury severity score (ISS) and mortality increased with in increasing shock class [3] and with increasing heart rate and decreasing blood pressure [4] and [5]. This supports the general concept that the higher heart rate and the lower blood pressure, the sicker is the patient. A prospective study attempted to validate a shock classification derived from the ATLS shock classes [6]. The authors used a combination of heart rate, blood pressure, clinically estimated blood loss and response to fluid resuscitation to classify trauma patients (Table 2) [6]. In their initial assessment of 715 predominantly blunt trauma patients 78% were classified as normal (Class 0), 14% as Class I, 6% as Class II and only 1% as Class III and Class IV respectively. This corresponds to the results from the previous retrospective studies [4] and [5]. The main endpoint used in the prospective study was therefore presence or absence of significant haemorrhage, defined as chest tube drainage >500 ml, evidence of >500 ml of blood loss in peritoneum, retroperitoneum or pelvic cavity on CT scan or requirement of any blood transfusion >2000 ml of crystalloid. Because of the low prevalence of class II or higher grades statistical evaluation was limited to a comparison between Class 0 and Class I–IV combined. As in the retrospective studies, Lawton did not find a statistical difference of heart rate and blood pressure among the five groups either, although there was a tendency to a higher heart rate in Class II patients. Apparently classification during primary survey did not rely on vital signs but considered the rather soft criterion of “clinical estimation of blood loss” and requirement of fluid substitution. This suggests that allocation of an individual patient to a shock classification was probably more an intuitive decision than an objective calculation the shock classification. Nevertheless it was a significant predictor of ISS [6]. Table 2. Shock grade categories in prospective validation study (Lawton, 2014) [6]. Normal No haemorrhage Class I Mild Class II Moderate Class III Severe Class IV Moribund Vitals Normal Normal HR > 100 with SBP >90 mmHg SBP < 90 mmHg SBP < 90 mmHg or imminent arrest Response to fluid bolus (1000 ml) NA Yes, no further fluid required Yes, no further fluid required Requires repeated fluid boluses Declining SBP despite fluid boluses Estimated blood loss (ml) None Up to 750 750–1500 1500–2000 >2000 Table options What does this mean for clinical practice and medical teaching? All these studies illustrate the difficulty to validate a useful and accepted physiologic general concept of the response of the organism to fluid loss: Decrease of cardiac output, increase of heart rate, decrease of pulse pressure occurring first and hypotension and bradycardia occurring only later. Increasing heart rate, increasing diastolic blood pressure or decreasing systolic blood pressure should make any clinician consider hypovolaemia first, because it is treatable and deterioration of the patient is preventable. This is true for the patient on the ward, the sedated patient in the intensive care unit or the anesthetized patients in the OR. We will therefore continue to teach this typical pattern but will continue to mention the exceptions and pitfalls on a second stage. The shock classification of ATLS is primarily used to illustrate the typical pattern of acute haemorrhagic shock (tachycardia and hypotension) as opposed to the Cushing reflex (bradycardia and hypertension) in severe head injury and intracranial hypertension or to the neurogenic shock in acute tetraplegia or high paraplegia (relative bradycardia and hypotension). Schulz and McConachrie nicely summarize the various confounders and exceptions from the general pattern and explain why in clinical reality patients often do not present with the “typical” pictures of our textbooks [1]. ATLS refers to the pitfalls in the signs of acute haemorrhage as well: Advanced age, athletes, pregnancy, medications and pace makers and explicitly state that individual subjects may not follow the general pattern. Obviously the ATLS shock classification which is the basis for a number of questions in the written test of the ATLS students course and which has been used for decades probably needs modification and cannot be literally applied in clinical practice. The European Trauma Course, another important Trauma training program uses the same parameters to estimate blood loss together with clinical exam and laboratory findings (e.g. base deficit and lactate) but does not use a shock classification related to absolute values. In conclusion the typical physiologic response to haemorrhage as illustrated by the ATLS shock classes remains an important issue in clinical practice and in teaching. The estimation of the severity haemorrhage in the initial assessment trauma patients is (and was never) solely based on vital signs only but includes the pattern of injuries, the requirement of fluid substitution and potential confounders. Vital signs are not obsolete especially in the course of treatment but must be interpreted in view of the clinical context. Conflict of interest None declared. Member of Swiss national ATLS core faculty.
