948 resultados para information sciences


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Current research in the domain of geographic information science considers possibilities of including another dimension, time, which is generally missing to this point. Users interested in changes have few functions available to compare datasets of spatial configurations at different points in time. Such a comparison of spatial configurations requires large amounts of manual labor. An automatic derivation of changes would decrease amounts of manual labor. The thesis introduces a set of methods that allows for an automatic derivation of changes. These methods analyze identity and topological states of objects in snapshots and derive types of change for the specific configuration of data. The set of change types that can be computed by the methods presented includes continuous changes such as growing, shrinking, and moving of objects. For these continuous changes identity remains unchanged, while topological relations might be altered over time. Also discrete changes such as merging and splitting where both identity and topology are affected can be derived. Evaluation of the methods using a prototype application with simple examples suggests that the methods compute uniquely and correctly the type of change that applied in spatial scenarios captured in two snapshots.

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A wide variety of spatial data collection efforts are ongoing throughout local, state and federal agencies, private firms and non-profit organizations. Each effort is established for a different purpose but organizations and individuals often collect and maintain the same or similar information. The United States federal government has undertaken many initiatives such as the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, the National Map and Geospatial One-Stop to reduce duplicative spatial data collection and promote the coordinated use, sharing, and dissemination of spatial data nationwide. A key premise in most of these initiatives is that no national government will be able to gather and maintain more than a small percentage of the geographic data that users want and desire. Thus, national initiatives depend typically on the cooperation of those already gathering spatial data and those using GIs to meet specific needs to help construct and maintain these spatial data infrastructures and geo-libraries for their nations (Onsrud 2001). Some of the impediments to widespread spatial data sharing are well known from directly asking GIs data producers why they are not currently involved in creating datasets that are of common or compatible formats, documenting their datasets in a standardized metadata format or making their datasets more readily available to others through Data Clearinghouses or geo-libraries. The research described in this thesis addresses the impediments to wide-scale spatial data sharing faced by GIs data producers and explores a new conceptual data-sharing approach, the Public Commons for Geospatial Data, that supports user-friendly metadata creation, open access licenses, archival services and documentation of parent lineage of the contributors and value- adders of digital spatial data sets.

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En las Ciencias de la Información, existen dos problemas cuya relevancia se aumenta con la irrupción masiva de las nuevas tecnologías de la información: el silencio y el ruido. El objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar que la solución parcial que brindan las nuevas tecnologías de la información a estos problemas, tienen como base la semiótica en su triple dimensión: sintáctica, semántica y pragmática. En la sintaxis, a través de las condiciones constitutivas de los lenguajes o los códigos; en la semántica, por la adecuación o no del mensaje a la realidad y por las condiciones de posibilidad para que ello ocurra; y en la pragmática, atendiendo a la relevancia del mensaje para inducir a la toma de decisiones o a la acción de un usuario o una comunidad de estos.

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Se propone un análisis de la cientificidad y las pretensiones de conocimiento de las ciencias de la información desde la perspectiva de Richard Rorty. Se presenta la crítica rortyana a la filosofía epistemológicamente centrada, haciendo énfasis en la presunción de que el conocimiento tiene algún tipo de fundamento último, y la presunción de que la filosofía es la encargada de esclarecer este fundamento. Se introduce la propuesta del conductismo epistemológico de Rorty como alternativa al fundacionismo de la filosofía epistemológicamente centrada. Posteriormente se realiza una revisión de diferentes posturas sobre el status científico y la legitimidad epistémica de las ciencias de la información. Se agrupan las posturas revisadas en torno a dos estrategias de fundamentación: la adscripción de las ciencias de la información a algún modelo de cientificidad, o su vinculación con un sistema filosófico general. Se afirma que ambas estrategias presuponen una perspectiva fundacionista, en cuanto buscan ofrecer una fundamentación disciplinar en base a un marco filosófico exterior. A esto se opone el conductismo epistemológico rortyano, según el cual la autoridad epistémica debe explicarse a partir de los contextos específicos de cada comunidad, y no a partir de un fundamento epistémico externo