An ex ante evaluation framework for the regional benefits of publicly supported R&D projects

This paper draws on the knowledge-base implicit in ex post evaluations of publicly funded R&D and other related conceptual and empirical studies to suggest a framework for the ex ante evaluation of the regional benefits from R&D projects. The framework developed comprises two main elements: an inventory of the global private and social benefits which might result from any R&D project; and, an assessment of the share of these global benefits which might accrue to a host region, taking into account the characteristics of the R&D project and the region's innovation system. The inventory of global benefits separately identifies private and social benefits and distinguishes between increments to public and private knowledge stocks, benefits to R&D productivity and benefits from commercialisation. Potential market and 'pure' knowledge spillovers are also considered separately. The paper concludes with the application of the framework to two illustrative case studies. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recent advances in fibre grating devices and their sensing applications

Over the last twenty years, we have been continuously seeing R&D efforts and activities in developing optical fibre grating devices and technologies and exploring their applications for telecommunications, optical signal processing and smart sensing, and recently for medical care and biophotonics. In addition, we have also witnessed successful commercialisation of these R&Ds, especially in the area of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) based distributed sensor network systems and technologies for engineering structure monitoring in industrial sectors such as oil, energy and civil engineering. Despite countless published reports and papers and commercial realisation, we are still seeing significant and novel research activities in this area. This invited paper will give an overview on recent advances in fibre grating devices and their sensing applications with a focus on novel fibre gratings and their functions and grating structures in speciality fibres. The most recent developments in (i) femtosecond inscription for microfluidic/grating devices, (2) tilted grating based novel polarisation devices and (3) dual-peak long-period grating based DNA hybridisation sensors will be discussed.

The finance of biotechnology:investment in new biotechnology firms by British venture capitalists-attitudes to, and evaluation of, business proposals

A notable feature of the recent commercialisation of biotechnology has been the success of 200 or so new firms, established in America since 1976, in exploiting specialised market niches. A key factor in their formation has been the ready availability of venture capital funding. These firms have been instrumental in establishing America's lead in exploiting biotechnology. It is this example which Britain has attempted to emulate as part of its strategy for developing its own biotechnology capabilities. This thesis investigated some aspects of the relationship between biotechnology and venture capital, concentrating on the determinants of the venture capitalist's investment decision. Following an extensive literature survey, two hypothetical business proposals were used to find what venture capitalists themselves consider to be the key elements of this decision. It was found that venture capitalists invest in people, not products, and businesses, not industries. It was concluded that venture capital-backed small firms should, therefore, be seen as an adjunct to the development of biotechnology in Britain, rather than as a substitute for a co-ordinated, co-operative strategy involving Government, the financial institutions, industry and academia. This is chiefly because the small size of the UK's domestic market means that many potentially important innovations in biotechnology may continue to be lost, since the short term identification of market opportunities for biotechnology products will dictate that they are insupportable in Britain alone. In addition, the data analysis highlighted some interesting methodological issues concerning the investigation of investment decision making. These related especially to shortcomings in the use of scoresheets and questionnaires in research in this area. The conclusion here was that future research should concentrate on the reasons why an individual reaches an investment decision. It is argued that only in this way can the nature of the evaluation procedures employed by venture capitalists be properly understood.

Organic synthesis and fungicidal activity of oxylipin-based compounds

Previous research has shown that the naturally occurring reactive electrophilic species (RES), 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), not only serves as a precursor for jasmonic acid but is also a potent antifungal compound. However, both the low amount present in plants and the multistep synthesis required to produce this compound on a scale viable for agrochemical use currently limits its practical value. The aim of this research was to generate a range of molecular mimics of OPDA with a minimum number of synthetic steps and screen for antifungal activity. Synthetic 4-octyl-cyclopentenone containing the cyclopentenone ring and an eight carbon alkyl chain was found to show the highest in vitro antifungal activity against C. herbarum and B. cinerea with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 100-200µM. This indicates that structurally simplified 4-octyl-cyclopentenone can be successfully synthesised to mimic the antifungal activity of OPDA against specific fungal strains. Application of 4-octyl-cyclopentenone could act as surfactant by disrupting and disorganising the lipid membrane non-specifically, resulting in the leakage of potassium ions, which was the proposed mode of action of this compound. However, the sensitivity of fungi to this compound is not correlated to the lipid composition of fungal spores. (E)-2-alkenals were also studied for their antimicrobial activity and (E)-2-undecenal was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens. The hydrophilic moiety (the a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl group), common to both (E)-2-undecenal and 4-octyl-cyclentenone is essential to their bioactivity, and the hydrophobic moiety plays an important role in their antimicrobial activities. 4-Octyl-cyclopentenone showed no visible toxicity to the test plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that its high antifungal activity against Botrytis and Cladosporium could be exploited for commercialisation as a new generation of agrochemical.

