Analisi del ciclo di vita di un processo industriale innovativo per la produzione di syngas da biogas

Una delle metodologie che negli ultimi tempi viene utilizzata più frequentemente per la valutazione ambientale di prodotti, processi e servizi è detta LCA, Life Cycle Assessment: essa valuta l’impatto ambientale associato ad un processo o ad un prodotto considerando tutto il suo ciclo di vita. Nel presente elaborato di tesi la metodologia è applicata ad un processo chimico industriale in fase di studio su scala di laboratorio presso il Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale dell’Università di Bologna, che prevede la sintesi di syngas a partire da biogas tramite le reazioni di dry reformng (DR) e steam refroming (SR). Tale processo è stato studiato poiché a livello teorico presenta i seguenti vantaggi: l’utilizzo di biogas come materia prima (derivante dalla digestione anaerobica dei rifiuti), lo sfruttamento dell’anidride carbonica presente nel biogas e l’utilizzo di un solo reattore anziché due. Il processo viene analizzato attraverso due diversi confronti: in primo luogo è comparato con processi con tecnologie differenti che producono il medesimo prodotto (syngas); in secondo luogo è paragonato a processi che impiegano la stessa materia prima (biogas), ottenendo prodotti differenti. Nel primo confronto i processi confrontati sono uno scenario di Autothermal reforming (ATR) e uno scenario che prevede DR e SR in due reattori separati; nel secondo confronto i prodotti che si ottengono sono: energia termica ed elettrica attraverso un sistema CHP, biometano con un sistema di upgrading del biogas, energia e biometano (CHP + upgrading) ed infine metanolo prodotto da syngas (generato dal processo studiato). Per il primo confronto è risultato che lo scenario che porta ad un minore impatto ambientale è il processo studiato dall'università di Bologna, seguito dallo Scenario con DR e SR in reattori separati ed infine dal processo di ATR. Per quanto concerne il secondo confronto lo scenario migliore è quello che produce biometano, mentre quello che produce metanolo è al terzo posto.

Purple bacteria for the biotechnological valorisation of agro-industrial streams

Waste management worldwide has received increasing attention from global policies in recent years. In particular, agro-industrial streams represent a global concern due to the huge volumes generated and a high number of residues, which produce an environmental and economic impact on the ecosystem. The use of biotechnological approaches to treat these streams could allow the production of desirable by-products to be reinjected into the production cycle through sustainable processes. Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) are targeted as microorganisms capable to reduce the pressure of agro-industrial streams on environmental issues, due to their metabolic versatility (autotrophic and/or heterotrophic growth under different conditions). This Ph.D. research project aims to assess the effectiveness of PPB cultivation for industrial streams valorisation in the applications of biogas desulfurization and microbial protein production. For these purposes, the first part of the present work is dedicated to the cultivation of purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) for biogas streams upgrading, cleaning biogas from sulfur compounds (H2S), and producing elemental sulfur (S0), potentially suitable as a slow-release fertilizer. The second part of the thesis, instead, sees the application of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) on streams rich in organics, such as molasses, generating biomass with high content of proteins and pigments, useful as supplements in animal feed. The assessment of the main metabolic mechanisms involved in the two processes is evaluated at a laboratory scale using flasks and a photobioreactor, to define the consumption of substrates and the accumulation of products both in the autotrophic (on biogas) and in heterotrophic grow (on molasses). In conclusion, the effectiveness of processes employing PPB for a sustainable valorisation of several agro-industrial streams has been proved promising, using actual residues, and coupling their treatments with the production of added-value by-products.

Valorization of bio-alcohols into added value chemicals

The present research work focused on the valorisation and upgrading of bio-ethanol over heterogeneous catalysts in a lab-scale continuous gas-flow system. In the Unibo laboratories, catalytic tests have been carried out in the temperature range 300-600°C by feeding an ethanol/He mixture in the reactor. After choosing the reaction conditions, ion-exchanged hydroxyapatite with transition metals (i.e., Fe, Cu) and alkaline earth metal (i.e., Sr) have been synthesized and tested. The Sr-HAP catalyst led to the formation of a complex reaction mixture the composition of which need further optimization in order to fill the requisite to be used as fuel-blend. Then, some zirconium-oxide based catalysts have been prepared through two different methods, precipitation and hydrothermal, by varying some synthetic parameters (i.e., pH, the nature of the base) and by adding a transition metal as dopant agent (i.e., Ti and Y). The presence of a dopant into the zirconia structure favoured the stabilization of the tetragonal or cubic phase against the monoclinic one. Interestingly, 5%mol Ti-doped zirconia exhibited a different catalytic behaviour yielding diethyl ether as major product at 300°C, while all the others samples produced mainly ethylene. Then, the effect of acid-base properties of sepiolite, using alkali metals (i.e., Na, K, Cs) with different metal loading (i.e., 2, 4, 5, 7, 14 wt%) as promoters, and of the redox properties of sepiolite-supported CuO or NiO, on the catalytic conversion of ethanol into n-butanol has been investigated. Thermal treated sepiolite samples mainly acted as acid catalyst, yielding preferentially the dehydration products of ethanol (ethylene and diethyl ether). Best results in terms of activity (ethanol conversion, 59%) and n-butanol selectivity (30%) where obtained at 400ºC and a contact time, W/F, of 2 g/mL·s over the catalyst consisting of sepiolite calcined at 500ºC modified with 7 wt% of cesium.

