Reversibilidade de fósforo não-lábil em solos submetidos à redução microbiana e química: II - extrações sucessivas do fósforo pela resina de troca aniônica

A formação de P não-lábil a partir de formas lábeis, adsorvidas aos oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al, é razão para o baixo efeito residual da fertilização fosfatada em solos tropicais. A reversibilidade do P não-lábil para formas lábeis nesses solos pode ser favorecida pela redução do Fe3+ e, ou, pela diminuição da atividade dos oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a adsorção e dessorção de P, sua transformação em não-lábil e reversibilidade dessa forma em amostras de solos submetidas à redução microbiana ou química. Para isso, amostras de 11 solos foram homogeneizadas com 300 mg kg-1 de P na forma de NaH2PO4 em solução, incubadas por 30 dias e, então, submetidas a dez extrações sucessivas de P com resina de troca aniônica (RTA) (tratamento sem redução). Em seguida, outras amostras dos solos foram submetidas à ambiente redutor em solução de sacarose 0,1 mol L-1 com posterior aplicação da doses de P (300 mg kg-1) e as dez extrações sucessivas de P (tratamento redução microbiana). Depois, outras amostras foram reduzidas/complexadas com oxalato de amônio (Ox) ou com citrato-ditionito-bicarbonato (CDB), e os solos/resíduos receberam a mesma dose de P dos experimentos anteriores. Foram então incubados por 30 dias e submetidos às extrações sucessivas com RTA (tratamento redução química). A capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP) dos solos mostrou-se mais dependente da goethita (com 70,8 % de contribuição para seu valor) do que da gibbsita (com contribuição de 29,2 %). A correlação negativa entre os teores de P obtidos na segunda extração com a RTA, nos solos em condição natural, sem redução, e os teores de gibbsita sugere que este, e não a goethita, é o oxihidróxido responsável pela maior restrição à dessorção do P. Os valores de CMAP, estimados por meio do P remanescente (P-rem), mostraram, nas amostras submetidas ao tratamento com redução microbiana, pequena alteração para o grupo dos solos menos oxídicos, com menor CMAP. Todavia, nos solos mais oxídicos, com maior CMAP, o efeito prévio da sacarose foi o aumenta do P-rem (diminuição da CMAP) 10 vezes em relação aos solos para o tratamento sem redução. Entretanto, a redução gerada pela sacarose não alterou a dessorção do P anteriormente adsorvido. A expectativa de que ocorreria significativa reversibilidade de P não-lábil com a redução microbiana ou química dos solos não se concretizou, demonstrando a grande estabilidade dessas formas.

Otimização das condições de pré-redução do As(V) em extratos do método BCR para quantificação de arsênio por HG-AAS

A determinação de As por espectrometria de absorção atômica com geração de hidretos (HG-AAS) constitui um método simples, sensível, preciso e de baixo custo. Entretanto, essa técnica requer a pré-redução das espécies de As(V), o que se obtém através do uso de agentes redutores como o KI. Em extratos contendo agentes oxidantes, a pré-redução do As é comprometida, como acontece em extratos obtidos pela aplicação do método BCR (acrônimo francês para Community Bureau of Reference) para a extração sequencial de As em sedimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições de redução do As(V) a As(III), de modo a permitir o uso da HG-AAS para a quantificação do arsênio em extratos obtidos a partir do método BCR. Foram avaliadas condições reacionais utilizando KI, L-cisteína e ácido ascórbico. Para cada uma das etapas de extração do método BCR, diferentes condições de pré-redução possibilitaram a detecção quantitativa do As presente. O uso do método BCR para a extração de arsênio em amostras de sedimentos contaminadas e a aplicação das condições de pré-redução do As(V) selecionadas, seguida pela detecção por HG-AAS, forneceram percentagens de recuperação entre 91 e 99 %.

Submillimeter three-dimensional coronary MR angiography with real-time navigator correction: comparison of navigator locations.

Three-dimensional free-breathing coronary magnetic resonance angiography was performed in eight healthy volunteers with use of real-time navigator technology. Images acquired with the navigator localized at the right hemidiaphragm and at the left ventricle were objectively compared. The diaphragmatic navigator was found to be superior for vessel delineation of middle to distal portions of the coronary arteries.

Vacancy-driven ordering in a two-dimensional binary alloy

Domain growth in a system with nonconserved order parameter is studied. We simulate the usual Ising model for binary alloys with concentration 0.5 on a two-dimensional square lattice by Monte Carlo techniques. Measurements of the energy, jump-acceptance ratio, and order parameters are performed. Dynamics based on the diffusion of a single vacancy in the system gives a growth law faster than the usual Allen-Cahn law. Allowing vacancy jumps to next-nearest-neighbor sites is essential to prevent vacancy trapping in the ordered regions. By measuring local order parameters we show that the vacancy prefers to be in the disordered regions (domain boundaries). This naturally concentrates the atomic jumps in the domain boundaries, accelerating the growth compared with the usual exchange mechanism that causes jumps to be homogeneously distributed on the lattice.

Monte Carlo study of the relation between vacancy diffusion and domain growth in two-dimensional binary alloys

Domain growth in a two-dimensional binary alloy is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation of an ABV model. The dynamics consists of exchanges of particles with a small concentration of vacancies. The influence of changing the vacancy concentration and finite-size effects has been analyzed. Features of the vacancy diffusion during domain growth are also studied. The anomalous character of the diffusion due to its correlation with local order is responsible for the obtained fast-growth behavior.

