Il Problema della Sicurezza nel Cloud Computing

Il termine cloud ha origine dal mondo delle telecomunicazioni quando i provider iniziarono ad utilizzare servizi basati su reti virtuali private (VPN) per la comunicazione dei dati. Il cloud computing ha a che fare con la computazione, il software, l’accesso ai dati e servizi di memorizzazione in modo tale che l’utente finale non abbia idea della posizione fisica dei dati e la configurazione del sistema in cui risiedono. Il cloud computing è un recente trend nel mondo IT che muove la computazione e i dati lontano dai desktop e dai pc portatili portandoli in larghi data centers. La definizione di cloud computing data dal NIST dice che il cloud computing è un modello che permette accesso di rete on-demand a un pool condiviso di risorse computazionali che può essere rapidamente utilizzato e rilasciato con sforzo di gestione ed interazione con il provider del servizio minimi. Con la proliferazione a larga scala di Internet nel mondo le applicazioni ora possono essere distribuite come servizi tramite Internet; come risultato, i costi complessivi di questi servizi vengono abbattuti. L’obbiettivo principale del cloud computing è utilizzare meglio risorse distribuite, combinarle assieme per raggiungere un throughput più elevato e risolvere problemi di computazione su larga scala. Le aziende che si appoggiano ai servizi cloud risparmiano su costi di infrastruttura e mantenimento di risorse computazionali poichè trasferiscono questo aspetto al provider; in questo modo le aziende si possono occupare esclusivamente del business di loro interesse. Mano a mano che il cloud computing diventa più popolare, vengono esposte preoccupazioni riguardo i problemi di sicurezza introdotti con l’utilizzo di questo nuovo modello. Le caratteristiche di questo nuovo modello di deployment differiscono ampiamente da quelle delle architetture tradizionali, e i meccanismi di sicurezza tradizionali risultano inefficienti o inutili. Il cloud computing offre molti benefici ma è anche più vulnerabile a minacce. Ci sono molte sfide e rischi nel cloud computing che aumentano la minaccia della compromissione dei dati. Queste preoccupazioni rendono le aziende restie dall’adoperare soluzioni di cloud computing, rallentandone la diffusione. Negli anni recenti molti sforzi sono andati nella ricerca sulla sicurezza degli ambienti cloud, sulla classificazione delle minacce e sull’analisi di rischio; purtroppo i problemi del cloud sono di vario livello e non esiste una soluzione univoca. Dopo aver presentato una breve introduzione sul cloud computing in generale, l’obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di fornire una panoramica sulle vulnerabilità principali del modello cloud in base alle sue caratteristiche, per poi effettuare una analisi di rischio dal punto di vista del cliente riguardo l’utilizzo del cloud. In questo modo valutando i rischi e le opportunità un cliente deve decidere se adottare una soluzione di tipo cloud. Alla fine verrà presentato un framework che mira a risolvere un particolare problema, quello del traffico malevolo sulla rete cloud. L’elaborato è strutturato nel modo seguente: nel primo capitolo verrà data una panoramica del cloud computing, evidenziandone caratteristiche, architettura, modelli di servizio, modelli di deployment ed eventuali problemi riguardo il cloud. Nel secondo capitolo verrà data una introduzione alla sicurezza in ambito informatico per poi passare nello specifico alla sicurezza nel modello di cloud computing. Verranno considerate le vulnerabilità derivanti dalle tecnologie e dalle caratteristiche che enucleano il cloud, per poi passare ad una analisi dei rischi. I rischi sono di diversa natura, da quelli prettamente tecnologici a quelli derivanti da questioni legali o amministrative, fino a quelli non specifici al cloud ma che lo riguardano comunque. Per ogni rischio verranno elencati i beni afflitti in caso di attacco e verrà espresso un livello di rischio che va dal basso fino al molto alto. Ogni rischio dovrà essere messo in conto con le opportunità che l’aspetto da cui quel rischio nasce offre. Nell’ultimo capitolo verrà illustrato un framework per la protezione della rete interna del cloud, installando un Intrusion Detection System con pattern recognition e anomaly detection.

