The analysis of the framing processes of the Basque peace movement: The way Lokarri and Gesto por la Paz changed society

During more than 20 years organisations like Gesto por la Paz and Lokarri had been trying to change the social approach to violence, instilling values of peace and dialogue. This working paper defends the idea that the work of these two organisations is key to understand the end of ETA violence and the lack of support that political violence has in the Basque Country. It develops the Basque peace frame generated by this movement and explains how this frame is present in the different levels of Basque society, changing the way political collective identities are negotiated in the Basque Country. Ultimately, their effort is to propose another way of doing politics, one where nationalism and violence are not intrinsically united, escaping from the polarization and confrontation that were in place during the 80s-90s.

Citrix-terminaalipalvelujen perusteet ja hyödyt yritykselle - esimerkkinä Aurinkomatkat Oy

Tämän insinöörityön lähtökohtana on lähestyä Citrix-tekniikkaa ja sen tuomia hyötyjä ja mahdollisuuksia Oy Aurinkomatkat - Suntours Ltd Ab:n kannalta. Työssä tarkastellaan Citrix-tekniikkaa, joka luo pohjan Citrix-tuotteiden toiminnalle. Keskeisenä aiheena toimii ICA-protokolla, jonka ympärille nivoutuu järjestelmän tehokkuus. Työssä tuodaan esille tyypillisiä Citrix-arkkitehtuurisia ratkaisuja eri etäyhteydenluonti tavoilla. Perustekniikan lisäksi työssä käydään läpi Citrix-tuotteita, joiden kautta selviävät tämän päivän Citrixin tarjoamat palvelut. Jotta ero Windowsin tarjoamien etäyhteysratkaisujen välillä selvenee, on järkevää vertailla Windows-terminaalipalveluita Citrix-terminaalipalveluihin. Lähtökohtaisesti vertailen RDP-protokollaa ICA-protokollaan, jossa selviää ICA:n kyvykkyys monipuolisempiin palveluihin. Aurinkomatkojen suunta on kohti mobiilimpaa ympäristöä, koska matkatoimistojen henkilöstö on jatkuvasti liikkeessä. Tarkastelen ICA-käyttöliittymän käyttöönottoa älypuhelimessa ja tarkastelen muutamia laitevaihtoehtoja. Työn lopussa tutkitaan, kuinka langaton verkko kannattaisi toteuttaa Aurinkomatkojen uudessa ympäristössä tulevaisuutta ajatellen. Citrix-teknologia tuo uusia mahdollisuuksia Aurinkomatkoja ajatellen. ICA-käyttöliittymä tukee lähes kaikkia tämän päivän järjestelmiä. Se istuu hyvin Nokian uusiin älypuhelimiin, toimii hyvin selainpohjaisena ja asentuu kätevästi työkoneisiin sekä kannettaviin. Tarvittaessa yhteyden Citrix-palveluhin saa myös VPN-yhteydellä, josta muutkin sisäverkon palvelut ovat käytettävissä. Citrixin vastaus kustannustehokkuuteen, sen tuomiin mahdollisuuksiin ja käytettävyyteen ilmenee Aurinkomatkoille vasta vuoden tai kahden kuluttua. Tällä hetkellä tärkeimmät sovellukset, kuten käytössä oleva varausjärjestelmä, ovat tuottaneet ongelmia etäohjelmajakeluna. Kun vanha ympäristö saadaan toimimaan Citrixin kautta uudessa ympäristössä, kapenee Aurinkomatkojen hybridi-ympäristö keskitetympään järjestelmään. Tämä tuo aivan uusia mahdollisuuksia Aurinkomatkojen IT-infrastruktuurille. Työ toteutui suurimmaksi osaksi kirjallisuustutkimuksena.

