Macrophages induce neutrophil apoptosis through membrane TNF, a process amplified by Leishmania major.

Neutrophils are recruited to the site of parasite inoculation within a few hours of infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. In C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to infection, neutrophils are cleared from the site of s.c. infection within 3 days, whereas they persist for at least 10 days in susceptible BALB/c mice. In the present study, we investigated the role of macrophages (MPhi) in regulating neutrophil number. Inflammatory cells were recruited by i.p. injection of either 2% starch or L. major promastigotes. Neutrophils were isolated and cultured in the presence of increasing numbers of MPhi. Extent of neutrophil apoptosis positively correlated with the number of MPhi added. This process was strictly dependent on TNF because MPhi from TNF-deficient mice failed to induce neutrophil apoptosis. Assays using MPhi derived from membrane TNF knock-in mice or cultures in Transwell chambers revealed that contact with MPhi was necessary to induce neutrophil apoptosis, a process requiring expression of membrane TNF. L. major was shown to exacerbate MPhi-induced apoptosis of neutrophils, but BALB/c MPhi were not as potent as C57BL/6 MPhi in this induction. Our results emphasize the importance of MPhi-induced neutrophil apoptosis, and membrane TNF in the early control of inflammation.

Effects of azadirachtin on Rhodnius prolixus: immunity and trypanosoma interaction

The effects of azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid from the neem tree Aradirachta indica J. on both immunity and Trypanosoma cruzi interaction within Rhodniusprolixus and other triatomines, were presented Given through a blood meal, azadirachtin affected the immune reactivity as shown by a significant reduction in numbers of hemocytes and consequently nodule formation follwing challenge with Enterobacter cloacae ß12, reduction in ability to produce antibacterial activities in the hemolymph when injected with bacteria, and decreased ability to destroy the infection caused by inoculation of E. cloacae cells. A single dose of azadirachtin was able to block the development of T. cruzi in R. prolixus if given through the meal at different intervals, together with, before or after parasite infection. Similary, these results were observed with different triatomine species and different strains of T. cruzi. Azadirachtin induced a permanent resistance of the vector against reinfection with T. cruzi. The significance of these data is discussed in relation to the general mode of azadirachtin action in insects.

Morphological characterization of the hemocytes of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria tenagophila

The blood cells of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria tenagophila, an important transmiter of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil, were examined by ligth and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two hemocyte types were identified: hyalinocytes and granulocytes. Hyalinocytes are small young (immature), poorly spreading cells, which have a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio and are especially rich in free ribosomes. They do not appear to contain lysosome-like bodies and represent less than 10% of the circulating hemocytes. Granulocytes are larger hemocytes which readily spread on glass surface and which strongly react to the Gomori substrate, indicating the enzyme acid phosphatase usually found in lysosomes. Ultra-structurally, they contain a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and some some lysosome-like dense bodies. Granulocytes do not exhibit a characteristic granular aspect and the few granules observed in the cytoplasm should correspond to a lysosome system. They were named granulocytes instead of amoebocytes to use the same terminology adopted for Biomphalaria glabrata in order to make easier comparative studies. This is a preface study for more specific investigations on the functional activities of the blood cells of B. tenagophila and their interactions with the trematode parasite.

Histopathological alterations induced by non-viable cells and biochemical fractions from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in mice

Non-viable cells and biochemical fractions from Paracoccidioides brasiliens were obtained for experimental inoculation in mice and posterior histopatological analysis. Dead total fungus, total fungus disrupted by sonorous waves, lipids of the fungus, supernatant of the lipid purification, integral and disrupted fungus free of lipids were obtained. The six preparations arised from masses of lyophilized yeasts of a recent isolate of P. brasiliensis (strain JT-1) and from a "Pool" equitably constituted by four strains maintained in laboratory for a long time (SN, 2, 18 and 192). Different doses of the 12 preparations were intraperitonially inoculated and histopathological analysis were done 30 days later. This analysis showed that all the inoculated preparations gave origin to inflamatory foci, except the one designated "supernatant of lipid purification". The alterations were detected exclusively in the liver of the animals and occurred from the smallest dose tested (1 mg), with exception of the lipids of the fungus, where the foci appeared only from a 3 mg dose onwards. No difference in the capacity of inducing histopathological alterations was found between the preparations obtained from the recent isolate (JT-1) and from the older ones ("Pool"). On the other hand, an increase of the number of inflammatory foci in function of the inoculated dose was observed.