Oligomerisation, localisation and interaction of the sensor histidine kinases DcuS and CitA in Escherichia coli

The two-component system DcuSR of Escherichia coli regulates gene expression of anaerobic fumarate respiration and aerobic C4-dicarboxylate uptake. C4-dicarboxylates and citrate are perceived by the periplasmic domain of the membrane-integral sensor histidine kinase DcuS. The signal is transduced across the membrane by phosphorylation of DcuS and of the response regulator DcuR, resulting in activation of DcuR and transcription of the target genes.rnIn this work, the oligomerisation of full-length DcuS was studied in vivo and in vitro. DcuS was genetically fused to derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), enabling fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo. FRET measurements were also performed with purified His6-DcuS after labelling with fluorescent dyes and reconstitution into liposomes to study oligomerisation of DcuS in vitro. In vitro and in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer showed the presence of oligomeric DcuS in the membrane, which was independent of the presence of effector. Chemical crosslinking experiments allowed clear-cut evaluation of the oligomeric state of DcuS. The results showed that detergent-solubilised His6-DcuS was mainly monomeric and demonstrated the presence of tetrameric DcuS in proteoliposomes and in bacterial membranes.rnThe sensor histidine kinase CitA is part of the two-component system CitAB of E. coli, which is structurally related to DcuSR. CitAB regulates gene expression of citrate fermentation in response to external citrate. The sensor kinases DcuS and CitA were fused with an enhanced variant of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and expressed in E. coli under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter. The subcellular localisation of DcuS-YFP and CitA-YFP within the cell membrane was studied by means of confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. Both fusion proteins were found to accumulate at the cell poles. The polar accumulation was slightly increased in the presence of the stimulus fumarate or citrate, respectively, but independent of the expression level of the fusion proteins. Cell fractionation demonstrated that polar accumulation was not related to inclusion bodies formation. The degree of polar localisation of DcuS-YFP was similar to that of the well-characterised methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), but independent of their presence. To enable further investigations on the function of the polar localisation of DcuS under physiological conditions, the sensor kinase was genetically fused to the flavin-based fluorescent protein Bs2 which shows fluorescence under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The resulting dcuS-bs2 gene fusion was inserted into the chromosome of various E. coli strains.rnFurthermore, a protein-protein interaction between the related sensor histidine kinases DcuS and CitA, regulating common metabolic pathways, was detected via expression studies under anaerobic conditions in the presence of citrate and by in vivo FRET measurements.

Technologies for Ambient intelligence: from Smart Objects to Sensor Networks

n the last few years, the vision of our connected and intelligent information society has evolved to embrace novel technological and research trends. The diffusion of ubiquitous mobile connectivity and advanced handheld portable devices, amplified the importance of the Internet as the communication backbone for the fruition of services and data. The diffusion of mobile and pervasive computing devices, featuring advanced sensing technologies and processing capabilities, triggered the adoption of innovative interaction paradigms: touch responsive surfaces, tangible interfaces and gesture or voice recognition are finally entering our homes and workplaces. We are experiencing the proliferation of smart objects and sensor networks, embedded in our daily living and interconnected through the Internet. This ubiquitous network of always available interconnected devices is enabling new applications and services, ranging from enhancements to home and office environments, to remote healthcare assistance and the birth of a smart environment. This work will present some evolutions in the hardware and software development of embedded systems and sensor networks. Different hardware solutions will be introduced, ranging from smart objects for interaction to advanced inertial sensor nodes for motion tracking, focusing on system-level design. They will be accompanied by the study of innovative data processing algorithms developed and optimized to run on-board of the embedded devices. Gesture recognition, orientation estimation and data reconstruction techniques for sensor networks will be introduced and implemented, with the goal to maximize the tradeoff between performance and energy efficiency. Experimental results will provide an evaluation of the accuracy of the presented methods and validate the efficiency of the proposed embedded systems.

