Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PZT and PT thin films for saw sensors applications

It is very important for the building of the SAW devices to study dielectric and ferroelectrics properties because every SAW device is based in piezoelectric effect that it is made up to transform an electric sign in the mechanical or acoustic sign and a mechanical or acoustic sign in an electric sign. Thus, the purpose of the present work is to prepare PbZr 0,53Ti0.47O3 (PZT) and PbTiO3 (PT) thin films on the Si (100) substrates across spin-coating using a chemical method based in polymeric precursors. After conventional treatment in the furnace, the films were characterized by impedance spectroscopy and hysteresis loops to know its dielectric and ferroelectric properties.

Calcium modified lead titanate/poly-ether-ether-ketone composite for acoustic emission sensors

Composites made of calcium modified lead titanate ceramic powder and poly (ether-ether-ketone) high performance polymer matrix were prepared in the film form using a hot press. The acoustic and electromechanical properties of the composites have been determined using the ultrasonic immersion technique and piezoelectric spectroscopy, respectively. The composite film with 60 - 40 vol.% PTCa/PEEK was tested as acoustic emission detector. Preliminary results shown that the piezo composite can be used as sensor to evaluate the behavior of materials.

PTCa/PEEK composite acoustic emission sensors

Composites made of Calcium-modified lead titanate (PTCa) and poly (ether-etherketone) (PEEK) high performance polymer matrix were prepared in the film form using a hot press. The ceramic volume fraction reaches up to 60 percent providing a composite with 0-3 and 1-3 mixed connectivities due to the high ceramic content and the resulting materials could be considered PEEK-bonded PTCa particulate composite. The composites were characterized using piezoelectric spectroscopy and ultrasonic immersion techniques. Values up to 38.5 pC/N were obtained for the longitudinal d33 piezoelectric coefficient. The composite was surface-mounted on a carbon fiber plate-like specimen and the ability of the PTCa/PEEK composite to detect acoustic emission (AE) is reported. © 2006 IEEE.

Optimal placement of sensors/actuators in truss structures with known disturbances

An important stage in the solution of active vibration control in flexible structures is the optimal placement of sensors and actuators. In many works, the positioning of these devices in systems governed for parameter distributed is, mainly, based, in controllability approach or criteria of performance. The positions that enhance such parameters are considered optimal. These techniques do not take in account the space variation of disturbances. An way to enhance the robustness of the control design would be to locate the actuators considering the space distribution of the worst case of disturbances. This paper is addressed to include in the formulation of problem of optimal location of sensors and piezoelectric actuators the effect of external disturbances. The paper concludes with a numerical simulation in a truss structure considering that the disturbance is applied in a known point a priori. As objective function the C norm system is used. The LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) controller was used to quantify performance of different sensors/actuators configurations.

A novel biomagnetic instrumentation with four magnetoresistive sensors to evaluate gastric motility.

A novel instrumentation using anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors associated with magnetic coils excitation was developed to evaluate gastrointestinal tract motility parameters. The susceptometer has four sensors that were used to measure the gastric activity contractions (GAC) in anaesthetized dogs, its performance was evaluated by manometry with good results.

Comparative immature morphology of Brazilian fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis)

Although common in Brazil, the biology of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Smith) is still poorly studied. Larval descriptions are useful to genus-level ant systematics and sometimes to species-level taxonomy. This study presents a detailed description of juveniles of S. saevissima from Brazil, which were compared with Brazilian specimens of Solenopsis invicta Buren, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), and Solenopsis altipunctata Pitts. Different larval instars were separated by diagnostic morphological traits which were confirmed by observing moults. Reproductive larvae could be easily sorted by their distinctive body dimensions and shape. Contrary to previous reports on this species, the larvae of S. saevissima proved to be generally identical to those of S. invicta, while a few specimens resembled those of other close species, such as Solenopsis megergates Trager. Mature larvae thus presented considerable intraspecific variation in some characters recently proposed to aid fire ant species separation (morphology of head hairs). © 2012 Eduardo Gonalves Paterson Fox et al.

