Wassergehalte tiefgefrorener Kammmuscheln

Kurzfassung Der Handel mit tiefgefrorenen Kammmuscheln (Pectinidae) hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen und ist von der Jakobsmuschel (Pecten maximus) auf eine Reihe weiterer Spezies erweitert worden. Neben nicht zutreffender Handelsbezeichnung fällt diese Erzeugnisgruppe immer wieder durch einen erhöhten Wasserzusatz negativ auf. Es wurde die Zusammensetzung des Muskelfleisches von Produkten aus dem deutschen Handel bestimmt und das Wasser zu Protein- Verhältnis (W/P) berechnet. Eine erhebliche Zahl von Proben hatte hohe Wassergehalte und ein W/P Verhältnis > 5. Dies betraf insbesondere die Tiefseescallop (Placopecten magellanicus) und die Japanische Kammmuschel (Mizuhopecten yessoensis). In den meisten Fällen wurden Zusatzstoffe nachgewiesen, obwohl die gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Deklaration fehlte. Abstract The market share of quick-frozen scallops (Pectinidae) has increased significantly in recent years and has been extended besides the king scallop (Pecten maximus) to a variety of other species. Apart from an incorrect labeling this product group stands out for often excessively high water addition. The composition of the muscle meat and the water to protein ratio (W/P) was determined in samples from the German retail. The results showed that a considerable number of samples had very high moisture contents and W/P ratios > 5. These facts were mainly true for Placopecten magellanicus and Mizuhopecten yessoensis. There was no conformity with the prescribed declaration of food additives.

Biodiversidade e dinâmica estrutural de assembleias de esponjas marinhas (Filo Porifera) da Ilha Grande e cercanias, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Estudos de comunidades de esponjas marinhas são escassos no Brasil, sendo este trabalho pioneiro nessa abordagem para a Ilha Grande - RJ, um local de alta diversidade biológica. A estrutura das assembleias de esponjas marinhas e da comunidade bentônica marinha séssil foi avaliada, a partir de índices descritores de diversidade, em seis pontos da Ilha Grande e ilhas próximas, sendo três do lado continental e três do lado oceânico. As assembleias foram comparadas entre os diferentes lado e profundidade, através da contagem do número de indivíduos e área de cobertura por foto-quadrados. Paralelamente, as esponjas foram coletadas, fixadas e posteriormente identificadas através de metodologia e literatura especializada. Foi encontrado um total de 5.457 indivíduos, representando as Classes Demospongiae e Calcarea, distribuídos em 41 espécies e nove morfotipos, indicando maior diversidade para Lagoa Azul e menor para Parnaióca, sendo o local com maior riqueza a Ilha do Abraão. Dentre as espécies identificadas, quatro dominaram mais de 50% do total e 26 não alcançaram nem 5% da abundância absoluta. Análises de variância por GLM só evidenciaram diferença significativa para profundidade com substratos diferentes (F= 2,79; p<0,04), enquanto o fator lado (F= 2,23; p>0,16) e a interação entre os fatores (F= 1,17; p>0,38) não tiveram diferença estatística. As análises multivariadas de ordenação Cluster e MDS indicaram a formação de quatro assembleias de esponjas: 1) quatro locais com substrato não consolidado; 2) Lagoa Azul com substrato não consolidado; 3) locais oceânicos de substrato rochoso; e 4) locais continentais de substrato consolidado. Já para a comunidade geral, 49 espécies foram encontradas, sendo o Filo Porifera o de maior representatividade específica, apesar das macroalgas terem formado o grupo mais abundante. A comunidade bentônica foi dominada por quatro espécies, que juntas alcançaram média de 50% da cobertura bentônica: alga calcária incrustante, algas formadoras de tapete de turf, a esponja Iotrochota arenosa e o zoantídeo Palythoacaribaeorum. Estatisticamente, o lado continental se mostrou diferente do oceânico, o qual possui maior riqueza, diversidade e uniformidade de espécies, muito provavelmente pelo menor número de espécies dominantes e aliado a isso maior heterogeneidade de habitats, o que promove o aumento da diversidade. Quinze novas espécies estão sendo registradas para a Baía da Ilha Grande, sendo três novas espécies, as quais estão sendo descritas por especialistas, e 12 são novos registros de espécies ou gêneros para a região, evidenciando que a diversidade de esponjas marinhas na BIG é alta e ainda pouco conhecida e que a formação de assembleias pode ser devida a singularidade de cada local, implicando na necessidade de conservação dos costões rochosos da Ilha Grande e cercanias, a qual pode ser manejada através da realização de rápidos levantamentos sobre a riqueza e o número de indivíduos da espécie na região

