951 resultados para instrumentos de medida de julgamento moral
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This article examines the nature of good and evil through the prism of Star Wars, arguing that the ostensible dichotomy between the ‘good’ Jedi and the ‘evil’ Sith is false, and instead both the Jedi and the Sith engage in violence, which is evil. Anakin Skywalker then arrives as the Christ-figure who becomes evil and ‘dies’ to destroy the old rigid law of the letter adhered to by the Jedi, before resurrecting and sacrificing himself to defeat the Sith transgressors. As Milbank argues, the act of selfless love by Anakin as the Christ-figure therefore produces the good, the end of violent conflict which is ontological peace, and institutes the law of love which leads to life and peace.
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The goals of this study were to analyze the forms of emotional tendencies that are likely to motivate moral behaviors, and to find correlates for these tendencies. In study 1, students narratives of their own guilt or shame experiences were analyzed. The results showed that pure shame was more likely to motivate avoidance than reparation, whereas guilt and combination of guilt and shame were likely to motivate reparation. However, all types of emotion could lead to chronic rumination if the person was not clearly responsible for the situation. In study 2, the relations of empathy with two measures of guilt were examined in a sample of 13- to 16-year-olds (N=113). Empathy was measured using Davis s IRI and guilt by Tangney s TOSCA and Hoffman s semi-projective story completion method that includes two different scenarios, guilt over cheating and guilt over inaction. Empathy correlated more strongly with both measures of guilt than the two measures correlated with each other. Hoffman s guilt over inaction was more strongly associated with empathy measures in girls than in boys, whereas for guilt over cheating the pattern was the opposite. Girls and boys who describe themselves as empathetic may emphasize different aspect of morality and feel guilty in different contexts. In study 3, cultural and gender differences in guilt and shame (TOSCA) and value priorities (the Schwartz Value Survey) were studied in samples of Finnish (N=156) and Peruvian (N=159) adolescents. Gender differences were found to be larger and more stereotypical among the Finns than among the Peruvians. Finnish girls were more prone to guilt and shame than boys were, whereas among the Peruvians there was no gender difference in guilt, and boys were more shame-prone than girls. The results support the view that psychological gender differences are largest individualistic societies. In study 4, the relations of value priorities to guilt, shame and empathy were examined in two samples, one of 15 19-year-old high school students (N = 207), and the other of military conscripts (N = 503). Guilt was, in both samples, positively related to valuing universalism, benevolence, tradition, and conformity, and negatively related to valuing power, hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction. The results for empathy were similar, but the relation to the openness conservation value dimension was weaker. Shame and personal distress were weakly related to values. In sum, shame without guilt and the TOSCA shame scale are tendencies that are unlikely to motivate moral behavior in Finnish cultural context. Guilt is likely to be connected to positive social behaviors, but excessive guilt can cause psychological problems. Moral emotional tendencies are related to culture, cultural conceptions of gender and to individual value priorities.
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The aim of this study was to investigate educators relational moral voices in urban schools and to listen to what they told about moral professionalism and moral practices in challenging urban schools. Their relational moral voices were investigated through the following three questions: 1. What are the educators moral voices in relation to themselves and other people? 2. What are the educators moral voices in relation to their work and society? 3. What kind of interaction process lies between the educators moral voices and the urban school context? The research data of this study were gathered in four urban schools in Jyväskylä and Helsinki. The research schools were chosen for this study according to the criteria of the international Socrates Comenius project called Leading Schools Successfully in Challenging Urban Context: Strategies for Improvement. This study formed part of this project, which investigated successful urban schools as challenging learning environments in nine European countries and explored the principals success in leadership in particular. The data, which included 37 narratively constructed interviews with four principals and key informants selected by the principals, were gathered in interviews conducted in 2006. In other words, the data comprised three interviews with each of four principals, and interviews with two teachers, two parents, and two pupils from each school. In addition, the school deacon from one school was also interviewed. Furthermore, part of the data from one of the research schools included a medium report of the school deacon s work. This study combined the case study method, the narrative approach and the critical incident technique as the methodological framework. In addition, all of these methods served as practical tools for both analyzing and reporting the data. The educators' narrations and the results of the study appear in the original articles (Hanhimäki & Tirri 2008; Hanhimäki 2008b; Hanhimäki & Tirri 2009; Hanhimäki 2008a). The educators moral voices in relation to themselves and other people emerged through the main themes of moral leadership, the development and evaluation process, moral sensitivity, gender, values, and student well-being. The educators moral voices in relation to their work and society emerged through the main themes of multiprofessional cooperation, families and parental involvement, and moral school culture. The idea of moral interaction connected moral professionalism and the methodological combination of this study, which together emphasized social interaction and the creation of understanding and meaning in this interaction. The main point of this study was to state that the educators moral voices emerged in the interaction between the educators themselves and the urban school context. In this interaction, the educators moral professionalism was constructed and shaped in relation to themselves, other people, their work and society. The loudest relational moral voices heard through the main themes were those of caring, cooperation, respect, commitment, and professionalism. When the results were compared to the codes of ethics which guided these educators moral professional work, the ethical principles and values of the codes were clearly visible in their moral practices. The loudest message from the educators narration could be summarized in the words caring, respect and cooperation: at its best, there is just a human being and a human being with caring, respect and cooperation between them. The results of this study emphasize the need for practical approaches such as case studies and the narrative approach in teacher education to encourage educators to become moral professionals capable of meeting the needs of people of varied backgrounds. In addition, opportunities for moral, religious and spiritual education should be noticed and utilized in the plural interaction of urban schools when nurturing pupils and creating a moral school culture. Furthermore, multiprofessional cooperation and parents as the school s primary cooperation partner are needed to carry out the shared duty of moral education in urban schools. Keywords: moral professionalism, educator, relational moral voice, interaction, urban school
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This study examines values education in Japanese schools at the beginning of the millennium. The topic was approached by asking the following three questions concerning the curricular background, the morality conveyed through textbooks and the characterization of moral education from a comparative viewpoint: 1) What role did moral education play in the curriculum revision which was initiated in 1998 and implemented in 2002? 2) What kinds of moral responsibilities and moral autonomy do the moral texts develop? 3) What does Japanese moral education look like in terms of the comparative framework? The research was based on curriculum research. Its primary empirical data consisted of the national curriculum guidelines for primary school, which were taken into use in 2002, and moral texts, Kokoro no nôto, published by the Ministry of Education in the same context. Since moral education was approached in the education reform context, the secondary research material involved some key documents of the revision process from the mid-1990s to 2003. The research material was collected during three fieldwork periods in Japan (in 2002, 2003 and 2005). The text-analysis was conducted as a theory-dependent qualitative content analysis. Japanese moral education was analyzed as a product of its own cultural tradition and societal answer to the current educational challenges. In order to understand better its character, secular moral education was reflected upon from a comparative viewpoint. The theory chosen for the comparative framework, the value realistic theory of education, represented the European rational education tradition as well as the Christian tradition of values education. Moral education, which was the most important school subject at the beginning of modern school, was eliminated from the curriculum for political reasons in a school reform after the Second World War, but has gradually regained a stronger position since then. It was reinforced particularly at the turn of millennium, when a curriculum revision attempted to respond to educational and learning problems by emphasizing qualitative and value aspects. Although the number of moral lessons and their status as a non-official-subject remained unchanged, the Ministry of Education made efforts to improve moral education by new curricular emphases, new teaching material and additional in-service training possibilities for teachers. The content of the moral texts was summarized in terms of moral responsibility in four moral areas (intrapersonal, interpersonal, natural-supranatural and societal) as follows: 1) continuous self-development, 2) caring for others, 3) awe of life and forces beyond human power, and 4) societal contribution. There was a social-societal and emotional emphasis in what was taught. Moral autonomy, which was studied from the perspectives of rational, affective and individuality development, stressed independence in action through self-discipline and responsibility more than rational self-direction. Japanese moral education can be characterized as the education of kokoro (heart) and the development of character, which arises from virtue ethics. It aims to overcome egoistic individualism by reciprocal and interdependent moral responsibility based on responsible interconnectedness.