Resumo:
Ausgehend von der Frauenbewegung in Deutschland wurden bereits vor über 40 Jahren erste Analysen zur Darstellung der Geschlechter in Schulbüchern vorgelegt. Sie haben gezeigt, dass weibliche Charaktere im Vergleich zu männlichen seltener und oft in geschlechterstereotypen Rollen dargestellt werden. Heute besteht auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene deutlich mehr Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, dennoch existieren nach wie vor subtile Formen von Diskriminierung in Schulbüchern. Der vorliegende Beitrag dokumentiert die Entwicklung eines Kategoriensystems, das geeignet ist, das Ausmaß von Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit in Texten und Bildern aus aktuell in deutschen Schulen verwendeten Deutsch- und Mathematikbüchern zu analysieren. Neben den Häufigkeiten der Darstellungen von weiblichen und männlichen Charakteren und der Geschlechtstypizität ihrer Rollen und Aktivitäten können hiermit zwei subtile Mechanismen der Herstellung von Geschlechterungleichheiten untersucht werden: geschlechter(un)gerechte Sprache und die räumliche Darstellung weiblicher und männlicher Charaktere. Erste Ergebnisse der Anwendung des Kategoriensystems für Deutsch- und Mathematikbücher werden in der Diskussion dargestellt.
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BACKGROUND The metabolism of sodium, potassium, and chloride and the acid-base balance are sometimes altered in cystic fibrosis. Textbooks and reviews only marginally address the homeostasis of magnesium in cystic fibrosis. METHODS We performed a search of the Medical Subject Headings terms (cystic fibrosis OR mucoviscidosis) AND (magnesium OR hypomagnes[a]emia) in the US National Library of Medicine and Excerpta Medica databases. RESULTS We identified 25 reports dealing with magnesium and cystic fibrosis. The results of the review may be summarized as follows. First, hypomagnesemia affects more than half of the cystic fibrosis patients with advanced disease; second, magnesemia, which is normally age-independent, relevantly decreases with age in cystic fibrosis; third, aminoglycoside antimicrobials frequently induce both acute and chronic renal magnesium-wasting; fourth, sweat magnesium concentration was normal in cystic fibrosis patients; fifth, limited data suggest the existence of an impaired intestinal magnesium balance. Finally, stimulating observations suggest that magnesium supplements might achieve an improvement in respiratory muscle strength and mucolytic activity of both recombinant and endogenous deoxyribonuclease. CONCLUSIONS The first comprehensive review of the literature confirms that, despite being one of the most prevalent minerals in the body, the importance of magnesium in cystic fibrosis is largely overlooked. In these patients, hypomagnesemia should be sought once a year. Furthermore, the potential of supplementation with this cation deserves more attention.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate a selection of children's historical nonfiction literature for evidence of coherence. Although research has been conducted on coherence of textbook material and its influences on comprehension there has been limited study on coherence in children's nonfiction literature. Generally, textual coherence has been seen as critical in the comprehensibility of content area textbooks because it concerns the unity of connections among ideas and information. Disciplinary coherence concerns the extent to which authors of historical text show readers how historians think and write. Since young readers are apprentices in learning historical content and conventions of historical thinking, evidence of disciplinary coherence is significant in nonfiction literature for young readers. The sample of the study contained 32 books published between 1989 and 2000 ranging in length from less than 90 pages to more than 150 pages. Content analysis was the quantitative research technique used to measure 84 variables of textual and disciplinary coherence in three passages of each book, as proportions of the total number of words for each book. Reliability analyses and an examination of 750 correlations showed the extent to which variables were related in the books. Three important findings emerged from the study that should be considered in the selection and use of children's historical nonfiction literature in classrooms. First, characteristics of coherence are significantly related together in high quality nonfiction literature. Second, shorter books have a higher proportion of textual coherence than longer books as measured in three passages. Third, presence of the author is related to characteristics of coherence throughout the books. The findings show that nonfiction literature offers students content that researchers have found textbooks lack. Both younger and older students have the opportunity to learn the conventions of historical thinking as they learn content through nonfiction literature. Further, the children's literature, represented in the Orbis Pictus list, shows students that authors select, interpret, and question information, and give other interpretations. The implications of the study for teaching history, teacher preparation in content and literacy, school practices, children's librarians, and publishers of children's nonfiction are discussed.
