Longitudinal study on the colonisation and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farms.

Knowledge about the dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pigs lacks detail at the level of individual animal. The aim of our study was therefore to determine the colonisation status of MRSA in individual pigs from birth to slaughter in order to gain a better understanding of substantial factors involved in transmission. Two farrow-to-finish and two grow-to-finish herds were included in the study. A total of 1728 nasal swabs from 390 pigs and 592 environmental wipes were collected at 11 different time points. Intermittent colonisation throughout the entire production cycle was conspicuous in the tracking of MRSA in individual pigs. Almost all pigs from a MRSA-positive herd changed MRSA status several times, which implies that pigs are transiently rather than permanently colonised. We highly recommend the definition of MRSA status at herd level rather that at the level of the individual pig when considering prevention measures against MRSA. Therefore, to avoid the further spread of MRSA in countries with moderate prevalence, such as in Switzerland, defining farms as MRSA positive or MRSA negative and allowing the trade of pigs only within herds of the same status seems feasible. This will also be important for combating the further dissemination of livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA into healthcare facilities and the community via humans who have close contact with animals.

Effects of early and late lesion of orbital frontal cortex on visual processing of faces in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Many mental disorders disrupt social skills, yet few studies have examined how the brain processes social information. Functional neuroimaging, neuroconnectivity and electrophysiological studies suggest that orbital frontal cortex plays important roles in social cognition, including the analysis of information from faces, which are important cues in social interactions. Studies in humans and non-human primates show that damage to orbital frontal cortex produces social behavior impairments, including abnormal aggression, but these studies have failed to determine whether damage to this area impairs face processing. In addition, it is not known whether damage early in life is more detrimental than damage in adulthood. This study examined whether orbital frontal cortex is necessary for the discrimination of face identity and facial expressions, and for appropriate behavioral responses to aggressive (threatening) facial expressions. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received selective lesions of orbital frontal cortex as newborns or adults. As adults, these animals were compared with sham-operated controls on their ability to discriminate between faces of individual monkeys and between different facial expressions of emotion. A passive visual paired-comparison task with standardized rhesus monkey face stimuli was designed and used to assess discrimination. In addition, looking behavior toward aggressive expressions was assessed and compared with that of normal control animals. The results showed that lesion of orbital frontal cortex (1) may impair discrimination between faces of individual monkeys, (2) does not impair facial expression discrimination, and (3) changes the amount of time spent looking at aggressive (threatening) facial expressions depending on the context. The effects of early and late lesions did not differ. Thus, orbital frontal cortex appears to be part of the neural circuitry for recognizing individuals and for modulating the response to aggression in faces, and the plasticity of the immature brain does not allow for recovery of these functions when the damage occurs early in life. This study opens new avenues for the assessment of rhesus monkey face processing and the neural basis of social cognition, and allows a better understanding of the nature of the neuropathology in patients with mental disorders that disrupt social behavior, such as autism. ^

Effects of asbestos and silica on superoxide anion production in the guinea pig alveolar macrophage

