A proposal of a behavior-based control architecture with reinforcement learning for an autonomous underwater robot

Aquesta tesi proposa l'ús d'un seguit de tècniques pel control a alt nivell d'un robot autònom i també per l'aprenentatge automàtic de comportaments. L'objectiu principal de la tesis fou el de dotar d'intel·ligència als robots autònoms que han d'acomplir unes missions determinades en entorns desconeguts i no estructurats. Una de les premisses tingudes en compte en tots els passos d'aquesta tesis va ser la selecció d'aquelles tècniques que poguessin ésser aplicades en temps real, i demostrar-ne el seu funcionament amb experiments reals. El camp d'aplicació de tots els experiments es la robòtica submarina. En una primera part, la tesis es centra en el disseny d'una arquitectura de control que ha de permetre l'assoliment d'una missió prèviament definida. En particular, la tesis proposa l'ús de les arquitectures de control basades en comportaments per a l'assoliment de cada una de les tasques que composen la totalitat de la missió. Una arquitectura d'aquest tipus està formada per un conjunt independent de comportaments, els quals representen diferents intencions del robot (ex.: "anar a una posició", "evitar obstacles",...). Es presenta una recerca bibliogràfica sobre aquest camp i alhora es mostren els resultats d'aplicar quatre de les arquitectures basades en comportaments més representatives a una tasca concreta. De l'anàlisi dels resultats se'n deriva que un dels factors que més influeixen en el rendiment d'aquestes arquitectures, és la metodologia emprada per coordinar les respostes dels comportaments. Per una banda, la coordinació competitiva és aquella en que només un dels comportaments controla el robot. Per altra banda, en la coordinació cooperativa el control del robot és realitza a partir d'una fusió de totes les respostes dels comportaments actius. La tesis, proposa un esquema híbrid d'arquitectura capaç de beneficiar-se dels principals avantatges d'ambdues metodologies. En una segona part, la tesis proposa la utilització de l'aprenentatge per reforç per aprendre l'estructura interna dels comportaments. Aquest tipus d'aprenentatge és adequat per entorns desconeguts i el procés d'aprenentatge es realitza al mateix temps que el robot està explorant l'entorn. La tesis presenta també un estat de l'art d'aquest camp, en el que es detallen els principals problemes que apareixen en utilitzar els algoritmes d'aprenentatge per reforç en aplicacions reals, com la robòtica. El problema de la generalització és un dels que més influeix i consisteix en permetre l'ús de variables continues sense augmentar substancialment el temps de convergència. Després de descriure breument les principals metodologies per generalitzar, la tesis proposa l'ús d'una xarxa neural combinada amb l'algoritme d'aprenentatge per reforç Q_learning. Aquesta combinació proporciona una gran capacitat de generalització i una molt bona disposició per aprendre en tasques de robòtica amb exigències de temps real. No obstant, les xarxes neurals són aproximadors de funcions no-locals, el que significa que en treballar amb un conjunt de dades no homogeni es produeix una interferència: aprendre en un subconjunt de l'espai significa desaprendre en la resta de l'espai. El problema de la interferència afecta de manera directa en robòtica, ja que l'exploració de l'espai es realitza sempre localment. L'algoritme proposat en la tesi té en compte aquest problema i manté una base de dades representativa de totes les zones explorades. Així doncs, totes les mostres de la base de dades s'utilitzen per actualitzar la xarxa neural, i per tant, l'aprenentatge és homogeni. Finalment, la tesi presenta els resultats obtinguts amb la arquitectura de control basada en comportaments i l'algoritme d'aprenentatge per reforç. Els experiments es realitzen amb el robot URIS, desenvolupat a la Universitat de Girona, i el comportament après és el seguiment d'un objecte mitjançant visió per computador. La tesi detalla tots els dispositius desenvolupats pels experiments així com les característiques del propi robot submarí. Els resultats obtinguts demostren la idoneïtat de les propostes en permetre l'aprenentatge del comportament en temps real. En un segon apartat de resultats es demostra la capacitat de generalització de l'algoritme d'aprenentatge mitjançant el "benchmark" del "cotxe i la muntanya". Els resultats obtinguts en aquest problema milloren els resultats d'altres metodologies, demostrant la millor capacitat de generalització de les xarxes neurals.