GateKeeper - Käyttäjienhallintaohjelma

Tämän insinöörityön tavoitteena oli suunnitella ja toteuttaa selainpohjainen käyttäjienhallintaohjelma GateKeeper Karttakeppi.com-työryhmälle. GateKeeper-ohjelma kuuluu osana laajempaan ohjelmistoprojektiin, jonka tarkoituksena on tuottaa opetusmateriaalia etäopiskelijoille Internetissä. Etäopetusmateriaalin tuottamisessa käytetään useita ohjelmia, joille on määriteltävä eritasoisia käyttäjätunnuksia ja käyttöoikeuksia. Ohjelmien käyttäjienhallintamekanismit ovat erilaisia, mikä osaltaan lisää järjestelmän ylläpitäjien työtä ja vastuuta. GateKeeper-ohjelman tavoitteena on nopeuttaa, helpottaa ja yksinkertaistaa käyttäjienhallintaan liittyviä toimintoja tietoturvallisesti. GateKeeper-ohjelma on suunniteltu siten, että uusien käyttäjien ja ohjelmien lisäämiselle ei ole asetettu rajoja. Jokaisen lisättävän ohjelman yhteydessä on kuitenkin selvitettävä kyseisen ohjelman käyttäjienhallintamekanismi. Tässä insinöörityössä tutkittiin, miten versionhallintaohjelma Subversionin, julkaisujärjestelmä Mambon, sekä oppimisalusta Moodlen käyttäjiä voidaan keskitetysti hallinnoida GateKeeper-ohjelman avulla. GateKeeper-ohjelma noudattaa arkkitehtuuriltaan kolmikerrosmallia, jossa käyttöliittymä, sovelluslogiikka ja tietovarasto on erotettu toisistaan. Ohjelma koostuu joukosta PHP-kielellä toteutettuja dynaamisia web-sivuja. Tietovarastona käytetään tietokantapalvelimella sijaitsevaa MySQL-tietokantaa.

Identidad territorial y promoción turística: la organización de eventos como estrategia de creación, consolidación y difusión de la imagen de marca del territorio

La organización de un evento resulta paradigmática en el proceso de construcción de imágenes territoriales vividas in situ. La fabricación de imágenes territoriales - turísticas o no- con motivo de la organización de un evento para su posterior consolidación en el imaginario colectivo de los asistentes, plantea una curiosa alternativa de promoción turística implícita en la propia estrategia de gestión del evento. En efecto, no cabe duda de que el evento, por sí mismo, representa una importante estrategia de promoción del territorio, pero hay más; también puede devenir a modo de catalizador de imágenes, de creador de imaginarios capaces de fijar una marca de ciudad en su conjunto. El presente artículo dará a conocer las posibilidades que se desprenden de la organización de un evento en relación al posicionamiento identitario y promocional de un territorio.

Effects of the transition time between muscle-tendon stretch and shortening on mechanical efficiency.

The net mechanical efficiency of positive work (eta(pos)) has been shown to increase if it is immediately preceded by negative work. This phenomenon is explained by the storage of elastic energy during the negative phase and its release during the subsequent positive phase. If a transition time (T) takes place, the elastic energy is dissipated into heat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between eta(pos) and T, and to determine the minimal T required so that eta(pos) reached its minimal value. Seven healthy male subjects were tested during four series of lowering-raising of the body mass. In the first series (S (0)), the negative and positive phases were executed without any transition time. In the three other series, T was varied by a timer (0.12, 0.24 and 0.56 s for series S (1), S (2) and S (3), respectively). These exercises were performed on a force platform sensitive to vertical forces to measure the mechanical work and a gas analyser was used to determine the energy expenditure. The results indicated that eta(pos) was the highest (31.1%) for the series without any transition time (S (0)). The efficiencies observed with transition times (S (1), S (2) and S (3)) were 27.7, 26.0 and 23.8%, respectively, demonstrating that T plays an important role for mechanical efficiency. The investigation of the relationship between eta(pos) and T revealed that the minimal T required so that eta(pos) reached its minimal value is 0.59 s.

Informe sobre les VII Jornadas Españolas de Documentación, FESABID 2000 (Bilbao, 19-21 d'octubre de 2000)

Aquestes jornades espanyoles de documentació tenen lloc cada dos anys en una localitat diferent d'Espanya, i són organitzades conjuntament per FESABID (Federación Española de Sociedades de Archivística, Biblioteconomía, Documentación y Museística) i l'associació professional de la comunitat autònoma on se celebren. En aquesta ocasió, Bilbao fou la ciutat amfitriona, i ALDEE (Artxibozain, Liburuzain eta Dokumentazainen Euskal Elkartea), una de les associacions professionals que existeixen al País Basc, participà en l'organització

Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0.05 to 0.4 Hz.

We investigated the rheological properties of living human airway smooth muscle cells in culture and monitored the changes in rheological properties induced by exogenous stimuli. We oscillated small magnetic microbeads bound specifically to integrin receptors and computed the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") from the applied torque and the resulting rotational motion of the beads as determined from their remanent magnetic field. Under baseline conditions, G' increased weakly with frequency, whereas G" was independent of the frequency. The cell was predominantly elastic, with the ratio of G" to G' (defined as eta) being ~0.35 at all frequencies. G' and G" increased together after contractile activation and decreased together after deactivation, whereas eta remained unaltered in each case. Thus elastic and dissipative stresses were coupled during changes in contractile activation. G' and G" decreased with disruption of the actin fibers by cytochalasin D, but eta increased. These results imply that the mechanisms for frictional energy loss and elastic energy storage in the living cell are coupled and reside within the cytoskeleton.