Effective one-dimensional square well for two-dimensional quantum wires

The symmetrical two-dimensional quantum wire with two straight leads joined to an arbitrarily shaped interior cavity is studied with emphasis on the single-mode approximation. It is found that for both transmission and bound-state problems the solution is equivalent to that for an energy-dependent one-dimensional square well. Quantum wires with a circular bend, and with single and double right-angle bends, are examined as examples. We also indicate a possible way to detect bound states in a double bend based on the experimental setup of Wu et al.

Finite-size scaling analysis of the avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics

A numerical study is presented of the third-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model at T=0 driven by an external field. Standard synchronous relaxation dynamics is employed to obtain the magnetization versus field hysteresis loops. The focus is on the analysis of the number and size distribution of the magnetization avalanches. They are classified as being nonspanning, one-dimensional-spanning, two-dimensional-spanning, or three-dimensional-spanning depending on whether or not they span the whole lattice in different space directions. Moreover, finite-size scaling analysis enables identification of two different types of nonspanning avalanches (critical and noncritical) and two different types of three-dimensional-spanning avalanches (critical and subcritical), whose numbers increase with L as a power law with different exponents. We conclude by giving a scenario for avalanche behavior in the thermodynamic limit.

Two-dimensional clusters of liquid 4He

The binding energies of two-dimensional clusters (puddles) of¿4He are calculated in the framework of the diffusion Monte Carlo method. The results are well fitted by a mass formula in powers of x=N-1/2, where N is the number of particles. The analysis of the mass formula allows for the extraction of the line tension, which turns out to be 0.121 K/Å. Sizes and density profiles of the puddles are also reported.

Spanning avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics: Field dependence and geometrical properties

Spanning avalanches in the 3D Gaussian Random Field Ising Model (3D-GRFIM) with metastable dynamics at T=0 have been studied. Statistical analysis of the field values for which avalanches occur has enabled a Finite-Size Scaling (FSS) study of the avalanche density to be performed. Furthermore, a direct measurement of the geometrical properties of the avalanches has confirmed an earlier hypothesis that several types of spanning avalanches with two different fractal dimensions coexist at the critical point. We finally compare the phase diagram of the 3D-GRFIM with metastable dynamics with the same model in equilibrium at T=0.

Diluted three-dimensional random field Ising model at zero temperature with metastable dynamics.

The influence of vacancy concentration on the behavior of the three-dimensional random field Ising model with metastable dynamics is studied. We have focused our analysis on the number of spanning avalanches which allows us a clear determination of the critical line where the hysteresis loops change from continuous to discontinuous. By a detailed finite-size scaling analysis we determine the phase diagram and numerically estimate the critical exponents along the whole critical line. Finally, we discuss the origin of the curvature of the critical line at high vacancy concentration.

Optical response of two-dimensional few-electron concentric double quantum rings: A local-spin-density-functional theory study

We have investigated the dipole charge- and spin-density response of few-electron two-dimensional concentric nanorings as a function of the intensity of a erpendicularly applied magnetic field. We show that the dipole response displays signatures associated with the localization of electron states in the inner and outer ring favored by the perpendicularly applied magnetic field. Electron localization produces a more fragmented spectrum due to the appearance of additional edge excitations in the inner and outer ring.

Dimensional reduction and gauge group reduction in Bianchi-type cosmology

In this paper we examine in detail the implementation, with its associated difficulties, of the Killing conditions and gauge fixing into the variational principle formulation of Bianchi-type cosmologies. We address problems raised in the literature concerning the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formulations: We prove their equivalence, make clear the role of the homogeneity preserving diffeomorphisms in the phase space approach, and show that the number of physical degrees of freedom is the same in the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations. Residual gauge transformations play an important role in our approach, and we suggest that Poincaré transformations for special relativistic systems can be understood as residual gauge transformations. In the Appendixes, we give the general computation of the equations of motion and the Lagrangian for any Bianchi-type vacuum metric and for spatially homogeneous Maxwell fields in a nondynamical background (with zero currents). We also illustrate our counting of degrees of freedom in an appendix.

MADAP, a flexible clustering tool for the interpretation of one-dimensional genome annotation data.

A recurring task in the analysis of mass genome annotation data from high-throughput technologies is the identification of peaks or clusters in a noisy signal profile. Examples of such applications are the definition of promoters on the basis of transcription start site profiles, the mapping of transcription factor binding sites based on ChIP-chip data and the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) from whole genome SNP profiles. Input to such an analysis is a set of genome coordinates associated with counts or intensities. The output consists of a discrete number of peaks with respective volumes, extensions and center positions. We have developed for this purpose a flexible one-dimensional clustering tool, called MADAP, which we make available as a web server and as standalone program. A set of parameters enables the user to customize the procedure to a specific problem. The web server, which returns results in textual and graphical form, is useful for small to medium-scale applications, as well as for evaluation and parameter tuning in view of large-scale applications, requiring a local installation. The program written in C++ can be freely downloaded from ftp://ftp.epd.unil.ch/pub/software/unix/madap. The MADAP web server can be accessed at http://www.isrec.isb-sib.ch/madap/.