Influência dos receptores opioides no efeito hipotensor arterial do propofol em humanos

O propofol é uma droga hipnótico-sedativa, amplamente utilizada em anestesiologia, devido à sua elevada eficácia hipnótica e ao seu despertar rápido e praticamente isento de efeitos residuais. A depressão cardiovascular, que é o efeito adverso mais importante e indesejável do propofol, parece estar intimamente relacionada à dose administrada, à velocidade de injeção do medicamento, à idade e ao estado físico dos pacientes, assim como, às condições de volemia e de reserva cardiovascular dos mesmos, podendo ser intensificada, ainda, pela associação de uma droga opioide ao propofol. A hipotensão arterial induzida pelo propofol parece possuir uma origem multifatorial, pois já foi evidenciada a participação de diversos sistemas nos efeitos produzidos pelo propofol, inclusive, a participação da via opioide no efeito antinociceptivo da droga. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a participação dos receptores opioides no efeito hipotensor arterial do propofol. A pesquisa foi do tipo randomizada, transversal, aberta e comparativa. Foram estudados 40 pacientes estado físico ASA 1, submetidos a anestesia geral para cirurgias eletivas. Os desfechos avaliados neste estudo foram as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), a pressão venosa central (PVC) e a frequência cardíaca (FC). Portanto, após a monitorização contínua dos pacientes com cardioscopia com análise de ST, pressão arterial invasiva, pressão venosa central, oxicapnometria, análise eletroencefalográfica bispectral (BIS) e gasimetrias arteriais e venosas, estes foram divididos aleatoriamente através de programa de distribuição aleatória gerada por computador, de acordo com os 5 grupos existentes (n = 8 para todos os grupos). Foram 3 grupos de pacientes pré-medicados intravenosamente (iv) com naloxona 1 μg/Kg (PN1) ou 3 μg/Kg (PN3), ou com salina para controle (CP), 2 minutos antes da administração iv de propofol (2,5 mg/Kg). Outros 2 grupos controle da naloxona foram pré-medicados com naloxona 1 μg/Kg (CN1) ou 3 μg/Kg (CN3), mas não receberam propofol. Os resultados demonstraram que há mais de um mecanismo envolvido no efeito hipotensor arterial do propofol, que é composto por uma rápida redução inicial da PAM opioide-independente e uma lenta redução final da PAM, que foi dependente, ao menos parcialmente, de ação opioide. O propofol, na dose de 2,5 mg/Kg, reduziu a PAS, PAD e PAM de forma significativa e independente do efeito hipnótico do anestésico, dos valores iniciais de PVC e de modificações na FC dos pacientes, apesar de ter sido evidenciada a inibição do baroreflexo induzida pelo anestésico. A hipotensão induzida pelo propofol pôde ser parcialmente reduzida, de forma significativa e dose-dependente, pela prévia administração iv de naloxona de 3 μg/Kg, menor dose efetiva. Este efeito da naloxona ocorreu, principalmente, através de um aumento significativo da PAD, sem importar em modificações significativas da PAS, FC, PVC, BIS ou do ECG. Foi concluído que a hipotensão arterial induzida pelo propofol possui uma origem multifatorial, sendo produzida parcialmente por um mecanismo que é opioide-dependente e sensível ao pré-tratamento dos pacientes com a naloxona. Nosso estudo não recebeu nenhum financiamento externo.

Prawn culture and policy options: technology import and culture through fishermen vis a vis industry

Recent developments in aquaculture has created an awareness that prawn culture is a dollar spinner, in which industry can step in to earn foreign exchange by producing an expensive food iten which has a high market demand abroad. The Government has to take a policy decision whether the prawn culture should be done through small fishermen to improve their socio-economic condition or through private industry with the high technology input and predefined objectives of export trade. Perhaps a simultaneous operation of the two could be allowed best in the interest of India. Perhaps in the interest of quick development and adoption of high production technology, through fishermen organization, the development is encouraged through the implimentation of welfare and area development schemes. In some selected areas private industry may be encoureged to use high production technology to develop prawns.