Development of Eosinophilia in dogs intradermically inoculated with sand fly saliva and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi stationary-phase promastigotes

Salivary glad lysates of the sand fly Lutzomia longipalpis have been shown to enhance the infectivity of Leishmania in mice. As shown herein, the simultaneous inoculation of Leishmania chagasi stationary-phase promastigotes and L. longipalpis salivary gland by the intradermal route in a group of mongrel dogs induced a statistically significant eosinophilia, in relation to dogs inoculated with Leishmania or with salivary gland lysate only. These dogs had no evidence of infection, in spite of the infectivity of the promastigotes when inoculated by the intravenous route.

Genotype-level interactions determine the degree of reduction of leaf rust on wheat by seed application of beneficial Pseudomonas spp.

Some bacteria have the capacity to reduce incidence and severity of plant diseases either by inhibiting the pathogen or by modulating the resistance response of the plant. Plants dispose of different resistance mechanisms that are influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment. The present experiments explored the effects of biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the resistance of wheat varieties against brown rust disease caused by Puccinia triticina. Root inoculation with biocontrol pseudomonads reduced the disease severity on the leaves. The plant response depended on the genotype of both the microbes and the wheat varieties, suggesting a straight interaction at the molecular level.

Capillaria hepatica: a cause of septal fibrosis of the liver

Fine, long, fibrous septa were observed as a late change developing in the acinar zone III of the liver of rats experimentally infected with the helminth Capillaria hepatica. Hepatic septal fibrosis begun 30 days after inoculation of embryonated eggs into the stomach of rats and became clearly evident from the 40th day onwards. Experimental observation was undertaken for 170 days. Septal fibrosis increased progressively with time and was most marked when the parasitic nodules formed around larvae, disintegrating worms and eggs were involving. Septal fibrosis of the liver has not been previously recognized as a manifestation of hepatic capillariasis. The presence of sequestered parasite antigens, probably being slowly released within the liver, appears to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic septal fibrosis observed in rats with C. hepatica infection.

Development of sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium vivax in experimentally infected Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes

The sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium vivax was established and maintained under laboratory conditions in two different strains of Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes using as a parasite source blood from human patients or from Aotus monkeys infected with the VCC-2 P.vivax colombian isolate. Both the Tecojate strain isolate from Guatemala and the Cartagena strain from the colombian Pacific coast were susceptible to infections with P.vivax. A higher percentage of Cartagena mosquitoes was infected per trial, however the Tecojate strain developed higher sporozoite loads. Intravenous inoculation of Aotus monkeys with sporozoites obtained from both anopheline strains resulted in successful blood infections. Animals infected with sporozoites from the Tecojate strain presented a patent period of 21-32 days whereas parasitemia appeared between days 19-53 in monkeys infected with sporozites from Cartagena strain.

Optimization of a mouse immunization protocol with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens

The objectives of the present study were to optimize the protocol of mouse immunization with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens (Rifkind's protocol) and to test the modulation effect of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on the delayed hypersensitivity response (DHR) of immunized animals. Experiments were carried out using one to four immunizing doses of either crude particulate P. brasiliensis antigen or yeast-cell antigen, followed by DHR test four or seven days after the last immunizing dose. The data demonstrated that an immunizing dose already elicited response; higher DHR indices were obtained with two or three immunizing doses; there were no differences between DHR indices of animals challenged four or seven days after the last dose. Overall the inoculation of two or three doses of the yeast-cell antigen, which is easier to prepare, and DHR test at day 4 simplify the original Rifkind's immunization protocol and shorten the duration of the experiments. The modulation effect of Cy on DHR was assayed with administration of 2.5, 20 and 100 mg/kg weight at seven day intervals starting from day 4 prior to the first immunizing dose. Only the treatment with 2.5 mg Cy increased the DHR indices. Treatment with 100 mg Cy inhibited the DHR, whereas 20 mg Cy did not affect the DHR indices. Results suggest an immunostimulating effect of low dose of Cy on the DHR of mice immunized with P. brasiliensis antigens.

Eurytrema coelomaticum: influence of the infection on the reproduction and nucleic acids contents in the albumen gland and ovotestis of Bradybaena similaris

The number of eggs laid per snail in Bradybaena similaris and the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the albumen gland and ovotestis were quantified in snails infected with sporocysts of the digenetic trematode Eurytrema coelomaticum. The total number of eggs laid per mollusc was reduced by 96.32% at the end of the larval development. The DNA concentration increased by 700% and the RNA concentration was reduced by 8,38% by the time when the daughter sporocysts of E. coelomaticum were released from B. similaris. The relation between these values and the inhibition of the reproduction observed in infected molluscs is discussed.

Complement facilitates early prion pathogenesis.