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Resumen: Las indicaciones pastorales del Papa Francisco en Evangelii gaudium ofrecen la oportunidad para redescubrir el valor de la categoría ley bajo la guía de la tradición tomista recogida en el documento pontificio. La propuesta moral del Evangelio o ley nueva, siguiendo la sinonimia utilizada por santo Tomás de Aquino, no puede ser reducida a un precepto o una serie de normas; muy por el contrario, revisitando la doctrina del Doctor Común podemos descubrir la necesidad de una hermenéutica sapiencial y profundamente bíblica de uno de los pilares de la moral cristiana. En el camino de la conversión pastoral, el retorno a las fuentes tomistas vuelve a iluminar la reflexión teológica con fecundidad renovada.
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Contenido: En defensa de la moralidad del Derecho / Daniel A. Herrera -- Los animales ¿tienen derechos? / Luis María Bandieri -- La estructura del orden moral : una introducción a la ética de cuño aristotélico-tomista / Félix A. Lamas -- Derecho, religión y tolerancia : reflexiones sobre un debate siempre actual / Maricruz Díaz de Terán Velasco -- Los buques públicos y el Derecho Internacional contemporáneo : el caso de la "Fragata ARA Libertad" / Leopoldo M. A. Godio -- El estado de derecho contra el estado de codicia : Edmund Burke contra la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales / Jakob Fortunat Stagl -- Los principios jurídicos : revisión histórica y concepción actual desde la perspectiva neoconstitucionalista / Florencia Ratti Mendaña -- Intervención de terceros en el amparo : comunidad de controversias y afectación de derechos / Guillermina Moreno -- Alcance y límites de la interpretación analógica / Juan Carlos Riofrío Martínez Villalba -- La fundamentación eugenésica del Artículo 86, inc. 2, del Código Penal y el fallo "F., A. L. s/medida autosatisfactiva" : convalidación de una teoría aberrante / Patricio J. López Díaz Valentín -- El bien común como fundamento de la responsabilidad del Estado / Florencia Quiroga ; María Ibarzábal ; Belén Abbondanza -- Notas y comentarios -- Documentos -- Recensiones
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La Constitución Nacional reconoce un orden de conducta instituido por Dios y otro instituido por el Estado… el débito legal debe resultar conforme al débito moral. Si así no fuera, cualquier imposición del legislador no sería derecho sino un acto de violencia desnaturalizando el poder que el Estado tiene de reforzar con débito eventualmente coercible obligaciones emergentes de la virtud de la justicia. En este trabajo nos ocuparemos de la relación entre ley moral natural y la ley positiva humana a partir de las consideraciones que Arturo Enrique Sampay2 formula en su obra, La filosofía jurídica del Artículo 19 de la Constitución Nacional3. Sampay desarrolla el tópico principalmente con la inspiración de la doctrina de Tomás de Aquino.
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Se evalúan validez, confiabilidad y nivel de dificultad de instrumentos de evaluación de la conciencia fonológica, a fin de analizar su potencialidad como herramientas de detección oportuna, de pre-lectores en riesgo en una muestra de niños que crecen en un ambiente de vulnerabilidad social. Los instrumentos se seleccionaron en función de los dos niveles de CF: unidad lingüística y nivel de dificultad. Se ponderó la validez del instrumento mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido de investigaciones previas. Obtuvo buena confiabilidad (alpha de Cronbach: 0.84) y potencialidad discriminativa. Se hallan niveles diferenciales de dificultad en la resolución de las distintas tareas en pre-lectores en riesgo en comparación con buenos lectores de la misma edad. El análisis de regresión simple destaca el valor predictivo de las tareas de evaluación seleccionadas en este estudio sobre el posterior nivel alcanzado por los niños en habilidades básicas de la lectura.
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Resumen: La dimensión literaria del acto comunicacional científico-jurídico es un elemento implícito en la interacción de la retórica y dialéctica jurídicas. La matriz artística surge ya del parangón ofrecido por Aristóteles en la Retórica: la evocación de la antistrofa (figura que nos reenvía a pulso cierto al arte poético) lo dice todo, apenas sugiriendo. La comunicación que defenderemos consiste en afirmar que la belleza del acto comunicacional científico jurídico y la perfección de su arte son imputables a su autor y supone una responsabilidad de tipo moral que trasunta en el arte comunicativo el vaso de lo comunicado. Existe una lealtad del recipiente al contenido implícita en la metáfora aristotélica, que requiere una fidelidad del científico para dar cuenta del tesoro que lleva en sus vasijas endebles.