Agents, nodes & resources: Universal naming system for a coordination middleware

La tesi si propone di sviluppare un modello, l'architettura e la tecnologia per il sistema di denominazione del Middleware Coordinato TuCSoN, compresi gli agenti, i nodi e le risorse. Identità universali che rappresentano queste entità, sia per la mobilità fisica sia per quella virtuale, per un Management System (AMS, NMS, RMS) distribuito; tale modulo si occupa anche di ACC e trasduttori, prevedendo questioni come la tolleranza ai guasti, la persistenza, la coerenza, insieme con il coordinamento disincarnata in rete, come accade con le tecnologie Cloud. All’interno dell’elaborato, per prima cosa si è fatta una introduzione andando a descrivere tutto ciò che è contenuto nell’elaborato in modo da dare una visione iniziale globale del lavoro eseguito. Di seguito (1° capitolo) si è descritta tutta la parte relativa alle conoscenze di base che bisogna avere per la comprensione dell’elaborato; tali conoscenze sono relative a TuCSoN (il middleware coordinato con cui il modulo progettato dovrà interfacciarsi) e Cassandra (sistema server distribuito su cui si appoggia la parte di mantenimento e salvataggio dati del modulo). In seguito (2° capitolo) si è descritto JADE, un middleware da cui si è partiti con lo studio per la progettazione del modello e dell’architettura del modulo. Successivamente (3° capitolo) si è andati a spiegare la struttura e il modello del modulo considerato andando ad esaminare tutti i dettagli relativi alle entità interne e di tutti i legami fra esse. In questa parte si è anche dettagliata tutta la parte relativa alla distribuzione sulla rete del modulo e dei suoi componenti. In seguito (4° capitolo) è stata dettagliata e spiegata tutta la parte relativa al sistema di denominazione del modulo, quindi la sintassi e l’insieme di procedure che l’entità consumatrice esterna deve effettuare per ottenere un “nome universale” e quindi anche tutti i passaggi interni del modulo per fornire l’identificatore all’entità consumatrice. Nel capitolo successivo (5° capitolo) si sono descritti tutti i casi di studio relativi alle interazioni con le entità esterne, alle entità interne in caso in cui il modulo sia o meno distribuito sulla rete, e i casi di studio relativi alle politiche, paradigmi e procedure per la tolleranza ai guasti ed agli errori in modo da dettagliare i metodi di riparazione ad essi. Successivamente (6° capitolo) sono stati descritti i possibili sviluppi futuri relativi a nuove forme di interazione fra le entità che utilizzano questo modulo ed alle possibili migliorie e sviluppi tecnologici di questo modulo. Infine sono state descritte le conclusioni relative al modulo progettato con tutti i dettagli in modo da fornire una visione globale di quanto inserito e descritto nell’elaborato.

The APSEL4D Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor and its Usage in a Single Electron Interference Experiment

We have realized a Data Acquisition chain for the use and characterization of APSEL4D, a 32 x 128 Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor, developed as a prototype for frontier experiments in high energy particle physics. In particular a transition board was realized for the conversion between the chip and the FPGA voltage levels and for the signal quality enhancing. A Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA was used for real time data processing, for the chip control and the communication with a Personal Computer through a 2.0 USB port. For this purpose a firmware code, developed in VHDL language, was written. Finally a Graphical User Interface for the online system monitoring, hit display and chip control, based on windows and widgets, was realized developing a C++ code and using Qt and Qwt dedicated libraries. APSEL4D and the full acquisition chain were characterized for the first time with the electron beam of the transmission electron microscope and with 55Fe and 90Sr radioactive sources. In addition, a beam test was performed at the T9 station of the CERN PS, where hadrons of momentum of 12 GeV/c are available. The very high time resolution of APSEL4D (up to 2.5 Mfps, but used at 6 kfps) was fundamental in realizing a single electron Young experiment using nanometric double slits obtained by a FIB technique. On high statistical samples, it was possible to observe the interference and diffractions of single isolated electrons traveling inside a transmission electron microscope. For the first time, the information on the distribution of the arrival time of the single electrons has been extracted.

Design the support for granting required sla in public cloud environments based on cloud foundry

Through the use of Cloud Foundry "stack" concept, a new isolation is provided to the application running on the PaaS. A new deployment feature that can easily scale on distributed system, both public and private clouds.