New-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie are typically initiated by extracerebral exposure to the causative agent, and exhibit early prion replication in lymphoid organs. In mouse scrapie, depletion of B-lymphocytes prevents neuropathogenesis after intraperitoneal inoculation, probably due to impaired lymphotoxin-dependent maturation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which are a major extracerebral prion reservoir. FDCs trap immune complexes with Fc-gamma receptors and C3d/C4b-opsonized antigens with CD21/CD35 complement receptors. We examined whether these mechanisms participate in peripheral prion pathogenesis. Depletion of circulating immunoglobulins or of individual Fc-gamma receptors had no effect on scrapie pathogenesis if B-cell maturation was unaffected. However, mice deficient in C3, C1q, Bf/C2, combinations thereof or complement receptors were partially or fully protected against spongiform encephalopathy upon intraperitoneal exposure to limiting amounts of prions. Splenic accumulation of prion infectivity and PrPSc was delayed, indicating that activation of specific complement components is involved in the initial trapping of prions in lymphoreticular organs early after infection.

Trypanosoma cruzi in the anal glands of urban opossums: I- isolation and experimental infections

Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) captured in intensely urbanized areas of the city of Caracas, Venezuela, were found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The developmental cycle of trypomastigote-epimastigote-metacyclic infective trypomastigote, usually occurring in the intestine of the triatomine vector, was taking place in the anal odoriferous glands of the opossums. Material from the glands, inoculated in young, healthy opossums and white mice by different routes, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally, and into the eye, induced T. cruzi infections in all animals. Parasitemia, invasion of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and intracellular multiplication of amastigotes were observed. Inoculation of metacyclics from anal glands, cultured in LIT medium, gave equivalent results. All opossums survived; all mice died. Excreta of opossums may thus transmit Chagas' disease by contamination, even in urban areas where insect vectors are not present.

Chromoblastomycosis murine model and in vitro test to evaluate the sensitivity of Fonsecaea pedrosoi to ketoconazole, itraconazole and saperconazole

An experimental model of murine chromoblastomycosis and in vitro tests with Fonsecaea pedrosoi were used to test the sensitivity of this fungus to three different antimycotics. The experimental model was standardized in BALB/c mice inoculated intraperitoneally with a 10(6) CFU/ml suspension of a F. pedrosoi isolate. Clinical infection was evident after 5 days of inoculation. Three groups of 27 mice each were used in the experiment. One group was treated with ketoconazole (KTZ), another with itraconazole (ITZ) and the other with saperconazole (SPZ). Antimycotic therapy was continued for 21 days. The control group consisted of 40 mice which were inoculated, but not treated. Infection was documented by macroscopic and microscopic examination of affected tissue in addition to culture of tissue macerates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) for the F. pedrosoi strain used were done. The in vitro results showed that SPZ was the most active with MIC 0.01 mg/ml and MFC 0.1 mg/ml, followed by ITZ. SPZ was also the most effective in vivo since 63% of the treated animals (p=0.01) showed a curative effect after the observation period. We concluded that SPZ had the best in vitro and in vivo activity against F. pedrosoi.