Recent advances in fibre grating devices and their sensing applications

Over the last twenty years, we have been continuously seeing R&D efforts and activities in developing optical fibre grating devices and technologies and exploring their applications for telecommunications, optical signal processing and smart sensing, and recently for medical care and biophotonics. In addition, we have also witnessed successful commercialisation of these R&Ds, especially in the area of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) based distributed sensor network systems and technologies for engineering structure monitoring in industrial sectors such as oil, energy and civil engineering. Despite countless published reports and papers and commercial realisation, we are still seeing significant and novel research activities in this area. This invited paper will give an overview on recent advances in fibre grating devices and their sensing applications with a focus on novel fibre gratings and their functions and grating structures in speciality fibres. The most recent developments in (i) femtosecond inscription for microfluidic/grating devices, (2) tilted grating based novel polarisation devices and (3) dual-peak long-period grating based DNA hybridisation sensors will be discussed.

Globalisation, markets and healthcare policy:redrawing the patient as consumer

Although the last two decades have seen the healthcare systems of most developed countries face pressure for major reform, the impact of this reform on the relationship between empowerment, consumerism and citizen’s rights has received limited research attention. Globalisation, Markets and Healthcare Policy sets out to redress this imbalance. This book explores the extent to which globalisation and commercialisation relate to current and emerging health policies. It also looks at the implications for citizens, patients and social rights, as well as how policy making interacts with the interests of global and European trade and economic policies. Topics discussed include: •How the impact of globalisation on health systems is apparent in the influence of international actors and European policies. •How the impact of globalisation is mediated by national priorities and policies and is therefore reflected in diverse influences. •How commercialisation of health is presented as benefiting citizens and patients but has the potential to undermine the aims and values inherent in health systems. •How the role of citizens' interests, social rights, patient’s rights and priorities of patient and public involvement need to be separated from commercialisation, choice and consumerism in health care. Essential reading for policy makers and students of public policy, politics, law and health services, Globalisation, Markets and Healthcare Policy will also appeal to those interested in patient involvement international healthcare, international relations, trans-national organisations and the EU.

Investigating microphone efficacy for facilitation of mobile speech-based data entry

Despite being nominated as a key potential interaction technique for supporting today's mobile technology user, the widespread commercialisation of speech-based input is currently being impeded by unacceptable recognition error rates. Developing effective speech-based solutions for use in mobile contexts, given the varying extent of background noise, is challenging. The research presented in this paper is part of an ongoing investigation into how best to incorporate speechbased input within mobile data collection applications. Specifically, this paper reports on a comparison of three different commercially available microphones in terms of their efficacy to facilitate mobile, speech-based data entry. We describe, in detail, our novel evaluation design as well as the results we obtained.

Sensing applications of arrayed waveguide grating devices

Progress in optical fibre sensor research has often been achieved by taking advantage of components developed for use in telecommunications, where the greater existing market is able to support the rapid commercialisation of novel devices. In the last few years there has been considerable interest in the telecommunications community in deploying arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) produced in a range of technologies in a variety of roles. We feel it is therefore surprising that there have been very few reports of research into using AWGs for sensing. In this paper we consider some possible roles for these devices in interrogation systems for interferometric and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors.

Nanoengineering heterogeneous catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of key agrochemical derivatives

Rapidly rising world populations have sparked growing concerns over global food production to meet this increasing demand. Figures released by The World Bank suggest that a 50 % increase in worldwide cereal production is required by 2030. Primary amines are important intermediates in the synthesis of a wide variety of fine chemicals utilised within the agrochemical industry, and hence new 'greener' routes to their low cost manufacture from sustainable resources would permit significantly enhanced crop yields. Early synthetic pathways to primary amines employed stoichiometric (and often toxic) reagents via multi-step protocols, resulting in a large number of by-products and correspondingly high Environmental factors of 50-100 (compared with 1-5 for typical bulk chemicals syntheses). Alternative catalytic routes to primary amines have proven fruitful, however new issues relating to selectivity and deactivation have slowed commercialisation. The potential of heterogeneous catalysts for nitrile hydrogenation to amines has been demonstrated in a simplified reaction framework under benign conditions, but further work is required to improve the atom economy and energy efficiency through developing fundamental insight into nature of the active species and origin of on-stream deactivation. Supported palladium nanoparticles have been investigated for the hydrogenation of crotononitrile to butylamine (Figure 1) under favourable conditions, and the impact of reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, support and loading upon activity and selectivity to C=C versus CºN activation assessed.