Renal endothelin receptor type B upregulation in rats with low or high renin hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in hypertension, we investigated density and distribution of ETA and ETB receptors in hearts and kidneys of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt and 1 kidney -- 1 clip (1K1C) hypertensive rats. METHODS: Five groups of uninephrectomized Wistar rats were put on a low salt diet. Three groups of rats drank tap water and two groups received saline. One group of each regimen received DOCA subcutaneously and two corresponding groups without DOCA served as controls. The fifth group of rats had the renal artery clipped to induce 1K1C hypertension. At 6 weeks, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and membrane binding assays using 125I-ET-1 were carried out. RESULTS: MAP was increased from control 122 +/- 3 to 155 +/- 6 and 218 +/- 11 mmHg in DOCA-salt and 1K1C rats, respectively, and cardiac weight index was increased. ETA receptors were predominantly expressed in the heart, whereas ETB receptors were predominant in the kidney. In the kidneys, the density of the ETB receptor subtype was upregulated in DOCA-salt and 1K1C rats from 160 +/- 8 to 217 +/- 12 and 190 +/- 2 fmol/mg (P < 0.05), respectively, and ETA tended to be downregulated (P = 0.057). Plasma renin activity was decreased in DOCA-salt rats from 17 +/- 3 to 0.17 +/- 0.01 ng/ml per h and increased in 1K1C rats on low salt diet to 30 +/- 5 ng/ml per h. CONCLUSIONS: Since ETB is the predominant endothelin receptor in the kidneys, upregulation of the ETB receptor mediating vasodilation and downregulation of the ETA receptor mediating vasoconstriction would be compatible with a mainly renal counter-regulatory effect of endothelin-1 to hypertension. Both low and high renin models of hypertension may be affected.

Materiales para una flora de las algas del NE de España. I. Zygnemales

Posteriormente a la publicación de mi primera contribución a la flora algológica de nuestras aguas dulces (1944), he dado preferencia a la preparación de trabajos de carácter local y ecológico, por entender que éstos podían conducir más rápidamente al planteamiento, y quizá a la resolución, de problemas de interés superior al puramente taxonómico. Pero el estudio de muchos centenares de muestras de algas, procedentes de localidades dispersas de Cataluña y de comarcas limítrofes, ha ido prosiguiendo independientemente, permitiendo reunir una cantidad considerable de datos inéditos. Eáta nota es la primera de una serie de contribuciones taxonómicas a nuestra flora algológica, que tendrán como base el material no utilizado en otros trabajos de limnología regional o local.

Secuencias de propagación del sistema de cabalgamientos de la terminación oriental del manto del Pedraforta y relación con los conglomerados sinorogénicos

Los conglomerados sinorogénicos asociados al manto inferior del Pedraforca se depositaron durante la eta-pa de progresiva emersión del manto (emplazamiento) y determinan una edad Luteciense inferior alto-Luteciense medio (51 M.a.) para sus ultimos movimientos (fosilización). La composición litológica de 1os conglomerados de 1os abanicos superiores y sus relaciones espaciales con el sinclinal de Ripoll (manto del Cadí) demuestran que el emplazamiento del manto inferior del Pedraforca se produjo en parte sincrónicamente con el desplazamiento del manto del Cadi y el apilamiento antiformal del Freser.

A subcritical instability of wave-driven alongshore currents

The development of shear instabilities of a wave-driven alongshore current is investigated. In particular, we use weakly nonlinear theory to investigate the possibility that such instabilities, which have been observed at various sites on the U.S. coast and in the laboratory, can grow in linearly stable flows as a subcritical bifurcation by resonant triad interaction, as first suggested by Shrira eta/. [1997]. We examine a realistic longshore current profile and include the effects of eddy viscosity and bottom friction. We show that according to the weakly nonlinear theory, resonance is possible and that these linearly stable flows may exhibit explosive instabilities. We show that this phenomenon may occur also when there is only approximate resonance, which is more likely in nature. Furthermore, the size of the perturbation that is required to trigger the instability is shown in some circumstances to be consistent with the size of naturally occurring perturbations. Finally, we consider the differences between the present case examined and the more idealized case of Shrira et a/. [ 1997]. It is shown that there is a possibility of coupling between triads, due to the richer modal structure in more realistic flows, which may act to stabilize the flow and act against the development of subcritical bifurcations. Extensive numerical tests are called for.