Recent advances in fish processing and product development

There are good possibilities for expanding the consumer sector in both the traditional and nontraditional marine products. Frozen shrimp continues to be the item of highest demand in foreign markets. Individual quick frozen (IQF) prawns which are indeed value added products and have already penetrated international markets elicit export incentive from development agencies like the Marine Products Export Development Authority. With the projected potential of 1.8 lakh tonnes of cephalopods against the current yield of 13,000 tonnes, there are good prospects of increasing exports of frozen squid and cuttlefish. The technology of packing fish in retortable pouches as an alternative to canning has now been perfected. Salted fish mince has good market potential in India and abroad.

Preliminary observations on changes in nucleotides in oil sardine and certain Penaeid prawns during chill storage

Preliminary study has been made of the changes in common 5' nucleotides in oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and two Penaeid prawns of Indian waters during chill storage. The course of nucleotide degradation has been followed in the fresh fish and shell fish during ice storage. The level of inosine monophosphate (IMP) in prawns showed significant but steady decrease during ice storage and this appears to serve as useful indication of length of storage. Comparison has been made on the pattern of nucleotide changes in block frozen fish and individually quick frozen fish stored at -23°C.

Preservation of fish by freezing and glazing. Pt. 2. Keeping quality of fish with particular reference to yellow discolouration and other allied organoleptic changes on prolonged storage

Organoleptic observations of quick, slow and block frozen, glazed and stored fish were recorded at regular intervals. Glazing was renewed at intervals of four weeks. Development of yellow discolouration in the case of white pomfret was followed. Keeping quality of glazed fish was better than unglazed frozen fish. Yellow discolouration could be controlled by ascorbic acid for 42 months and by a mixture of sodium chloride and glucose for 52 months.

Frozen storage characteristics of cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Scampi, about 30 g each) in headless shell-on form was individually quick frozen in a spiral freezer. The frozen samples were glazed and packed in polythene bags, which were further packed in master carton and stored at -18°C. Samples were drawn at regular intervals and subjected to biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic analysis to study its storage characteristics. The data on the above parameters showed that the samples were in prime acceptable condition when stored up to 23 weeks. No appreciable change in colour and odour was noticed in the raw muscle. Afterwards, organoleptic evaluation of the cooked muscle revealed slight change in the flavour. Texture also appeared little tougher. These changes in organoleptic characters were well supported by the biochemical bacteriological changes in the muscle.

Survival of Staphylococci on frozen fish

Using Staphylococcus aureus as the test culture it has been shown that cell injury occurs in two phases during freezing and storage at temperatures below freezing. Certain constituents of fish muscle appear to protect the cells during both phases of injury. The survival of bacteria on fish muscle is not influenced by the rate at which the fish muscle was frozen prior to inoculation. There was no significant difference between growth of bacteria on quick frozen and slow frozen fish muscle after thawing. However there appeared to be a slight tendency for the lag phase of growth to be extended on thawed quick frozen fish muscle when compared with thawed slow frozen muscle.

An aerial survey for surface tuna resources in the seas around Ceylon

An aerial survey of the off shore range around Ceylon, for a quick evaluation of the potential surface tuna resources, for commercial exploitation, was organised by Mr. Manuel R. Cintas of Ocean Blazer Inc. (Commercial tuna), San Diego, California and his associate Mr. R. Perera. The organisers offered, through the Hon'ble Minister of Fisheries, to take an officer of the Fisheries Research Station, Ceylon, as an observer and the author participated in that capacity. Dr. V. Arkely served as the photographer. The survey period was within the South-West monsoon season and extremely bad weather with high speed winds were experienced particularly off the North-West and South coasts. Except during these two trips, an average altitude of 1,000 ft. and a flying speed of 110-115 m.p.h. were maintained. The program was to cover the off shore range between 15 miles and 50 miles, from shore. The total number of hours of flying was eighteen. Details of the flight plan are shown in figure 1.