Nocardiose oculaire endogène

IntroductionNous avons diagnostiqué et traité un patient atteint de nocardiose oculaire endogène. Grâce à la chirurgie vitréo-rétinienne, le diagnostique définitif a pu être établi avec un résultat oculaire fonctionnel excellent. La nocardiose oculaire endogène étant une maladie rare, l'image clinique oculaire et la prise en charge n'ont pas encore été décrites systématiquement. Nous avons analysé tous les cas rapportés dans la littérature mondiale (38 cas, publiés jusqu'en 2007) pour trouver des indices sur la physiopathologie, la présentation oculaire, sur la meilleure façon d'établir le diagnostique et sur l'efficacité du traitement antibiotique systémique. Enfin, nous avons établit des directives pour la prise en charge oculaire.La nocardiose (défini comme maladie systémique ou locale) est une maladie touchant surtout des patients immunosupprimés ou immunocompromis comme les patients transplantés, avec maladie auto-immune, atteints du virus HIV sans HAART ou des patients ayant subit un trauma, une opération avec inoculation du germe. Aux Etats-Unis environs 500-1000 nouveaux cas sont diagnostiqués par année avec 20% de dissémination dans des autres organes, le plus fréquemment dans le cerveau. Environs 0.6-1% des patients (3-5 cas/année/US) auront un foyer dans l'oeil, c'est-à-dire la nocardiose oculaire endogène. Nocarida est un Actinomycète, classé comme bactérie, avec une morphologie et un comportement proche aux champignons, avec un cycle de reproduction lente, se trouvant dans la poussière (ubiquitaire) et la matière végétale se décomposant. Elle est sensible aux sulfamides avec émergence de résistances. La mortalité est environs de 25%.RésultatsLa moitié des patients présentait comme premier signe de la maladie systémique des problèmes oculaires, le plus souvent une baisse d'acuité visuelle progressive indolore. Un abcès choroïdien unilatéral unique dans la région maculaire associé ou non à un décollement rétinien séreux et/ou à une vitrite variable était la présentation dans 70% des cas. Nocardia dissémine au niveau des choriocapillaires, rarement, dans l'iris résultant dans un hypopyon isolé. Il y a deux modes de propagation locale: vers l'intérieur, par une nécrose de l'épithélium pigmentaire avec l'envahissement de la rétine et du corps vitré; vers l'extérieure, produisant une sclérite résultant dans une perforation du globe. Avant la séquestration au niveau du corps vitré, la réponse au traitement par antibiose voie générale est favorable: 75% des cas analysés. La rupture de la barrière hémato-oculaire externe (épithélium pigmentaire) peut être mis en évidence par la fluorescence angiographique : les images tardives montrent la diffusion de la fluorescéine dans le corps vitré. Si le corps vitré est atteint, au minimum des injections antibiotiques intravitréen (amikacin), mieux une vitréctomie sont indiqué pour diminuer la charge bactérienne et faciliter la pénétration des antibiotiques donnés par voie systémique. Signes d'une extériorisation d'un abcès choroïdien sont des douleurs intenses, l'exophthalmie et l'hypopyon associé.Soixante-deux pourcents des patients ont souffert d'une dissémination continue par retardement du diagnostique/traitement. La moitié des patients ont eu des abcès cérébraux avant, simultanément ou après présentation. Un quart des patients sont décédés suite de la nocardiose, 32% incluant la maladie de base (tumeur maligne hématologique) ou des autres infections opportunistiques (aspergillose). La morbidité oculaire est importante: un tiers des patients survivants ont retenu une acuité visuelle 0.5 ou mieux, un tiers une acuité visuelle égale ou inférieure à 0.1 et un tiers ont perdu l'oeil par énucléation/éviscération(l). La suspicion clinique et la biopsie de la lésion pour un examen microbiologique direct et des cultures sont cruciales pour la prise en charge. Les risques facteurs sont sexe masculin (4 :1), stéroïdes, immunosuppression pour transplantation ou maladie auto-immune et des tumeurs hématologiques malignes, plus rarement des accidents/ traumas graves. La ponction directe de la lésion assure les meilleures chances pour collectionner un spécimen contenant des bactéries: dans des petits abcès sous-rétiniens maculaires par ponction transvitréenne sous-rétinienne par aiguille fine décrit par le Prof. Augsburger (Référence 7) ou dans des lésions avancées par biopsie sous-rétinienne/rétinienne pendant une vitréctomie selon l'extension et la localisation de l'abcès. Le spécimen doit être préparé pour un examen direct (4 lames) et des cultures utilisant des plaques ordinaires sauf exceptions. La suspicion doit être communiquée au laboratoire et les cultures incubées de façon prolongée (4-6 semaines). Un bilan d'extension avec au minimum un CT scan thoracique et une IRM cérébrale sont indiqués.Le traitement de choix est un antibiotique du groupe des sulfamides à haute dose comme par exemple le co- trimoxazole à double dose. Le choix, le nombre et le dosage du/des médicaments doivent être adapté selon résistance, extension de la maladie, médicaments autres et état de santé général du patient (foie, reins). Les figures 6a et 6b illustrent la prise en charge de patients selon diagnostique établit (Fig. 6b) ou non (Fig 6a).

Does the eosinophil have a protective role in amebiasis?

While normal human eosinophils are destroyed in vitro by virulent Entamoeba histolytica, notwhistanding the presence of antibodies and complement, activated eosinophils promptly destroy the parasite although dying also at the end of the process. To study the possible in vivo participation of eosinophils in invasive amebiasis, we compared the induction of experimental amebic abscess of the liver (AAL) in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) previously made eosinophilic through Toxocara canis antigen injection and in normal control gerbils. After intraportal inoculation of 10(5) ameba trophozoites (6 and 24 hr), the ratio of gerbils with AAL, as well as the number and size of the microabscesses was comparable in eosinophilic and control gerbils. However, at 96 hr the number and size of the microabscesses were significanly smaller (p<0.05) in eosinophilic gerbils. On the other hand the actuarial AAL survival curve up to 45 days post-amebic inoculation was signficantly (p<0.05) shifted to the right in controls. These results suggest that antigen-induced eosinophilia may exert a protective effect against AAL in gerbils.