Una rassegna dei sistemi operativi per il Cloud Computing

L'obbiettivo che ci poniamo con questa tesi è quello di esplorare il mondo del Cloud Computing, cercando di capire le principali caratteristiche architetturali e vedere in seguito i componenti fondamentali che si occupano di trasformare una infrastruttura informatica in un'infrastruttura cloud, ovvero i Cloud Operating System.

Motor control system in Parkinson’s disease: a modeling approach

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. The process that leads to these neural alterations is still unknown. Parkinson’s disease affects most of all the motor sphere, with a wide array of impairment such as bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, postural instability and singular phenomena such as freezing of gait. Moreover, in the last few years the fact that the degeneration in the basal ganglia circuitry induces not only motor but also cognitive alterations, not necessarily implicating dementia, and that dopamine loss induces also further implications due to dopamine-driven synaptic plasticity got more attention. At the present moment, no neuroprotective treatment is available, and even if dopamine-replacement therapies as well as electrical deep brain stimulation are able to improve the life conditions of the patients, they often present side effects on the long term, and cannot recover the neural loss, which instead continues to advance. In the present thesis both motor and cognitive aspects of Parkinson’s disease and basal ganglia circuitry were investigated, at first focusing on Parkinson’s disease sensory and balance issues by means of a new instrumented method based on inertial sensor to provide further information about postural control and postural strategies used to attain balance, then applying this newly developed approach to assess balance control in mild and severe patients, both ON and OFF levodopa replacement. Given the inability of levodopa to recover balance issues and the new physiological findings than underline the importance in Parkinson’s disease of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters, it was therefore developed an original computational model focusing on acetylcholine, the most promising neurotransmitter according to physiology, and its role in synaptic plasticity. The rationale of this thesis is that a multidisciplinary approach could gain insight into Parkinson’s disease features still unresolved.

Signalerkennung und Signaltransduktion im DctA,DcuS-Sensor-Regulatorkomplex von Escherichia coli.

E. coli ist in der Lage unter aeroben sowie anaeroben Bedingungen C4-Dicarbonsäuren zur Energiekonservierung zu nutzen. Das DcuS/DcuR-Zweikomponentensystem detektiert diese und reguliert die Gene für den C4-Dicarboxylat-Transport und Metabolismus. Dabei hängt die Sensitivität der Sensorkinase DcuS für C4-Dicarbonsäuren von der Anwesenheit des aeroben Symporters DctA oder des anaeroben Antiporters DcuB ab. Diese bifunktionalen Transporter bilden mit DcuS über direkte Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen Sensoreinheiten. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Funktionen von DctA und DcuS im DctA/DcuS-Sensorkomplex analysiert. Mit DctA(S380D) wurde eine Variante des Transporters identifiziert, in der die regulatorische Eigenschaft von der katalytischen Funktion entkoppelt ist. Stämme von E. coli, die den DctA(S380D)/DcuS-Sensorkomplex enthielten, waren in der Lage C4-Dicarbonsäuren wahrzunehmen, obwohl die Transportfunktion von DctA inaktiviert war. Zudem wurden Unterschiede in den Substratspektren von DctA und DcuS festgestellt. Citrat, ein guter Effektor des DctA/DcuS-Sensorkomplexes, wurde durch DctA nicht gebunden oder transportiert. Anhand von Titrationsexperimenten mit variierenden DctA-Mengen wurde außerdem nachgewiesen, dass die Sensitivität von DcuS für seine Effektoren von der DctA-Konzentration abhängig ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass DctA im DctA/DcuS-Sensorkomplex nicht an der Erkennung von C4-Dicarbonsäuren beteiligt ist. DcuS stellt die Signaleingangsstelle des Komplexes dar, während DctA durch seine Anwesenheit die Sensorkinase in eine funktionsbereite oder sensitive Form überführt, die auf Effektoren reagieren kann. Darüber hinaus wurde die Rolle der Transmembranhelices TM1 und TM2 von DcuS für die Funktion und Dimerisierung der Sensorkinase untersucht. Durch Sequenzanalysen wurden „SmallxxxSmall“-Motive, deren Relevanz als Dimerisierungsschnittstellen bereits in Transmembranhelices anderer Proteine nachgewiesen wurde, in TM1 sowie TM2 identifiziert. Die Homodimerisierung beider Transmembrandomänen wurde im GALLEX Two-Hybrid System nachgewiesen, wobei die TM2-TM2-Interaktion stärker war. Die Substitution G190A/G194A im SxxxGxxxG-Tandemmotiv von TM2 rief zudem einen deutlichen Funktionsverlust der Sensorkinase hervor. Dieser Aktivitätsverlust korrelierte mit Störungen der Homodimerisierung von TM2(G190A/G194A) sowie DcuS(G190A/G194A) bei bakteriellen Two-Hybrid Messungen im GALLEX- bzw. BACTH-System. Demzufolge agiert Transmembranhelix 2 mit seinem SxxxGxxxG-Sequenzmotiv als wesentliche Homodimerisierungsstelle in DcuS. Die Dimerisierung von DcuS ist essentiell für die Funktion der Histidinkinase. Zusätzlich wurde bei fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Studien durch Koexpression von DcuS bzw. DctA die zelluläre Kolokalisierung von DctA und DcuR mit DcuS sowie DauA mit DctA nachgewiesen. Die DctA/DcuS-Sensoreinheit kann demnach zum DauA/DctA/DcuS/DcuR-Komplex erweitert werden.