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Objective. To determine the accuracy of the urine protein:creatinine ratio (pr:cr) in predicting 300 mg of protein in 24-hour urine collection in pregnant patients with suspected preeclampsia. ^ Methods. A systematic review was performed. Articles were identified through electronic databases and the relevant citations were hand searching of textbooks and review articles. Included studies evaluated patients for suspected preeclampsia with a 24-hour urine sample and a pr:cr. Only English language articles were included. The studies that had patients with chronic illness such as chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus or renal impairment were excluded from the review. Two researchers extracted accuracy data for pr:cr relative to a gold standard of 300 mg of protein in 24-hour sample as well as population and study characteristics. The data was analyzed and summarized in tabular and graphical form. ^ Results. Sixteen studies were identified and only three studies met our inclusion criteria with 510 total patients. The studies evaluated different cut-points for positivity of pr:cr from 130 mg/g to 700 mg/g. Sensitivities and specificities for pr:cr of 130mg/g -150 mg/g were 90-93% and 33-65%, respectively; for a pr:cr of 300 mg/g were 81-95% and 52-80%, respectively; for a pr:cr of 600-700mg/g were 85-87% and 96-97%, respectively. ^ Conclusion. The value of a random pr:cr to exclude pre-eclampsia is limited because even low levels of pr:cr (130-150 mg/g) may miss up to 10% of patients with significant proteinuria. A pr:cr of more than 600 mg/g may obviate a 24-hour collection.^
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Calcite in the cavities and veins of igneous rocks has long been recognized as an alteration by-product (Dana, 1892). Elementary mineralogy textbooks report that the most common occurrence of aragonite is in the cavities of basalts and andesites (e.g., Kerr, 1977). Therefore, it is not surprising to find both carbonate minerals in association with the moderately to extensively altered basalt flows recovered during deep sea drilling on Suiko Seamount in the Emperor Seamount chain (DSDP Leg 55, Hole 433C). The thickness and vesicularity of the flows, along with the presence of oxidized flow tops, indicate that the basalt erupted subaerially (Site 433 Report, 1980). The stable isotopic contents of the carbonate phases filling and lining the veins and vesicles denote the environment of alteration. An isotopic study was undertaken to secure supportive evidence for a subaerial period in the development of the seamount. Also, the subsequent alteration history after submergence may be interpreted from this isotopic record.
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Este artículo analiza los cambios en el relato de la independencia de Argentina que se intentaron introducir en los manuales escolares destinados al tercer ciclo de la Educación General Básica, que conformaba el nuevo trayecto obligatorio de la educación definido por la reforma de los años 90. Estos cambios abarcaban una actualización de los conocimientos que se transmitían en la escuela y las habilidades que la Historia debía promover en las aulas.
Resumo:
La historia en las aulas cumple un uso político de formar "ciudadanos", "patriotas" y "argentinos". Concibiendo el valor que poseen los manuales escolares no sólo como "productos historiográficos" sino también como "espacios de memoria", el objeto de este trabajo es analizar cómo ha sido presentada "La Conquista del Desierto" por los manuales de historia argentina para el 3º año del nivel medio entre 1956 y 1979. Periodo relevante de la historia educativa nacional debido a la masificación de la matrícula en dicho nivel (De Luca, 2008) y la implementación de una serie de manuales recordados por su larga vigencia (Romero, 2007; y Tosi, 2012)
Resumo:
La importancia de las labores de las mujeres del mundo rural había sido entendida en términos de arraigo familiar y mayor productividad desde los tiempos del Centenario y enfatizada por el Estado intervencionista desde 1930. El Estado peronista (1946-1955) interpela a las mujeres vinculándolas a los hogares, a la educación de los hijos y a la economía doméstica, profundizando estas pautas culturales anteriores. La Revolución Libertadora (1955-1958) provoca la ruptura de la hegemonía y promueve cambios en la política económica que favorecen a la elite agropecuaria y a la modernización del sistema productivo. El Estado desarrollista (1958-1962) promueve la integración regional y la tecnificación del campo, generando a la vez, una apertura al ingreso de capital extranjero. La dependencia de la economía argentina del mundo rural sustenta, para estos gobiernos, el desarrollo industrial. Estos cambios políticos y económicos en relación al agro permiten preguntar sobre el espacio de las mujeres del ámbito rural y su vida cotidiana en estos discursos. Se pretende, entonces, avanzar sobre las diversas reconstrucciones discursivas de los roles y el trabajo de las mujeres del campo argentino. En este sentido, este trabajo se plantea estudiar cuáles son los roles de las mujeres de campo que se (re)producen en las revistas y libros de lectura desde 1946 a 1962 como legitimados en el orden social de los discursos.