A proposal to estimate the motion of an underwater vehicle through visual mosaicking

This thesis proposes a solution to the problem of estimating the motion of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV). Our approach is based on the integration of the incremental measurements which are provided by a vision system. When the vehicle is close to the underwater terrain, it constructs a visual map (so called "mosaic") of the area where the mission takes place while, at the same time, it localizes itself on this map, following the Concurrent Mapping and Localization strategy. The proposed methodology to achieve this goal is based on a feature-based mosaicking algorithm. A down-looking camera is attached to the underwater vehicle. As the vehicle moves, a sequence of images of the sea-floor is acquired by the camera. For every image of the sequence, a set of characteristic features is detected by means of a corner detector. Then, their correspondences are found in the next image of the sequence. Solving the correspondence problem in an accurate and reliable way is a difficult task in computer vision. We consider different alternatives to solve this problem by introducing a detailed analysis of the textural characteristics of the image. This is done in two phases: first comparing different texture operators individually, and next selecting those that best characterize the point/matching pair and using them together to obtain a more robust characterization. Various alternatives are also studied to merge the information provided by the individual texture operators. Finally, the best approach in terms of robustness and efficiency is proposed. After the correspondences have been solved, for every pair of consecutive images we obtain a list of image features in the first image and their matchings in the next frame. Our aim is now to recover the apparent motion of the camera from these features. Although an accurate texture analysis is devoted to the matching pro-cedure, some false matches (known as outliers) could still appear among the right correspon-dences. For this reason, a robust estimation technique is used to estimate the planar transformation (homography) which explains the dominant motion of the image. Next, this homography is used to warp the processed image to the common mosaic frame, constructing a composite image formed by every frame of the sequence. With the aim of estimating the position of the vehicle as the mosaic is being constructed, the 3D motion of the vehicle can be computed from the measurements obtained by a sonar altimeter and the incremental motion computed from the homography. Unfortunately, as the mosaic increases in size, image local alignment errors increase the inaccuracies associated to the position of the vehicle. Occasionally, the trajectory described by the vehicle may cross over itself. In this situation new information is available, and the system can readjust the position estimates. Our proposal consists not only in localizing the vehicle, but also in readjusting the trajectory described by the vehicle when crossover information is obtained. This is achieved by implementing an Augmented State Kalman Filter (ASKF). Kalman filtering appears as an adequate framework to deal with position estimates and their associated covariances. Finally, some experimental results are shown. A laboratory setup has been used to analyze and evaluate the accuracy of the mosaicking system. This setup enables a quantitative measurement of the accumulated errors of the mosaics created in the lab. Then, the results obtained from real sea trials using the URIS underwater vehicle are shown.

Image segmentation integrating colour, texture and boundary information

La tesis se centra en la Visión por Computador y, más concretamente, en la segmentación de imágenes, la cual es una de las etapas básicas en el análisis de imágenes y consiste en la división de la imagen en un conjunto de regiones visualmente distintas y uniformes considerando su intensidad, color o textura. Se propone una estrategia basada en el uso complementario de la información de región y de frontera durante el proceso de segmentación, integración que permite paliar algunos de los problemas básicos de la segmentación tradicional. La información de frontera permite inicialmente identificar el número de regiones presentes en la imagen y colocar en el interior de cada una de ellas una semilla, con el objetivo de modelar estadísticamente las características de las regiones y definir de esta forma la información de región. Esta información, conjuntamente con la información de frontera, es utilizada en la definición de una función de energía que expresa las propiedades requeridas a la segmentación deseada: uniformidad en el interior de las regiones y contraste con las regiones vecinas en los límites. Un conjunto de regiones activas inician entonces su crecimiento, compitiendo por los píxeles de la imagen, con el objetivo de optimizar la función de energía o, en otras palabras, encontrar la segmentación que mejor se adecua a los requerimientos exprsados en dicha función. Finalmente, todo esta proceso ha sido considerado en una estructura piramidal, lo que nos permite refinar progresivamente el resultado de la segmentación y mejorar su coste computacional. La estrategia ha sido extendida al problema de segmentación de texturas, lo que implica algunas consideraciones básicas como el modelaje de las regiones a partir de un conjunto de características de textura y la extracción de la información de frontera cuando la textura es presente en la imagen. Finalmente, se ha llevado a cabo la extensión a la segmentación de imágenes teniendo en cuenta las propiedades de color y textura. En este sentido, el uso conjunto de técnicas no-paramétricas de estimación de la función de densidad para la descripción del color, y de características textuales basadas en la matriz de co-ocurrencia, ha sido propuesto para modelar adecuadamente y de forma completa las regiones de la imagen. La propuesta ha sido evaluada de forma objetiva y comparada con distintas técnicas de integración utilizando imágenes sintéticas. Además, se han incluido experimentos con imágenes reales con resultados muy positivos.