Signaltransduktion in der membranständigen Sensor-Histidinkinase DcuS von Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli kann unter aeroben und anaeroben Bedingungen mit C4-Dicarboxylaten wachsen, die Regulation des Stoffwechsels erfolgt durch das Zwei-Komponenten-System DcuSR. Die C4-Dicarboxylattransporter DctA (aerob) bzw. DcuB (anaerob) agieren als Co-Regulatoren und bilden gemeinsam mit der Sensor-Histidinkinase DcuS einen Sensorkomplex, in dem DcuS den Sensor darstellt und DctA bzw. DcuB diesen in seine rezeptive Form überführen. DcuS ist membranständig und verknüpft die Bindung von C4-Dicarboxylaten im Periplasma mit der Autophosphorylierung seiner Kinasedomäne im Cytoplasma. Dies stellt den Beginn einer Signalkaskade vom extrazellulären Reiz zum cytoplasmatischen Responseregulator DcuR dar.rnIn dieser Arbeit wurde die intramolekulare Signaltransduktion in DcuS und über die Membran untersucht. Der Fokus lag auf der Funktion der beiden Transmembranhelices TM1 und TM2 und der cytoplasmatischen PAS-Domäne, die die sensorische PASp- mit der effektorischen Kinasedomäne verbinden. Konformationsänderungen dieser Signalweiterleitung wurden durch Cysteinzugänglichkeitsstudien, oxidatives Cystein-Crosslinking und Mutageneseexperimente analysiert. rnTM2 wurde als der Überträger eines transmembranen Signals identifiziert, während TM1 als Membrananker fungiert. Der aktive Signalzustand von TM2 wird unabhängig von der Art der DcuS-Aktivierung (Effektorbindung, Deletion des Co-Regulators DctA oder PASc-ON-Mutationen) eingenommen. Der Signaltransduktion liegt eine Verschiebung von TM2 entlang ihrer Längsachse (Kolbenhub) in Richtung Periplasma zu Grunde. Cystein-Crosslinking offenbarte eine durchgehende Helix aus PASp-α6 und TM2, die im Dimer parallel mit ihrem Pendant verschoben wird. Die Amplitude des Kolbenhubs wurde anhand von Zugänglichkeitsveränderungen, der Lage verankernder Tryptophanreste, Strukturvergleichen und energetischen Berechnungen auf max. 4 - 6 Å festgelegt. Sie ist von der Effektorstärke abhängig und koppelt so die metabolische Bevorzugung einzelner Substrate an das Ausmaß des Kolbenhubs und der Genexpression. Für die cytoplasmatische PAS-Domäne wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen lokaler Dimerisierung und Kontrolle der Sensorfunktion nachgewiesen. Schwächung der Dimerisierung führt zu einer Aktivierung der Sensorkinase. Es wurde eine hydrophobe Region identifiziert, deren strukturelle Integrität für diese Dimerisierung essentiell ist. Mit N248 wurde ein funktionell bedeutender Rest beschrieben, der auf Grund seiner Lage und seiner Eigenschaft mehrere Sekundärstrukturelemente zu verknüpfen, als Scharnier innerhalb der Domäne an der Umsetzung des Kolbenhubs in eine veränderte Quartärstruktur von PASc beteiligt sein könnte.