1980 Census of population & housing: Iowa by place. Report 1A, Population characteristics, 1982

As with the 1970 Census, the U.S. Department of labor's Employment and Training Administration (ETA) has compiled a series of special reports for the use of program managers and other social scientists concerned with human resources. These reports. which were designed cooperatively by federal, state and local government research staff, include much unpublished data from the 1980 Census Summary Tape Files. The reports in this series cover not only all of the major government and census designated geographic areas in the United States, but also the unique administrative areas that concern program managers.

Endothelin-1 does not mediate the endothelium-dependent hypoxic contractions of small pulmonary arteries in rats.

Various pulmonary artery preparations in vitro demonstrate sustained endothelium-dependent contractions upon hypoxia. To determine whether endothelin-1 could mediate this phenomenon, we examined the effect of bosentan, a new antagonist of both the ETA and ETB subtypes of the endothelin receptor. Small (300 pm) pulmonary arteries from rats were mounted on a myograph, precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha and exposed to hypoxia (PO2, 10 to 15 mm Hg, measured on-line) for 45 min. Endothelium-intact control rings exhibited a biphasic response, with a transient initial vasoconstriction (phase 1) followed by a second slowly developing sustained contraction (phase 2). Expressed in percent of the maximal response to 80 mmol/L KCl, the amplitudes of phase 1 (peak tension) and 2 (tension after 45 min of hypoxia) averaged 37 +/- 12% and 17 +/- 14%, respectively (n = 11). In endothelium-denuded rings, phase 1 persisted while the amplitude of phase 2 was reduced to 2 +/- 12% (p < 0.05, n = 8), showing the endothelium dependence of this contraction. Neither phase was significantly decreased in rings treated with 10(-5) mmol/L bosentan (38 +/- 15% and 17 +/- 12%, respectively, n = 6). The PO2 threshold for onset of hypoxic contraction was not significantly different among these three groups and averaged 32 +/- 24 mm Hg. In a separate experiment, we assessed the inhibitory effect of 10(-5) mol/L bosentan on the response to 10(-8) mol/L endothelin-I. Rings treated for 45 min with 10(-8) mol/L endothelin-1 alone exhibited a maximal contraction of 75 +/- 27% (n = 6). This was reduced to 4 +/- 17% (p < 0.01, n = 6) in rings treated with both 10(-8) mol/L endothelin-1 and 10(-5) mol/L bosentan. We conclude that complete blockade of all endothelin receptor subtypes has no effect on either endothelium-dependent or -independent hypoxic contractions in this preparation. This suggests that endothelial factors other than endothelin-I mediate the acute hypoxic contractions of small pulmonary arteries in the rat.

Análisis de convergencia de las regiones de la zona euro (1990-2010)

Since the birth of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), policies have been implemented in the Member States of the European Union (EU) to lead them towards economic convergence. This article analyses the convergence of the 174 regions that exist in the 17 euro-zone countries in the years from 1990 to 2010. The article specifies a space-time econometric model using the hypotheses of conditioned beta-convergence and sigmaconvergence. The dependent variables of the model are per capita GDP and productivity and the explanatory variables are real economic variables. Beta-convergence is found to exist between the countries of the euro-zone in terms of per capita GDP, but there is divergence in terms of productivity, though only at country level. In other words, the hypothesis is confirmed that it is guidelines at country level that lead to hypothetical convergence and that the unfavourable performance of productivity is due, without doubt, to differences in behaviour between the active populations of the different euro zone countries

Estimativa da produtividade de café com base em um modelo agrometeorológico-espectral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um modelo agrometeorológico-espectral, para estimar a produtividade de cafezais. Utilizaram-se imagens do sensor MODIS e dados agrometeorológicos do modelo regional de previsão do tempo (ETA), para fornecer as variáveis de entrada para o modelo agrometeorológico-espectral da mesorregião geográfica sul/sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais nos anos-agrícolas de 2003/2004 a 2007/2008. A variável espectral de entrada do modelo agrometeorológico-espectral, índice de área foliar (IAF), usada no cálculo da produtividade máxima, foi estimada com o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), obtido de imagens MODIS. Outras variáveis de entrada no modelo foram: dados meteorológicos gerados pelo modelo ETA e a capacidade de água disponível no solo. Ao comparar a produtividade média estimada pelo modelo com a fornecida oficialmente pelo IBGE, as diferenças relativas obtidas em escala regional foram de: 0,4, 3,0, 5,3, 1,5 e 8,5% para os anos agrícolas 2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007 e 2007/2008, respectivamente. O modelo agrometeorólogico-espectral, que tem como base o modelo de Doorenbos & Kassan, foi tão eficaz para estimar a produtividade dos cafezais quanto o modelo oficial do IBGE. Além disso, foi possível espacializar a quebra de produtividade e prever 80% da produtividade final na primeira quinzena de fevereiro, antes do início da colheita