Les combats ultimes : analyse du système normatif et du cheminement des combattants

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les combats ultimes : analyse du système normatif et du cheminement des combattants

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Exploring the relationship between women’s empowerment and the internet in China: potentials and constraints

This thesis reports on an exploratory study of the relationship between the Internet and women’s empowerment in China. The theoretical framework of the study combines feminist theorisations of power – the core concept of empowerment – with insights from sociological perspectives on power and gender, as well as collective action theory. This allows for the conceptualisation of women’s empowerment as a dynamic process that is shaped by a set of communicative practices. Focusing on female Chinese bloggers and women’s groups of different organisational types, this study aims to explore the respective ways in which these two types of women actors use the Internet with a view to examining whether, and the extent to which it enables them to generate a sense of empowerment. The empirical data mainly derives from interviews with female bloggers and with staff members from different women’s groups, as well as from a features analysis and social network analysis of the sampled blogs and official websites of studied groups. Overall, the findings suggest that the opportunities offered by the Internet for women’s empowerment through awareness-raising, social interactions, and the organising of collective action, are limited. For female bloggers, their activities do not translate the new communicative practices afforded by the Internet into concrete action to bring about changes in their everyday life. On the contrary, blogs become an alternative platform to discipline their behaviours and to reinforce patriarchal gendered norms. Moreover, the research finds that the promise of empowerment is further undermined by the pervasive commercialisation of the Internet and state control. For women’s groups, contextual factors prevent them from fully realising the potential of the Internet for increasing their organisational visibility, promoting public awareness about gender issues, building a sense of the collective, campaigning, or networking. The major barriers in these processes are state control, a lack of resources, online censorship, and at times, competition from commercial sites. In this respect, the Internet does not play a significant role in forming a collective to challenge existing unjust power relations.

Advances in single-shot, dry drilling of composite/metal stacks

Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) are increasingly being used in the aerospace, automotive and defence industry due to their high specific stiffness and good corrosion resistance. In a modern aircraft, 50-60% of its structure is made up of CFRP material while the remainder is mostly a combination of metallic alloys (typically aluminium or titanium alloys). Mechanical fastening (bolting or riveting) of CFRP and metallic components has thus created a pressing requirement of drilling several thousand holes per aircraft. Drilling of stacks in a single-shot not only saves time, but also ensures proper alignment when fasteners are inserted, achieving tighter geometric tolerances. However, this requirement poses formidable manufacturing challenges due to the fundamental differences in the material properties of CFRP and metals e.g. a drill bit entering into the stack encounters brittle and abrasive CFRP material as well as the plastic behaviour of the metallic alloy, making the drilling process highly non-linear.

Over the past few years substantial efforts have been made in this direction and majority of the research has tried to establish links between how the process parameters (feed, depth of cut, cutting speed), tooling (geometry, material and coating) and the wear of the cutting tool affect the hole quality. Similarly, multitudes of investigations have been conducted to determine the effects of non-traditional drilling methods (orbital, helical and vibration assisted drilling), cutting zone temperatures and efficiency of chip extraction on the hole quality and rate of tool wear during single shot drilling of CFRP/alloy stacks.

In a timely effort, this paper aims at reviewing the manufacturing challenges and barriers faced when drilling CFRP/alloy stacks and to summarise various factors influencing the drilling process while detailing the advances made in this fertile research area of single-shot drilling of stack materials. A survey of the key challenges associated with avoiding workpiece damage and the effect these challenges have on tool design and process optimisation is presented. An in depth critique of suitable hole making methods and their aptness for commercialisation follows. The paper concludes by summarising the future work required to achieve repeatable, high quality single shot drilled holes in CFRP/alloy stacks.

Évaluation de différents sels et mélanges de sels pour lutter contre"Pseudomonas cichorii" dans la laitue

Ce projet avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité de certains sels utilisés comme agents de conservation dans l’industrie agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique pour lutter contre la maladie des taches et des nervures noires de la laitue (Lactuca sativa), causée par la bactérie Pseudomonas cichorii. L’étude a permis 1) de déterminer les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (MICs) des sels et de mélanges de ces sels envers des souches virulentes de P. cichorii et 2) d’évaluer l’effet de ces sels et mélanges de sels, appliqués à des concentrations avoisinant les MICs, sur le développement de la maladie. Les résultats obtenus montrent une réduction significative, bien que partielle et variable, de la gravité des symptômes de maladie suite à l’application de NaHCO3 (160 mM), de AlCl3 (4 mM) et des mélanges Na2S2O5 + CaCl2 (12 mM), Na2S2O5 + AlCl3 (4 mM) et Na2S2O5 + NaHCO3 (125 mM). À la lumière des résultats obtenus, il est clair que les sels testés dans le cadre de cette étude ne permettent pas une réduction suffisamment marquée de la maladie pour envisager la commercialisation des plants. On ne peut toutefois exclure la possibilité que ces sels puissent permettre une réduction suffisante de la maladie des taches et des nervures noires lorsqu’utilisés avec des méthodes complémentaires de lutte dans un programme de lutte intégrée.

La consommation halal à l'épreuve de l'immigration : cas de la deuxième génération maghrébine en France

«Halal/ » : une prescription de la religion musulmane qui circonscrit ce qui est permis, mais surtout un marché en croissance exponentielle. Le marché du halal pèse près de 700 milliards de dollars de chiffre d’affaires annuel et intéresse 1,6 milliard de musulmans dans le monde (Bel Hadj, 2015). Entre 2014 et 2015, les dépenses alimentaires du monde musulman ont affiché une progression de 4,3% en atteignant 1158 milliards de dollars soit 16,7% des dépenses alimentaires de la planète . Ces dépenses dépasseront la barre symbolique des 2000 milliards de dollars d’ici 2025. En France, le marché est en constante croissance à deux chiffres (entre 17 à 20 % les cinq dernières années), il est estimé à 5,5 et 7 milliards d’euros par an .Face à l’évidence de l’ampleur et du potentiel du marché du halal dans le monde et en particulier en France, plusieurs tentatives d’élucidation du phénomène sont avancées. En observant de près les pratiques marketing, nous constatons un «déni» total des origines religieuses et une préférence pour la carte du purement ethnique. La recherche, quant à elle, reste fragmentée. Si dans certaines disciplines on préfère encore parler d’un phénomène purement religieux, d’autres tiennent encore à l’étiquette communautaire. Ce flou persiste avec la vision monochrome et surtout cloisonnée entre plusieurs domaines d’études. La recherche dans la discipline du comportement du consommateur, qu’elle s’intéresse à l’essence de la proscription religieuse ou qu’elle se focalise sur la dimension ethnique, n’investigue pas automatiquement toutes les raisons pour lesquelles un individu respecte les règles du halal. La sociologie semble être la discipline qui a su arpenter les chemins les plus sinueux pour tenter d’apporter plus de compréhension à ce phénomène qui ne cesse de prendre de l’envergure et d’attirer les controverses les plus acerbes. C’est aussi la discipline qui a su capturer l’évolution des générations d’immigrants et a su exprimer la complexité de l’expression alimentaire de la deuxième génération mais aussi le défi que relève la communauté maghrébine à cohabiter avec la stigmatisation. Cette deuxième génération d’«immigrants» maghrébins qui n’ont jamais immigré, décide de «manger pour croire » en «se nourrissant de nostalgie » pour une culture qu’ils vivent par procuration à défaut de pouvoir s’intégrer entièrement dans la société française. Il devenait pour nous fondamental de considérer cette pratique alimentaire dans une perspective plus large qui favorise l’élan de l’engagement et de la revendication identitaire affichée. Dans cette voie, et dans la ligne directrice des travaux en sociologie qui ont été notre principale inspiration tout au long de ce travail, notre projet s’inscrit dans une volonté de saisir cette consommation à travers un héritage à la fois culturel, migratoire, familial et une trajectoire propre à chaque individu. Pour arriver à cette fin, nous avons privilégié l’enquête par questionnaire (432 observations) auprès des immigrants de deuxième génération habitant la région parisienne. Pour l’analyse, nous avons opté pour les méthodes des équations structurelles, avec l’ambition de démêler la toile d’araignée à la fois culturelle, sociale et personnelle sans s’enliser dans les a priori, les polémiques et les partis pris. Pour ce faire, nous avons, tout au long de ce travail abordé le halal sous l’angle d’un fait religieux comportant de multiples facettes, à la fois collectives et individuelles, conservatrices et modernistes, désintéressées ou engagées. Nos résultats confirment cette relation de conviction étroite avec la consommation halal. Outre la religion, construit de prédilection des principales recherches en comportement du consommateur, le présent travail doctoral confirme les apports de certaines valeurs (sécurité, stimulation/hédonisme) de l’acculturation mais aussi de la socialisation alimentaire. Cette dernière a cristallisé l’impact de la composante comportementale de l’apprentissage sur la consommation, mais a surtout révélé l’impact de la composante affective sur cet apprentissage. Du côté de l’acculturation, seul l’attachement à la culture hôte a prouvé son influence négative sur la consommation alimentaire halal. Les polémiques récurrentes qui collent au halal nous ont également suggéré la voie de la confiance en la certification, qui a elle aussi confirmé qu’il s’agit désormais d’un phénomène de conscience, de revendication mais aussi d’un engagement responsable du consommateur pour harmoniser ce qu’il incorpore avec ce qu’il est.