Intraspecific and intracolonial variation in the profile of venom alkaloids and cuticular hydrocarbons of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fire ants are aggressive Neotropical ants that are extensively similar in general biology and morphology, making species identification difficult. Some fire ant species are top-rated pests spreading throughout the world by trade vessels. Many researchers attempted to sort between invasive and native species by using chemical characters, including patterns of venom alkaloids. The present study is the first to report intraspecific variation in some chemical characters, namely, cuticular hydrocarbons and venom alkaloids, within the Brazilian fire ant species Solenopsis saevissima and also reports on within-nest variations among members of different castes. Two different haplotypes (cryptic species) of S. saevissima were clearly identified, one presenting a predominant combination of the venom alkaloids cis- and trans-2-methyl-6-undecylpiperidine with the cuticular hydrocarbons C23, 3-Me-C23, 10-C 25:1, C25, and 3-Me-C25, and the other a predominant combination of cis- and trans-2-methyl-6-tridecenylpiperidine with predominance of 12-C25:1, C25, 11-Me-C25, 3-Me-C25, 13-C27:1, C27, and 13-Me-C 27. Intranest variations revealed that the proportions among these compounds varied sensibly among workers of different sizes, gynes, and males (no alkaloids were detected in the latter). Larva contained vestiges of the same compounds. The recorded chemical profiles are quite different from previous reports with S. saevissima samples from So Paulo. The finds thus support other recent claims that S. saevissima includes cryptic species; the study, moreover, adds the find that they can occur in the same geographical location. © 2012 Eduardo Gonalves Paterson Fox et al.

Structural Health Monitoring based on AR models and PZT sensors

This paper presents a new approach for damage detection in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems, which is based on the Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) principle and Autoregressive (AR) models. Typical applications of EMI in SHM are based on computing the Frequency Response Function (FRF). In this work the procedure is based on the EMI principle but the results are determined through the coefficients of AR models, which are computed from the time response of PZT transducers bonded to the monitored structure, and acting as actuator and sensors at the same time. The procedure is based on exciting the PZT transducers using a wide band chirp signal and getting its time response. The AR models are obtained in both healthy and damaged conditions and used to compute statistics indexes. Practical tests were carried out in an aluminum plate and the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2012 IEEE.

Monitoring in precision metal drilling process using multi-sensors and neural network

This paper presents a new method to estimate hole diameters and surface roughness in precision drilling processes, using coupons taken from a sandwich plate composed of a titanium alloy plate (Ti6Al4V) glued onto an aluminum alloy plate (AA 2024T3). The proposed method uses signals acquired during the cutting process by a multisensor system installed on the machine tool. These signals are mathematically treated and then used as input for an artificial neural network. After training, the neural network system is qualified to estimate the surface roughness and hole diameter based on the signals and cutting process parameters. To evaluate the system, the estimated data were compared with experimental measurements and the errors were calculated. The results proved the efficiency of the proposed method, which yielded very low or even negligible errors of the tolerances used in most industrial drilling processes. This pioneering method opens up a new field of research, showing a promising potential for development and application as an alternative monitoring method for drilling processes. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.

A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)

The invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta is medically important because its venom is highly potent. However, almost nothing is known about fire ant venom proteins because obtaining even milligram-amounts of these proteins has been prohibitively challenging. We present a simple and fast method of obtaining whole venom compounds from large quantities of fire ants. For this, we separate the ants are from the nest soil, immerse them in dual-phase mixture of apolar organic solvent and water, and evaporate each solvent phase in separate. The remaining extract from the aqueous phase is largely made up of ant venom proteins. We confirmed this by using 2D gel electrophoresis while also demonstrating that our new approach yields the same proteins obtained by other authors using less efficient traditional methods. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Can savannas become forests? A coupled analysis of nutrient stocks and fire thresholds in central Brazil

Aims: The effects of fire ensure that large areas of the seasonal tropics are maintained as savannas. The advance of forests into these areas depends on shifts in species composition and the presence of sufficient nutrients. Predicting such transitions, however, is difficult due to a poor understanding of the nutrient stocks required for different combinations of species to resist and suppress fires. Methods: We compare the amounts of nutrients required by congeneric savanna and forest trees to reach two thresholds of establishment and maintenance: that of fire resistance, after which individual trees are large enough to survive fires, and that of fire suppression, after which the collective tree canopy is dense enough to minimize understory growth, thereby arresting the spread of fire. We further calculate the arboreal and soil nutrient stocks of savannas, to determine if these are sufficient to support the expansion of forests following initial establishment. Results: Forest species require a larger nutrient supply to resist fires than savanna species, which are better able to reach a fire-resistant size under nutrient limitation. However, forest species require a lower nutrient supply to attain closed canopies and suppress fires; therefore, the ingression of forest trees into savannas facilitates the transition to forest. Savannas have sufficient N, K, and Mg, but require additional P and Ca to build high-biomass forests and allow full forest expansion following establishment. Conclusions: Tradeoffs between nutrient requirements and adaptations to fire reinforce savanna and forest as alternate stable states, explaining the long-term persistence of vegetation mosaics in the seasonal tropics. Low-fertility limits the advance of forests into savannas, but the ingression of forest species favors the formation of non-flammable states, increasing fertility and promoting forest expansion. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Quantificação e avaliação de abertura no dossel em áreas de concessões florestais: Mamuru-Arapiuns-PA

As florestas tropicais da Amazônia historicamente foram alvo de práticas pouco sustentáveis de uso da terra, restando-lhes as cicatrizes de degradação advinda da exploração madeireira predatória, do uso indiscriminado do fogo, das altas taxas de desmatamento e de outras atividades que interferem nas ações de conservação da biodiversidade desta floresta. A atuação do Estado neste cenário é necessária através de políticas que incentivem formas de uso mais sustentáveis, como é o caso das concessões florestais que buscam através do manejo florestal, contribuir para a conservação dos recursos naturais e da manutenção da biodiversidade. A geração de produtos como o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada, Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral e Fração de Abertura de Dossel foram realizados no intuito de criar elementos de interpretação e análise da variável abertura de dossel. Esta pesquisa teve como área de estudo a Unidade de Manejo Florestal I no Conjunto de Glebas Mamuru-Arapiuns, região oeste do estado do Pará; onde foram quantificados e avaliados a abertura de dossel nessa área de concessão florestal, através de imagens multiespectrais e fotos hemisféricas, com vistas a analisar a degradação e a qualidade do manejo executado nesta área. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível estabelecer um processo de monitoramento com o uso dos sensores e técnicas aplicados, uma vez que os dados de MLME, em especial a imagem-fração solo apresentaram forte relação de covariância com os dados obtidos em campo através de fotos hemisféricas, permitindo considera-lo como uma boa ferramenta de alerta para as ações de monitoramentos das florestas amazônicas. Desta forma é possível tornar a gestão florestal mais acessível tanto ao poder público, quanto a entidades não governamentais ou privadas visando fiscalizar as ações de exploração florestal e agregar as populações que vivem nestas áreas tanto oportunidades de renda quanto a conservação florestal.