An inter-comparison between a VIS/IR and a MW satellite-based methods for cloud detection and classification

This thesis is aimed to assess similarities and mismatches between the outputs from two independent methods for the cloud cover quantification and classification based on quite different physical basis. One of them is the SAFNWC software package designed to process radiance data acquired by the SEVIRI sensor in the VIS/IR. The other is the MWCC algorithm, which uses the brightness temperatures acquired by the AMSU-B and MHS sensors in their channels centered in the MW water vapour absorption band. At a first stage their cloud detection capability has been tested, by comparing the Cloud Masks they produced. These showed a good agreement between two methods, although some critical situations stand out. The MWCC, in effect, fails to reveal clouds which according to SAFNWC are fractional, cirrus, very low and high opaque clouds. In the second stage of the inter-comparison the pixels classified as cloudy according to both softwares have been. The overall observed tendency of the MWCC method, is an overestimation of the lower cloud classes. Viceversa, the more the cloud top height grows up, the more the MWCC not reveal a certain cloud portion, rather detected by means of the SAFNWC tool. This is what also emerges from a series of tests carried out by using the cloud top height information in order to evaluate the height ranges in which each MWCC category is defined. Therefore, although the involved methods intend to provide the same kind of information, in reality they return quite different details on the same atmospheric column. The SAFNWC retrieval being very sensitive to the top temperature of a cloud, brings the actual level reached by this. The MWCC, by exploiting the capability of the microwaves, is able to give an information about the levels that are located more deeply within the atmospheric column.

FS.js, una libreria file system per Node.js e HTML5

La tesi illustra le funzionalita e l'architettura di Node.js elencando e analizzando le caratteristiche che lo rendono un framework vincente nella sfida che il web attuale pone. La tesi comprende l'analisi e la descrizione del lavoro svolto per creare una libreria HTTP/ File system, integrata nel sistema di sviluppo cloud proprietario: Instant Developer , funzionante sia su Node.JS che sui browser che supportano appieno le nuove API File system di HTML 5. Particolare attenzione viene riservata per la descrizione della struttura della libreria, pensata per permettere all'utente dell'IDE di utilizzarla indifferentemente su server/browser senza preoccuparsi di chiamare metodi diversi. Fs.js permette di operare con file/cartelle, richieste HTTP in modo semplificato rispetto alle API Ufficiali dei rispettivi ambienti.

Effect of Pulse Depletion in a Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis System

Energy transfer between the interacting waves in a distributed Brillouin sensor can result in a distorted measurement of the local Brillouin gain spectrum, leading to systematic errors. It is demonstrated that this depletion effect can be precisely modelled. This has been validated by experimental tests in an excellent quantitative agreement. Strict guidelines can be enunciated from the model to make the impact of depletion negligible, for any type and any length of fiber. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America

TARWIS - A Testbed Management Architecture for Wireless Sensor Network Testbeds

With research on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) becoming more and more mature in the past five years, researchers from universities all over the world have set up testbeds of wireless sensor networks, in most cases to test and evaluate the real-world behavior of developed WSN protocol mechanisms. Although these testbeds differ heavily in the employed sensor node types and the general architectural set up, they all have similar requirements with respect to management and scheduling functionalities: as every shared resource, a testbed requires a notion of users, resource reservation features, support for reprogramming and reconfiguration of the nodes, provisions to debug and remotely reset sensor nodes in case of node failures, as well as a solution for collecting and storing experimental data. The TARWIS management architecture presented in this paper targets at providing these functionalities independent from node type and node operating system. TARWIS has been designed as a re-usable management solution for research and/or educational oriented research testbeds of wireless sensor networks, relieving researchers intending to deploy a testbed from the burden to implement their own scheduling and testbed management solutions from scratch.

An early warning system for hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic events based on fusion of adaptive prediction models

Early warning of future hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events can improve the safety of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate a hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia early warning system (EWS) for T1DM patients under sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy.