The lives and deaths of young medieval women: the osteological evidence

Written sources from the medieval period focus mainly on the activities of adults, particularly males and often those from the wealthier sections of society. Recent scholarship has attempted to redress this balance by giving attention to medieval women and children, but we are still limited by what we can learn about the daily lives of all members of medieval English society. Osteology, the study of human skeletal remains, suffers from no such bias and can provide substantial and detailed information on growth, health and daily life of the general population. This paper presents the results of a new analysis of the skeletal remains of over 300 medieval girls and young women aged at between 14 and 25 years from a number of English cemetery sites. We incorporate data from the published archaeological literature as well as documentary evidence to provide new insights into the lives and deaths of young medieval women.

Moving on in Neolithic studies: understanding mobile lives

Mobility is a fundamental facet of being human and should be central to archaeology. Yet mobility itself and the role it plays in the production of social life, is rarely considered as a subject in its own right. This is particularly so with discussions of the Neolithic people where mobility is often framed as being somewhere between a sedentary existence and nomadic movements. This volume examines the importance and complexities of movement and mobility, whether on land or water, in the Neolithic period. It uses movement in its widest sense, ranging from everyday mobilities – the routines and rhythms of daily life – to proscribed mobility, such as movement in and around monuments, and occasional and large-scale movements and migrations around the continent and across seas. Papers are roughly grouped and focus on ‘mobility and the landscape’, ‘monuments and mobility’, ‘travelling by water’, and ‘materials and mobility’. Through these themes the volume considers the movement of people, ideas, animals, objects, and information, and uses a wide range of archaeological evidence from isotope analysis; artefact studies; lithic scatters and assemblage diversity.

Introducing Undergraduate Students to Science

Understanding the scientific method fosters the development of critical thinking and logical analysis of information. Additionally, proposing and testing a hypothesis is applicable not only to science, but also to ordinary facts of daily life. Knowing the way science is done and how its results are published is useful for all citizens and mandatory for science students. A 60-h course was created to offer undergraduate students a framework in which to learn the procedures of scientific production and publication. The course`s main focus was biochemistry, and it was comprised of two modules. Module I dealt with scientific articles, and Module II with research project writing. Module I covered the topics: 1) the difference between scientific knowledge and common sense, 2) different conceptions of science, 3) scientific methodology, 4) scientific publishing categories, 5) logical principles, 6) deductive and inductive approaches, and 7) critical reading of scientific articles. Module II dealt with 1) selection of an experimental problem for investigation, 2) bibliographic revision, 3) materials and methods, 4) project writing and presentation, 5) funding agencies, and 6) critical analysis of experimental results. The course adopted a collaborative learning strategy, and each topic was studied through activities performed by the students. Qualitative and quantitative course evaluations with Likert questionnaires were carried out at each stage, and the results showed the students` high approval of the course. The staff responsible for course planning and development also evaluated it positively. The Biochemistry Department of the Chemistry Institute of the University of Sao Paulo has offered the course four times.

Effects of inhaled Linalool in anxiety, social interaction and aggressive behavior in mice

Aromatherapy uses essential oils (EOs) for several medical purposes, including relaxation. The association between the use of aromas and a decrease in anxiety could be a valuable instrument in managing anxiety in an ever increasing anxiogenic daily life style. Linalool is a monoterpene commonly found as the major volatile component of EOs in several aromatic plant species. Adding to previously reported sedative effects of inhaled linalool, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled linalool on anxiety, aggressiveness and social interaction in mice. Additionally, we investigated the effects of inhaled linalool on the acquisition phase of a step-down memory task in mice. Inhaled linalool showed anxiolytic properties in the light/dark test, increased social interaction and decreased aggressive behavior; impaired memory was only seen the higher dose of linalool. These results strengthen the suggestion that inhaling linalool rich essential oils can be useful as a mean to attain relaxation and counteract anxiety. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Äldres upplevelser av yrsel samt vårdåtgärder som kan förbättra det dagliga livet : En litteraturöversikt

Syftet: Var att beskriva äldres upplevelser av åldersrelaterad yrsel fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt samt att belysa vårdåtgärder som kan bidra till att förbättra dagligt liv. Metod: Examensarbetet genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med artiklar hämtade från databaser inom vårdvetenskap/medicinsk vetenskap. Resultat: Yrsel kan upplevas som en svår funktionsnedsättning att leva med. En samsjuklighet till somatiska sjukdomar och korrelation till psykisk belastning är vanligt. Påverkan på sociala faktorer medför en begränsning i att klara sitt dagliga liv och sitt förhållande till omgivningen. Många saknade bekräftelse från hälso- och sjukvården. Vestibulär rehabilitering förbättrade symtom, balans och yrselrelaterade handikapp. Likaså har kognitiv beteendeterapi i kombination med vestibulär rehabilitering visat sig ha positiv effekt. Det fanns ett behov av individuellt utvecklade åtgärder och stöd med ett tvärprofessionellt perspektiv. Slutsats: Yrsel är ett svårt handikapp att leva med och ger konsekvenser såväl fysiskt, psykiskt samt socialt. Det är viktigt med en utvecklad och strukturerad sjuksköterskeroll där den äldre får stöd och rådgivning med möjlighet att diskutera strategier för att lära sig hantera yrseln. Rehabilitering samt undervisning om hur balanssystemet fungerar har visat sig vara värdefullt samt är dessutom kostnadseffektivt. Vidare fanns ett behov av äldres perspektiv i utvecklandet av vårdåtgärder i tvärprofessionell samverkan och det är viktigt att inte underskatta äldres upplevelser av yrsel.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and enhancement of well-being and sexual and reproductive health and rights in receiving countries after migration.

Upplevelser av stöd från diabetessjuksköterskan hos personer med diabetes typ 1 : – Sekundäranalys av en kvalitativ intervjustudie

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the individual in everyday life. The diabetes team sets the treatment goals together with the patient aiming for a good quality of life and to prevent complications. The diabetes nurse should include in-depth knowledge of the daily life of people with diabetes, and have respect for the individual's choices and life situation. Aim: To describe how people with type 1 diabetes experience the support from the diabetes nurse. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used. A secondary analysis including semi-structured interviews with 15 adults (> 18 years) with type 1 diabetes was conducted. Result: The result was summarized with an overall theme "At the clinic - experience of the support offered" describes how people experience the support from their diabetes nurse. The theme constituted three categories "Access to the diabetes nurse", "The diabetes nurse - a source of information and knowledge that might need to be complemented with the support from other professionals" and,"Mutual trust - the patient's experience of the district nurse as a discussion partner and support". Conclusion: The results showed that the accessibility to diabetes nurses was experienced as good. It was simple and easy to make contact. The diabetes nurses were experienced to be engaged and provide good support to the patients. A good dialogue with the diabetes nurse and commitment from the diabetes nurse were mentioned as important factors that made the visits to be experienced as good and important. There were requests for greater access and expanded opportunities for help from counselors, as well as an increased focus on how the person is feeling.

Patienters upplevelser av vilka faktorer som har betydelse i vården på specialistsjuksköterskeledda hjärtsviktsmottagningar. : En kvalitativ studie

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är ett vanligt och allvarligt tillstånd med hög dödlighet, sjuklighet och försämrad livskvalité. Det beräknas att omkring en kvarts miljon personer i Sverige har kronisk hjärtsvikt. Inrättandet av specialistsjuksköterskeledda hjärtsviktsmottagningar med läkarstöd har förbättrat behandlingen av patienter med hjärtsvikt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka patienters upplevelser av vilka faktorer som har betydelse i vården på specialistsjuksköterskeledda hjärtsviktsmottagningar. Metod: En intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor har använts. En kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys användes för att analysera det material som framkom vid intervjuerna. Informanterna valdes ut genom ett strategiskt urval. Resultat: Resultatet visade att en fungerande vårdrelation med sjukvården som representerades av specialistsjuksköterska på hjärtsviktsmottagningen samt information för att klara av sin egenvård var av betydelse för informanterna. En god vårdrelation beskrivs av informanterna i studien att den innehåller kontinuitet, tillit till specialistsjuksköterska, samarbete med vårdpersonal, ett bekräftande bemötande samt tillgänglighet vid behov. Konklusion: Vården på specialistsjuksköterskeledda hjärtsviktsmottagningar är betydelsefull för patienters trygghet. Det förefaller viktigt att få veta vem hjärtsviktspatienterna ska kontakta vid behov av stöd och hjälp för att hantera sin situation. Möjligheten att kontakta specialistsjuksköterska när behovet fanns upplevdes betydelsefull. Information om egenvård uppfattades av informanterna som viktigt och som ett stöd i det dagliga livet.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and

Older people's experience of utilisation and administration of medicines in a health- and social care context

BACKGROUND: People living at home who lack ability to manage their medicine are entitled to assistance to improve adherence provided by a home care assistant employed by social care. AIM: The aim was to describe how older people with chronic diseases, living at home, experience the use and assistance of administration of medicines in the context of social care. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study. METHODS: Ten participants (age 65+) living at home were interviewed in the participants' own homes. Latent content analysis was used. FINDINGS: The assistance eases daily life with regard to practical matters and increases adherence to a medicine regimen. There were mixed feelings about being dependent on assistance; it interferes with self-sufficiency at a time of health transition. Participants were balancing empowerment and a dubious perception of the home care assistants' knowledge of medicine and safety. Physicians' and district nurses' professional knowledge was a safety guarantee for the medicine process. CONCLUSIONS: Assistance eases daily life and medicine regimen adherence. Dependence on assistance may affect self-sufficiency. Perceived safety varied relating to home care assistants' knowledge of medicine. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A well-functioning medicine assistance is crucial to enable older people to remain at home. A person-centred approach to health- and social care delivery is efficient and improve outcome for the recipient of care.

Fatores da administração do sistema penitenciário do Rio de Janeiro que os impedem de cumprirem com sua missão de recuperação do detento?

Since some years ago, the penitentiany systen of Rio de Janeiro is going through the nuest sendus administrative crisis,leading more and more to chaotic situations, over imagined before by homan being. Nowadays all the factors and components of the existing models are still medievaIs, and even distant fron the human needs. The daily life ofthe condemned is a sway betuen lack of hygiene, disrespect to homan rigts, lack of modem corrective practices and also, lack of psychological support. How, then can me demand from the state ( Govemment) the rehabilitation of the imprisoned and their preparation to face society if they are treated manny times as victins of this same society? This society impose a life style enjoyed only by a privileged social class which forget about then when sent to the darkness. Many of then, join the penitentary systen because of minor crimes, and when they serve their tem, um for funately they go back to prison accused for move violent crimes. The penitentian models haven't developed the same way the society where they worked at has. There, the present brazilian penitentiary model has showed obsolete and inefficient alone its principal mission ofrehabilitation and re - education ofthe imprisoned. Our main objetive will be the construction and analysis of the penitential administrative model, as being able to fullfill the necesity of the penitentiary administrator (Manager). Analy zing on a specific reasoning which focus showld not be that of the theories and isolated projects of the topic, we will develop a progran far form religions, judiciary on political technics by building na administrtive penitentiary model strictly professional where we coul a have a deep analysis of the topic. We will try to approach the aspects of organization existing to day inorder to understand them and criate, a model wich will adjust betten to the necesitives of this thesis.

A orientação educacional que ultrapassa os muros da escola

Este trabalho consiste em reflexao e análise do papel do orientador educacional na escola pública brasileira que atende aos alunos das classes populares. Para isso apresenta análise dos mecanismos de seletividade da atual escola pública e sua relação com a crise social do país. Neste quadro, avalia a importância e necessidade da presença do orientador educacional na escola, a partir do estudo das opções teórico-práticas que fundamentam o seu trabalho, debatidas em congressos de orientadores e que definem a posição assumida por essa categoria profissional frente às questões que impedem as classes populares de usufruir da escola. Distingue as duas concepções de orientação educacional presentes na escola hoje evidenciando aspectos fundamentais da prática de orientadores que atuam na rede municipal de ensino do Rio de Janeiro. Afirma a importância político-pedagógica da orientação educacional na escola, introduzindo experiências que apresentam caminhos para o redimensionamento da prática educativa através do resgate do cotidiano extra-escolar do aluno.

O trabalhador do terciário: sua representação do cotidiano, do trabalho e da sociedade

o tema pesquisado: "O trabalhador do Setor Terciário - sua representação do cotidiano, do trabalho e da sociedade" - é uma forma de explicitação de minha prática concreta. Compreender o terciário, a partir da ótica das relações de produção, para desvendar, ao nível da representação, como funciona o fetiche, ao nível através das explicações produzidas e do próprio discurso do trabalhador ligado a esta área de produção não material. Inicia-se por discutir as conjunturas brasileiras de trinta (1930) a oitenta (1980), para entender a oscilação entre o nacionalismo e o liberalismo econômico, entre o desenvolvimento nacional e o desenvolvimento associado ao capital estrangeiro. Estudam-se, neste contexto, diferentes explicações para a expansão do terciário, passando pela estrutura de ocupações, pelos seus efeitos marginais e pela divisão social do trabalho, onde o desenvolvimento e o subdesenvolvimento encontram sua funcionalidade no capitalismo em escala mundial. O estudo nos leva a compreender que todos estes acontecimentos de natureza sócio-econômica se refletem, não como relação mecânica, mas enquanto íntima articulação entre o sócio-político e o econômico. E esta indissociabilidade está viva na representação que o trabalhador faz do seu cotidiano, do trabalho e da sociedade, ainda que não se dê conta e que não possa desvendar o fetiche, o qual, no seu discurso e na sua consciência, revela e encobre a realidade ao mesmo tempo.

O DOI-CODI carioca: memória e cotidiano no "Castelo do Terror"

O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a memória de seis ex-prisioneiros políticos do Destacamento de Operações de Informações-Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna do Rio de Janeiro (DOI-CODI/RJ), entrevistados recentemente, entre os anos de 2002 e 2004, sobre o cotidiano vivido nessa instituição em 1970. Naquele ano, dentro do Sistema de Segurança Interna (SISSEGIN), os DOI-CODI haviam sido criados e distribuídos por todas as Regiões Militares do país, tornando-se a principal instituição de repressão aos opositores políticos que optaram pela luta armada como forma de derrotar a ditadura militar brasileira. Assim, as narrativas desses seis ex-prisioneiros são, além de fontes essenciais, o principal objeto de estudo deste trabalho. Através delas, torna-se possível acessar aspectos cruciais para a caracterização do cotidiano vivido pelos presos em um desses órgãos, ― o DOI-CODI do Rio de Janeiro ―, uma vez que esse passado se liga ao presente por meio de suas memórias. Diante disso, a fim de melhor entender tais memórias, a formação e a atuação dos DOI-CODI também são aqui analisadas, colocando as narrativas dos ex-prisioneiros políticos entrevistados em diálogo com uma bibliografia especialmente selecionada, além de uma fonte a respeito do DOI feita por um de seus agentes quando este órgão ainda estava em atividade, em 1978. Para que a essas memórias seja aplicada uma crítica efetiva, necessária a todo trabalho histórico, o estudo se debruça ainda sobre as interferências que o presente exerce na construção que fazem com relação ao passado vivido no DOI-CODI/RJ, com o objetivo de esclarecer as bases sobre as quais são construídas cerca de trinta anos depois.

"Não somos diferentes das outras pessoas": a vida cotidiana de mulheres com deficiência mental contada por elas mesmas

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a vida cotidiana de mulheres rotuladas como deficientes mentais, através de seus relatos biográficos pessoais. As entrevistadas descreveram sua rotina em casa e na instituição, falaram sobre suas famílias, relacionamentos, dificuldades em integração social, e sobre seus problemas físicos e de aprendizagem. Ficou clara no discurso deste grupo a dicotomia entre o mundo “de dentro", compreendendo os espaços protegidos da casa e da instituição, e o mundo ameaçador e violento “de fora", representado pela rua. Seus relacionamentos sociais restringem-se aos personagens do mundo “de dentro": a família, os profissionais, e os colegas da instituição, e muitas entrevistadas disseram se· sentir discriminadas pelas pessoas “de fora". Embora várias mulheres tenham exprimido o desejo de ser independentes (trabalhar fora, sair sozinhas, etc), na prática mantém urna relação de extrema dependência familiar. A pesar de dois terços das entrevistadas terem mais de 20 anos, elas não parecem ter nenhuma perspectiva concreta de morar sozinhas, casar, ou vir a formar sua própria família. Um dos pressupostos deste estudo era de que o estigma da deficiência mental, seria o terna central nas histórias de vida. Entretanto, mais da metade dos sujeitos não abordou esta questão, e muito poucas se autodenominaram deficientes. Foi postulado que os efeitos do estigma talvez sejam minimizados neste grupo devido à superproteção familiar e institucional por um lado, e a evitação do mundo "de fora" (onde esta condição seria denunciada mais abertamente) por outro. Assim sendo, em sua prática diária, a maioria dessas mulheres têm poucas oportunidades de se confrontar com a situação de marginalização. Deficiência mental foi analisada como um fenômeno socialmente construído, e acredita-se que estas pessoas funcionem em um nível mais dependente do que sua condição orgânica exigiria, por terem sido reforçadas por representar o papel social de deficientes. Apesar das características comuns, cada história de vida provou ser original e única, mostrando o erro em se considerar as pessoas portadoras de deficiência mental como um grupo homogêneo e bem definido. Além disso, a não ser pela dependência familiar, falta de participação autônoma e integrada na comunidade, e relacionamento amoroso e sexual restrito, a ideia dessas mulheres não é qualitativamente diferente do resto da população.