Strength and ductility of corroded strands within the framework of safety assessment of existing bridges

Existing bridges built in the last 50 years face challenges due to states far different than those envisaged when they were designed, due to increased loads, ageing of materials, and poor maintenance. For post-tensioned bridges, the need emerged for reliable engineering tools for the evaluation of their capacity in case of steel corrosion due to lack of mortar injection. This can lead to sudden brittle collapses, highlighting the need for proper maintenance and monitoring. This thesis proposes a peak strength model for corroded strands, introducing a “group coefficient” that aims at considering corrosion variability in the wires constituting the strands. The application of the introduced model in a deterministic approach leads to the proposal of strength curves for corroded strands, which represent useful engineering tools for estimating their maximum strength considering both geometry of the corrosion and steel material parameters. Together with the proposed ultimate displacement curves, constitutive laws of the steel material reduced by the effects of corrosion can be obtained. The effects of corroded strands on post-tensioned beams can be evaluated through the reduced bending moment-curvature diagram accounting for these reduced stress-strain relationships. The application of the introduced model in a probabilistic approach allows to estimate peak strength probability functions and consecutive design-oriented safety factors to consider corrosion effects in safety assessment verifications. Both approaches consider two procedures that are based on the knowledge level of the corrosion in the strands. On the sidelines of this main research line, this thesis also presents a study of a seismic upgrading intervention of a case-study bridge through HDRB isolators providing a simplified procedure for the identification of the correct device. The study also investigates the effects due to the variability of the shear modulus of the rubber material of the HDRB isolators on the structural response of the isolated bridge.

Test vector generation for the phase II ATLAS event filter trigger upgrade

In the near future, the LHC experiments will continue to be upgraded as the LHC luminosity will increase from the design 1034 to 7.5 × 1034, with the HL-LHC project, to reach 3000 × f b−1 of accumulated statistics. After the end of a period of data collection, CERN will face a long shutdown to improve overall performance by upgrading the experiments and implementing more advanced technologies and infrastructures. In particular, ATLAS will upgrade parts of the detector, the trigger, and the data acquisition system. It will also implement new strategies and algorithms for processing and transferring the data to the final storage. This PhD thesis presents a study of a new pattern recognition algorithm to be used in the trigger system, which is a software designed to provide the information necessary to select physical events from background data. The idea is to use the well-known Hough Transform mathematical formula as an algorithm for detecting particle trajectories. The effectiveness of the algorithm has already been validated in the past, independently of particle physics applications, to detect generic shapes in images. Here, a software emulation tool is proposed for the hardware implementation of the Hough Transform, to reconstruct the tracks in the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition system. Until now, it has never been implemented on electronics in particle physics experiments, and as a hardware implementation it would provide overall latency benefits. A comparison between the simulated data and the physical system was performed on a Xilinx UltraScale+ FPGA device.

Valutazione degli impatti ambientali relativi alla valorizzazione delle sanse di oliva in una prospettiva di ciclo di vita

Nel presente elaborato di tesi la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (che in accordo con le norme ISO 14040-44 permette di quantificare i potenziali impatti sull’ambiente associati ad un bene o servizio lungo tutto il suo ciclo di vita) è applicata a processi appartenenti al settore agro-industriale, con particolare riguardo alla valorizzazione dei coprodotti della filiera olivicola olearia. Nello specifico vengono descritti i risultati di un’analisi del ciclo di vita condotta sul processo di valorizzazione delle sanse di oliva operata dalla Società Agricola A.R.T.E, che ha sede in Puglia. In questo processo, la sansa di olive è trattata mediante digestione anaerobica che permette la produzione di energia elettrica e di un digestato, stabilizzato e utilizzato come ammendante. Il processo analizzato si pone in alternativa sia al metodo di produzione che dà origine a sanse trifasiche, sia allo spandimento delle sanse su suolo agricolo, confrontati in termini di impronta di carbonio. Inoltre nello studio sono state confrontate diverse tecnologie di upgrading di biogas a biometano per valutare quale risulta essere ambientalmente preferibile e potenzialmente installabile nell’azienda A.R.T.E. Il sistema analizzato risulta un'alternativa complessivamente preferibile, da un punto di vista ambientale, sia al metodo di produzione che dà origine a sanse trifasiche, sia allo spandimento delle sanse su suolo agricolo. Il credito ambientale conseguibile mediante il recupero energetico dal biogas prodotto dalla digestione anaerobica delle sanse bifasiche e la produzione di un digestato stabile permettono un beneficio ambientale che controbilancia l’emissione di CO2 attribuibile all’intero sistema. Inoltre lo studio ha permesso una stima di quale tecnologia di raffinazione del biogas a biometano sia potenzialmente installabile nell’azienda A.R.T.E. I risultati mostrano che la tecnologia separazione a membrana risulta meno impattante rispetto alle altre tecnologie di upgrading.