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Resumen: Los hallazgos de instrumentos musicales en entierros y cuevas de Santanderhan permitido reconstruir algunas de las características del arte musical Guane. El grupo de artefactos estudiado esta compuesto porocho quenas de caña, una quena de hueso, una ocarina de cerámica, una ocarina de caña, una zampoña de hueso y unas maracas; estos instrumentos son la única evidenciaen existencia de la práctica musical Guane más allá de los escritos realizados por los cronistas españoles, por lo que han sido estudiados y consignados aún cuando algunos presentan un avanzado estado de deterioro. El estudio acústico y la observación realizada con la aprobación de las instituciones en las cuales reposan estos artefactos han permitido obtenerinformación acerca de la organología, las técnicas de construcción y organización modal de los instrumentos, con lo cual se diluyen las nociones de una cultura musical caótica para dar paso al encuentro de los sistemas sonoros específicos utilizados por esta comunidad prehispánica.
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Resumen: Luego de la crisis financiera global de 2008, el blindaje conceptual del paradigma neoclásico, edificado sobre un atractivo formalismo matemático, ha dejado entrever sus falencias. En ese contexto, este artículo plantea la necesidad de revisar sus fundamentos, en especial la concepción antropológica y la metodología que subyace detrás del modelo. El autor analiza al mainstream como un modelo reduccionista de la naturaleza humana, y postula la necesidad de modificar el rumbo de la ciencia económica hacia una dirección personalista, enfocada en el bienestar social de las personas, que considere la importancia de la moral en la toma de decisiones. Asimismo, el economista debería desarrollar su trabajo desde una perspectiva reflexiva y de diálogo con el resto de las ciencias sociales.
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Resumen: Más allá de las múltiples clasificaciones de las corrientes éticas contemporáneas, siempre esquemáticas y arbitrarias, la distinción básica entre todas ellas, y que subsiste como fundamento de toda ética, es el reconocimiento o el rechazo de valores y bienes absolutos, identificados con verdades absolutas, asentadas ontológicamente en la realidad del ser. El objetivo de este trabajo es pasar una rápida revista a las principales corrientes éticas contemporáneas, enfatizando el denominador común entre la mayoría de ellas, que es el consenso, analizando por último, sus fuentes en la temprana modernidad.
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Resumen: El Informe de Economía e Instituciones cuenta con tres columnas que abordan cuestiones teóricas y de política económica relacionadas con la temática de la economía y las instituciones. En la primera columna, La Corte Suprema y el proceso de construcción institucional, el autor analiza el rol que ha cumplido la Corte Suprema de Justicia desde la crisis de los años 2001/2002 hasta el presente. En primer término identifica el lugar que la Corte Suprema ha recuperado en el sistema de gobierno así como en su función frente a la ciudadanía. En segundo término distingue entre las funciones que detenta como máxima autoridad del Poder Judicial e intérprete de la Constitución Nacional, para constatar que ha habido una mayor actividad alrededor de los temas relacionados con la primera función que sobre la segunda. En la segunda columna, Inflación e instituciones, los autores constatan de un estudio comparado que, en los países bajo estudio, todos los bancos centrales tienen como objetivo el la estabilidad de precios. Asimismo citan la Carta Orgánica del BCRA en la que se identifica ese mismo objetivo como una tarea prioritaria. Sin embargo, luego de recorrer los informes de inflación que genera nuestro Banco Central, ponen de relieve que la opinión del organismo parte de una postura según la cual las causas de la inflación actual en el país no son primariamente de naturaleza monetaria y por tanto, en buena medida, escapan a los instrumentos de la institución que son de esa índole. A este respecto la conclusión recae sobre el contraste de esta situación. En la tercera columna, Lecciones de los países de alto y sostenido crecimiento económico: un estado efectivo y competente es imprescindible, el autor se basa en un estudio de los países que más han crecido en forma sustentable en las últimas décadas. De este estudio se enfatiza la necesidad de aplicar pragmáticamente políticas provenientes de un estado eficiente y de calidad. Entre las políticas mencionadas como importantes se destacan: la integración a la economía global, la estabilidad macroeconómica, altas tasas de inversión y ahorro, y utilización de los mecanismos de mercado. Para lograr un estado de estas características, según las enseñanzas de este estudio, se requiere la existencia de un liderazgo adecuado con apoyo de la población.