Asbestos and silica are important industrial hazards. Exposure to these dusts can result in pulmonary fibrosis and, in the case of asbestos, cancer. Although the hazards of asbestos and silica exposure have long been known, the pathogenesis of dust-related disease is not well understood. Both silica and asbestos are thought to alter the function of the alveolar macrophage, but the nature of the biochemical alteration is unknown. Therefore, this study examined the effect of asbestos and silica on the activation pathway of the guinea pig alveolar macrophage. Activation of macrophages by physiological agents results in stimulation of phospholipase C causing phosphatidyl inositol turnover and intracellular calcium mobilization. Phosphatidyl inositol turnover produces diacylglycerol which activates protein kinase C causing superoxide anion production.^ Chrysotile stimulated alveolar macrophages to produce superoxide anion. This stimulation proceeded via phospholipase C, since chrysotile stimulated phosphatidyl inositol turnover and intracellular calcium mobilization. The possible involvement of a coupling protein was evaluated by pretreating cells with pertussis toxin. Pertussis toxin pretreatment partially inhibited chrysotile stimulation, suggesting that chrysotile activates a coupling protein in an non-classical manner. Potential binding sites for chrysotile stimulation were examined using a series of nine lectins. Chrysotile-stimulated superoxide anion production was blocked by pretreatment with lectins which bound to N-acetylglucosamine, but not by lectins which bound to mannose, fucose, or N-acetylgalactosamine. In addition, incubation with the N-acetylglucosamine polymer, chitin, inhibited chrysotile-stimulated superoxide anion production, suggesting that chrysotile stimulated superoxide anion production by binding to N-acetylglucosamine residues.^ On the other hand, silica did not stimulate superoxide anion production. The effect of silica on agonist stimulation of this pathway was examined using two stimulants of superoxide anion production, N-formyl-nle-leu-phe (FNLP, which stimulates through phospholipase C) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (which directly activates protein kinase C). Sublethal doses of silica inhibited FNLP-stimulated superoxide anion production, but did not affect phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate-stimulated superoxide anion production, suggesting that the site of inhibition precedes protein kinase C. This inhibition was not due to cell membrane damage, since cell permeability to calcium-45 and rubidium-86 was not increased. It is concluded that chrysotile binds to N-acetylglucosamine residues on macrophage surface glycoproteins to stimulate the physiological pathway resulting in superoxide anion production. In contrast, silica does not stimulate superoxide anion production, but it did inhibit FNLP-stimulated superoxide anion production. ^

Effects of Bedding on Pig Performance

More pigs are being produced in bedded systems such as hoop barns due to the increase in demand for niche pork. Most of the current swine nutrition information has been generated in confinement settings without bedding. As omnivores, pigs ingest some bedding. There are questions about the effects of the ingested bedding on growth and feed utilization by the modern market pig. More knowledge in this area will allow for more accurate feed formulation in bedded systems.

Qué autonomía es posible en una empresa recuperada? : Reflexiones en torno a la organización productiva y del trabajo en la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé

Si en las empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores desaparece la figura del capitalista y de sus cuadros técnicos al interior del espacio productivo, disipándose el control directo del capital sobre el proceso de trabajo, éstas se ven en general presionadas a vincularse con el mercado para poder subsistir, debiendo entonces ajustarse a condiciones impuestas por la competitividad. Muchas empresas recuperadas se vinculan con el mercado como tercerizadoras, involucrándose en los extendidos procesos de descentralización y flexibilización de la producción que adoptan diversas empresas al subcontratar procesos para reducir costos. En ése marco, se analizará en profundidad el funcionamiento de la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé, empresa proveniente de un proceso de recuperación por sus trabajadores. En este estudio se pretende examinar en qué sentido la autogestión posibilitaría que los trabajadores logren mayor autonomía frente al capital; considerando que autonomizarse no es despojarse de un capitalista particular sino lograr actuar con principios propios frente a los dictados/exigencias del capital. En relación con ello se platean los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Es posible que los trabajadores recobren la autonomía?, ¿hasta qué punto?, ¿qué posibilidad tienen de poder organizar su trabajo según criterios y necesidades propios?. Para dar cuenta de los objetivos de este trabajo, además de realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se recurrió a un abordaje metodológico cualitativo, utilizando las técnicas de entrevista, observación participante y análisis de fuentes secundarias

Qué autonomía es posible en una empresa recuperada? : Reflexiones en torno a la organización productiva y del trabajo en la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé