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En los últimos años, los investigadores dedicados al estudio de la enseñanza de la Historia llamaron la atención sobre la influencia de nuevos "artefactos culturales" en el forjamiento de la cultura histórica de los jóvenes. Videojuegos, series de televisión, documentales, películas y sitios web deben empezar a ser tenidos en cuenta, a la hora de evaluar los principales emisores de contenidos históricos. En este caso, nos dedicamos a estudiar a uno de estos "artefactos": los cómics o historietas históricas. Buscaremos, entonces, conocer su derrotero histórico y, a partir de él, analizar el lugar que actualmente tienen en el currículum, teniendo en cuenta sus límites y posibilidades. A partir de un recorrido por las principales historietas históricas que tuvo la Argentina en el siglo XX y principios del XXI, analizaremos su contenido y la propuesta político-pedagógica que se desprende, tanto de sus autores, como de aquellas organizaciones destinadas a difundirlas en la escuela. La conclusión del trabajo es que, a pesar de la novedad que implica la enseñanza de la Historia por medio de herramientas alternativas a los tradicionales manuales, tanto su contenido como los valores difundidos no difieren de aquellos que difundían los viejos textos escolares. En este sentido, las historietas funcionarían como herramientas al servicio de una enseñanza de la Historia escolar cuya función principal es fomentar una conciencia cívica nacionalista
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Se analiza la evolución de los contenidos históricos en los libros de texto de secundaria en España, en relación con el objetivo de promover la identificación de los escolares con un determinado concepto de ciudadanía que, a partir de los años 70, incluye la pertenencia a Europa. Se analizan dos dimensiones: el concepto de nación y la idea de Europa. En cuanto a la primera, los resultados muestran la pervivencia, habitualmente no explícita, de ideas esencialistas y románticas sobre la nación. Ideas que coexisten con otras encaminadas a la construcción de una nueva identidad europea supuestamente "común". Se discute también la noción de Europa que se transmite actualmente en la educación española. La identificación europeísta presente en los textos es de carácter historicista, con elementos afectivos y simbólicos, en contraste con una identificación que podría ser de carácter más racional, asentada en un proyecto político de futuro compartido. En el marco de los nuevos condicionantes educativos en una sociedad crecientemente mestiza y pluricultural, se discute la contradicción que se plantea entre la necesidad de favorecer la convivencia cívica sobre valores compartidos por todos los ciudadanos europeos y el derecho a asumir diversas identidades culturales específicas
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El currículum de historia escolar y los libros de texto no han evolucionado al ritmo de la investigación histórica. Así puede comprobarse analizando quiénes son los seleccionados para protagonizar los hechos y los procesos históricos. Ni en el currículum ni en los manuales de didáctica de la historia ni en los libros de texto se concede la importancia que se debería a las mujeres, los niños y niñas, a los miembros de cualquier minoría, a los pobres, a los homosexuales, a aquellas personas y grupos que no pertenecen a la elite y a la minoría dirigente. En este trabajo presentamos algunas reflexiones sobre los protagonistas, sobre los actores, de la historia desde la historiografía y desde la didáctica de la historia y analizamos su tratamiento en libros de texto de historia de la educación primaria chilena
Resumo:
El proceso de construcción de la Nación argentina tuvo entre sus basamentos dos proyectos fuertemente vinculados, uno historiográfico y otro educativo. Ambos conformaron una nueva memoria histórica que tuvo en los textos escolares un importante difusor. Estos libros actuaron como inventarios de lo que era necesario saber de la Argentina. Historia y memoria otorgaron a la Revolución de Mayo un valor nodal y los textos de historia de la enseñanza oficial contribuyeron a la construcción y transmisión de la Revolución de Mayo como mito fundacional integrado y funcional al modelo de ciudadanía implementado a partir de 1880.
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La lectura es una herramienta central en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia. Son conocidos los problemas que afrontan los alumnos para comprender textos históricos, y por eso -entre otras razones- resulta necesario concebir a la lectura como contenido de enseñanza de la Historia. Los aportes de las investigaciones psicolingüísticas permitieron modificar la concepción acerca de la lectura desde dos puntos de vista: se pasó de entenderla como un proceso de descifrado de lo escrito a un proceso de construcción de significado. A la vez, dejó de ser conceptualizada como un conjunto de habilidades para ser interpretada desde una teoría de comprensión global. Actualmente se caracteriza a la lectura como un proceso de construcción de significados y se ha puesto en evidencia que los conocimientos previos del lector sobre la temática del texto constituyen uno de los factores determinantes de la particular interpretación que realiza (Smith, 1983; Goodman, 1982). Construir el significado de un texto de historia supone construir los conceptos, crear y recrear representaciones sobre los hechos, reorganizar el conocimiento anterior incorporando conocimiento nuevo (Aisenberg, 2003). Este trabajo presenta avances de una investigación que busca construir conocimiento sobre las representaciones de los docentes acerca del papel de la lectura en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de Historia. Las preguntas que orientan esta investigación son: ¿Qué representaciones tienen los profesores de la Escuela Secundaria sobre el papel de la lectura en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia? Cuando utilizan textos, ¿qué supuestos subyacen a las propuestas didácticas? Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, abordado desde una lógica de investigación cualitativa. En el análisis de las entrevistas realizadas encontramos ideas, percepciones y referencias a prácticas que responderían a concepciones habituales de la enseñanza tradicional de la historia, y otras que estarían influenciadas por los nuevos desarrollos teóricos sobre el tema, difundidos en los últimos años en espacios de formación y en bibliografía sobre las prácticas de lectura en contextos de estudio. Hasta el momento, se han construido dos modos básicos de concebir la relación de la lectura con la historia por parte de los profesores: una relación de interioridad y una de exterioridad. En articulación con cada una, se pueden encontrar diferencias en las concepciones sobre la lectura, en las interpretaciones acerca de las dificultades de lectura y aprendizaje de los alumnos y en las propuestas de enseñanza en las clases de Historia