Integration of knowledge-based, qualitative and numeric tools for real time dynamic systems supervision

The proposal presented in this thesis is to provide designers of knowledge based supervisory systems of dynamic systems with a framework to facilitate their tasks avoiding interface problems among tools, data flow and management. The approach is thought to be useful to both control and process engineers in assisting their tasks. The use of AI technologies to diagnose and perform control loops and, of course, assist process supervisory tasks such as fault detection and diagnose, are in the scope of this work. Special effort has been put in integration of tools for assisting expert supervisory systems design. With this aim the experience of Computer Aided Control Systems Design (CACSD) frameworks have been analysed and used to design a Computer Aided Supervisory Systems (CASSD) framework. In this sense, some basic facilities are required to be available in this proposed framework: ·

Research based design: competition proposal for the Cyprus news agency

The paper attempts to explore the interrelation between a) the architects’ individualism and “pre-structures” b) research- based findings during the design process through experimentation and c)an integrated design approach, where morphology, construction and bioclimatic design are integrated from an early design stage. Through a thorough presentation and analysis of a competition proposal for the Cyprus News Agency, we discuss a number of important findings in relation to the present and possibly future form of the design studio. We suggest that the designer’s “prestructures” may not only be the basis for creative action, but also the basis for understanding and interpretation. Design informed and enriched at every stage by a research-based process, might well be the transmission and transformation of “prestructures”, a process of elaboration and discovery which facilitates and enhances design creativity and possibly allows for a multiplicity of approaches through a range of possibilities. Furthermore, an integrated approach from the early stages of the design process facilitates innovation in materials and systems.

Building the Directorate General for Urban Affairs in European Union. A proposal for the European Commission

The present documents get together reflection elements that allow sustaining the irreversibility of the process that leads to the creation of a Directorate General for Urban AffairsThe irreversibility of this process results of the assumed necessity to implement the cooperation between Member-States in respect to the urban and territorial development policy. It is time, with vision, to assume the urgency to create, as well, in this area an European joint policy and which are the necessary structures for its definition and implementation within the EU framework. O Directorate General for Urban Affairs deverá articular-se em particular com o Comité Económico e Social e com o Comité das RegiõesThe present text is based essentially on political documents on urban and territorial affairs elaborated in the extent of the EU and in the general guideline documents produced by the EU, which favor social, economic and territorial integration.

The construction of the museological object

"Exhibiting is or should be to work against ignorance, especially against the most refractory of all ignorance: the pre-conceived idea of stereo typed culture. To exhibit is to take a calculated risk of disorientation - in the etymological sense : ( to lose your bearings), disturbs the harmony, the evident , and the consensus, that constitutes the common place ( the banal). Needless to say however it is obvious that an exhibition that deliberately tries to scandalise will create an inverted perversion which results in an obscurantist pseudo-luxury - culture ... between demagogy and provocation, one has to find visual communication's subtle itinerary. Even though an intermediary route is not so stimulating : as Gaston Bachelard said "All the roads lead to Rome, except the roads of compromise."

The construction of the museological object

Exhibiting is or should be to work against ignorance, especially against the most refractory of all ignorance: the pre-conceived idea of stereo typed culture. To exhibit is to take a calculated risk of disorientation - in the etymological sense: (to lose your bearings), disturbs the harmony, the evident , and the consensus, that constitutes the common place (the banal). Needless to say however it is obvious that an exhibition that deliberately tries to scandalise will create an inverted perversion which results in an obscurantist pseudo-luxury - culture ... between demagogy and provocation, one has to find visual communication's subtle itinerary. Even though an intermediary route is not so stimulating: as Gaston Bachelard said "All the roads lead to Rome, except the roads of compromise." It is becoming ever more evident that museums have undergone changes that are noticeable in numerous areas. As well as the traditional functions of collecting, conserving and exhibiting objects. museums have tried to become a means of communication, open and aware of the worries of modern society. In order to do this , it has started to utilise modern technology now available and lead by the hand of "marketing" and modern business management.

Evolving definition of sociomuseology : proposal for reflection

Sociomuseology expresses a considerable amount of the effort made to suit museological facilities to the conditions of contemporary society. The process of opening up the museum, as well as its organic relation with the social context that infuses it with life, has resulted in the need to structure and clarify the relations, notions and concepts that may define this process. Sociomuseology is thus a scientific field of teaching, research and performance which emphasizes the articulation of museology, in particular, with the areas of knowledge covered by Human Sciences, Development Studies, Services Science, and Urban and Rural Planning. The multidisciplinary approach of Sociomuseology aims to strengthen the acknowledgement of museology as a resource for the sustainable development of Humanity, based on equal opportunities as well as social and economic inclusion. Sociomuseology bases its social intervention on mankind’s cultural and natural heritage, both tangible and intangible. What characterizes Sociomuseology is not so much the nature of its premises and its goals, as is the case with other areas of knowledge, but the interdisciplinary focus which makes it draw on perfectly consolidated areas of knowledge and relate them with Museology itself.