An investigation into the residual stresses in an aluminium 2024 test weld

This paper uses finite element (FE) analysis to examine the residual stresses generated during the TIG welding of aluminium aerospace alloys. It also looks at whether such an approach could be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of various residual stress control techniques. However, such simulations cannot be founded in a vacuum. They require accurate measurements to refine and validate them. The unique aspect of this work is that two powerful engineering techniques are combined: FE modelling and neutron diffraction. Weld trials were performed and the direct measurement of residual strain made using the ENGIN neutron diffraction strain scanning facility. The predicted results show an excellent agreement with experimental values. Finally this model is used to simulate a weld made using a "Low Stress No Distortion" (LSND) technique. Although the stress reduction predicted is only moderate, the study suggests the approach to be a quick and efficient means of optimising such techniques.

Developing a framework for mapping industrial emergence

The industrial landscape is becoming increasingly complex and dynamic, with innovative technologies stimulating the emergence of new industries and business models. This paper presents a preliminary framework for mapping industrial emergence, based on roadmapping principles, in order to understand the nature and characteristics of such phenomena. The focus at this stage is on historical examples of industrial emergence, with the preliminary framework based on observations from 20 'quick scan' maps, one of which is used to illustrate the framework. The learning from these historical cases, combined with further industrial consultation and literature review, will be used to develop practical methods for strategy and policy application. The paper concludes by summarising key learning points and further work needed to achieve these outcomes. © 2009 PICMET.

Health and disease status of Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus cultured in rural ponds of Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus is one of the important aquaculture species in Bangladesh. Over the last few years spectacular development has been taking place in Thai pangas farming in Mymensingh district. Due to availability of easy breeding and culture techniques as well as quick return, more and more people are converting their rice fields into pangas farms overnight. The present study was carried out to examine health and disease status of Thai pangas mainly through clinical, histopathological and bacteriological techniques. In addition, for collecting primary data on disease and health status of Thai pangas and the resultant socioeconomic impacts on rural households, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used with selected farming households in three upazilas of Mymensingh district. The most prevalent diseases as reported by the farmers were red spot, followed by anal protrusion, tail and fin rot, pop eye, dropsy and gill rot. Other conditions like cotton wool type lesion, ulceration and white spot were reported but with lower incidence. Four isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered from kidney and lesion of diseased fish. Hemorrhage over the body especially near mouth and caudal region was noticed in the fishes associated with aeromonad infection. Internally, kidney, liver and spleen became swollen and enlarged. The isolates varied with their pathogenicity. All the four isolates were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Cotrimoxazole and Tetracycline but were resistant to Amoxycilline. An attempt was made to treat diseased fish with extracts from neem leaf, garlic and turmeric. Recovery of infection was monitored through mortality and histopathology. General histopathological changes of different organs were also studied. Extract from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf gave better result. Telangiectasis, lamellar hypertrophy and hyperplasia hemorrhage, lamellar fusion, necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells, presence of parasites and their cysts were the major pathology of gills. Hemorrhagic lesion, pyknotic nuclei and melanomacrophage centers (MMC) were found in the liver of fish. Major pathologies in kidney of fish included presence of MMC, necrotic and ruptured kidney tubules, severe haemopoietic necrosis, and hemorrhage. The economic loss due to disease in Thai pangas farming was estimated from the difference between expected production and actual production. On an average, Thai pangas farmers of Mymensingh incur a loss of Tk. 23,104/ha/cycle due to fish disease (3.6% of expected total production). The loss, however, varied with location and size of farms, type of farmers and management practices. The study also highlighted fish health management related problems and recommended further work for the development of user-friendly farmer-oriented fish health management packages.

Red and white meat of tuna (Euthynnus affinis): their biochemical role and nutritional quality

The biochemical and nutrient compositions of red and white meat of tuna are reported. Based on the data the biochemical role and nutritional quality of red and white meat are discussed. The results show that red meat is adapted for slow and continuous activity and white meat for quick but occasional activity. In spite of comparatively low lysine content the red meat is adjudged more nutritious than white meat.

Iced and frozen storage characteristics of cultured Chanos chanos (Forskal)

Freshly harvested milk fish (Chanos chanos) were stored in crushed ice and their storage life estimated by following biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic changes occurring during storage. Samples of the fish were withdrawn at various intervals of storage, quick frozen, glazed and held in frozen storage at-l8°C. Shelf-life in frozen storage was determined in relation to period of ice storage prior to freezing by determining biochemical and organoleptic characteristics up to 30 weeks.