Características e distribuição das descargas atmosféricas e dos sistemas precipitantes produtores de raios na Amazônia Oriental

Este trabalho analisou 10 anos de distribuição espacial e temporal dos raios, dos sistemas precipitantes e suas características, como refletividade, temperatura de brilho e altura dos sistemas precipitantes amostrados pelo satélite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) através dos sensores Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), Precipitation Radar (PR) e TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI). Estes dados foram organizados e armazenados pelo grupo de pesquisa da convecção tropical da University of Utah no período de dezembro de 1997 a fevereiro de 2009. Também foram analisados dados de focos de queimadas detectadas pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), no período de 1998 a 2008. Foi selecionada uma área delimitada entre 60ºW a 45ºW de longitude e 10ºS a 5ºN de latitude, a qual, posteriormente, foi dividida em nove sub-áreas para um melhor detalhamento dasinformações. Para verificar a possível influência das queimadas no número de raios, selecionaram-se oito áreas, sendo 4 com o maior número de focos de queimadas e 4 com o menor número de focos de queimadas. Os sistemas precipitantes foram classificados seguindo a metodologia de Nesbitt et. al. 2000 e obedecendo a nova definição dos dados realizado por Liu (2007). Os sistemas precipitantes amostrados pelo satélite TRMM utilizados neste trabalho são denominados ALLPFS e são definidos como aqueles que apresentam pixel de chuva estimado pelo algoritmo 2A25. Estes são classificados em PFS e OTHPFS, que respectivamente, são aqueles que apresentam e não apresentam informação de temperatura de brilho. Os PFS são sub-classificados em sistemas sem assinatura de gelo (NOICE), com assinatura de gelo (WICE) e sistemas convectivos de mesoescala (MCS), sendo que os sistemas mais intensos, dentre estes últimos, são sistemas que recebem a denominação de IMCS. Os resultados mostram que as regiões do sul do Estado do Pará, município de Belém e Ilha do Marajó foram as que apresentaram as maiores ocorrências de raios na Amazônia Oriental, com valores superiores a 20 a 35 raios/km^²/ano. Os NOICEs foram os sistemas mais frequentes em todas as regiões e os sistemas precipitantes da categoria WICE e MCS são aqueles que mais contribuem com a produção de raios sobre essas regiões. Os sistemas eletrificados apresentam grande contribuição no volume de chuva estimada sobre as áreas CENTRO e SUL, com percentuais superiores a 50% nas áreas SUL. A variação mensal dos raios na área de estudo mostrou que as maiores ocorrências de raios sobre o município de Belém são nos meses de janeiro a junho, com um pico no mês de janeiro. As maiores ocorrências no setor SUL da Amazônia Oriental concentram-se nos meses de setembro a dezembro. Nas análises sobre a interação entre os raios e as queimadas não se observou coerência, dentro das áreas de maior número de queimadas, na correlação mensal entre os raios e as queimadas, evidenciando que, apesar do grande número de queimadas observado sobre essas áreas, outros fatores interferem na produção de raios.

Rapid preparation of alpha-FeOOH and alpha-Fe2O3 nanostructures by microwave heating and their application in electrochemical sensors

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Confinement effects and why carbon nanotube bundles can work as gas sensors

Carbon nanotubes have been at the forefront of nanotechnology, leading not only to a better understanding of the basic properties of charge transport in one dimensional materials, but also to the perspective of a variety of possible applications, including highly sensitive sensors. Practical issues, however, have led to the use of bundles of nanotubes in devices, instead of isolated single nanotubes. From a theoretical perspective, the understanding of charge transport in such bundles, and how it is affected by the adsorption of molecules, has been very limited, one of the reasons being the sheer size of the calculations. A frequent option has been the extrapolation of knowledge gained from single tubes to the properties of bundles. In the present work we show that such procedure is not correct, and that there are qualitative differences in the effects caused by molecules on the charge transport in bundles versus isolated nanotubes. Using a combination of density functional theory and recursive Green's function techniques we show that the adsorption of molecules randomly distributed onto the walls of carbon nanotube bundles leads to changes in the charge density and consequently to significant alterations in the conductance even in pristine tubes. We show that this effect is driven by confinement which is not present in isolated nanotubes. Furthermore, a low concentration of dopants randomly adsorbed along a two-hundred nm long bundle drives a change in the transport regime; from ballistic to diffusive, which can account for the high sensitivity to different molecules.