Si en las empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores desaparece la figura del capitalista y de sus cuadros técnicos al interior del espacio productivo, disipándose el control directo del capital sobre el proceso de trabajo, éstas se ven en general presionadas a vincularse con el mercado para poder subsistir, debiendo entonces ajustarse a condiciones impuestas por la competitividad. Muchas empresas recuperadas se vinculan con el mercado como tercerizadoras, involucrándose en los extendidos procesos de descentralización y flexibilización de la producción que adoptan diversas empresas al subcontratar procesos para reducir costos. En ése marco, se analizará en profundidad el funcionamiento de la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé, empresa proveniente de un proceso de recuperación por sus trabajadores. En este estudio se pretende examinar en qué sentido la autogestión posibilitaría que los trabajadores logren mayor autonomía frente al capital; considerando que autonomizarse no es despojarse de un capitalista particular sino lograr actuar con principios propios frente a los dictados/exigencias del capital. En relación con ello se platean los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Es posible que los trabajadores recobren la autonomía?, ¿hasta qué punto?, ¿qué posibilidad tienen de poder organizar su trabajo según criterios y necesidades propios?. Para dar cuenta de los objetivos de este trabajo, además de realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se recurrió a un abordaje metodológico cualitativo, utilizando las técnicas de entrevista, observación participante y análisis de fuentes secundarias

Qué autonomía es posible en una empresa recuperada? : Reflexiones en torno a la organización productiva y del trabajo en la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé

Si en las empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores desaparece la figura del capitalista y de sus cuadros técnicos al interior del espacio productivo, disipándose el control directo del capital sobre el proceso de trabajo, éstas se ven en general presionadas a vincularse con el mercado para poder subsistir, debiendo entonces ajustarse a condiciones impuestas por la competitividad. Muchas empresas recuperadas se vinculan con el mercado como tercerizadoras, involucrándose en los extendidos procesos de descentralización y flexibilización de la producción que adoptan diversas empresas al subcontratar procesos para reducir costos. En ése marco, se analizará en profundidad el funcionamiento de la Cooperativa de Trabajo Textiles Pigüé, empresa proveniente de un proceso de recuperación por sus trabajadores. En este estudio se pretende examinar en qué sentido la autogestión posibilitaría que los trabajadores logren mayor autonomía frente al capital; considerando que autonomizarse no es despojarse de un capitalista particular sino lograr actuar con principios propios frente a los dictados/exigencias del capital. En relación con ello se platean los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Es posible que los trabajadores recobren la autonomía?, ¿hasta qué punto?, ¿qué posibilidad tienen de poder organizar su trabajo según criterios y necesidades propios?. Para dar cuenta de los objetivos de este trabajo, además de realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se recurrió a un abordaje metodológico cualitativo, utilizando las técnicas de entrevista, observación participante y análisis de fuentes secundarias

Abundance and habitat covariates of lesser florican and spiny-tailed lizard in Kachchh, India (2008-09)

please provide abstract

The aggressiveness of pig slurry to cement mortars

The aim was to measure the behaviour of various mortars employed in livestock media in central Spain and to analyse the aggressiveness of pig slurry to cement blended with fly ash mortars. To achieve this, mortar specimens were immersed in ponds storing pig slurry. Mortar specimens, of 40 ? 40 ? 160 mm, were made from four types of cement commonly used and recommended for rural areas. The types were a sulphate-resistant Portland cement and three cements blended in different proportions with fly ash and limestone filler. After 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months of exposure, three or four specimens of each cement type were removed from the pond and washed with water. Their compressive strength and microstructure (X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion pore-symmetry, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy) were then measured. Sulphate-resistant Portland cement (SR-PC), found to be more susceptible to degradation due to its greater proportion of macro-pores and increased total porosity, was found not to be suitable for use with livestock. After 60 months of immersion in the pig slurry medium, CEM II-A (40.3%) mortar retained the greatest compressive strength. Mortars with less than 20% replacement of cement by fly ash were found to be the most durable, with the most suitable mechanical behaviour.

Animal feeding strategies to reduce N2O and NH3 emission from surface-applied pig slurry to a grassland soil.

It is estimated that N losses from fertilized crops range between 50-70%, depending on management practices, climate and soil conditions. Ammonia (NH3) emissions following land application of animal manures give rise to a significant proportion of the total NH3 emissions from agricultural sources.