Tecnologia eletroquímica como tratamento alternativo de efluentes derivados da indústria têxtil e petroquímica

In this work, the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry, containing dyes as Yellow Novacron (YN), Red Remazol BR (RRB) and Blue Novacron CD (NB), and also, the treatment of wastewater from petrochemical industry (produced water) were investigated by anodic oxidation (OA) with platinum anodes supported on titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (DDB). Definitely, one of the main parameters of this kind of treatment is the type of electrocatalytic material used, since the mechanisms and products of some anodic reactions depend on it. The OA of synthetic effluents containing with RRB, NB and YN were investigated in order to find the best conditions for the removal of color and organic content of the dye. According to the experimental results, the process of OA is suitable for decolorization of wastewaters containing these textile dyes due to electrocatalytic properties of DDB and Pt anodes. Removal of the organic load was more efficient at DDB, in all cases; where the dyes were degraded to aliphatic carboxylic acids at the end of the electrolysis. Energy requirements for the removal of color during OA of solutions of RRB, NB and YN depends mainly on the operating conditions, for example, RRB passes of 3.30 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 for 4.28 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 1); 15.23 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 24.75 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH 4.5); 10.80 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 31.5 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 8) (estimated data for volume of treated effluent). On the other hand, in the study of OA of produced water effluent generated by petrochemical industry, galvanostatic electrolysis using DDB led to the complete removal of COD (98%), due to large amounts of hydroxyl radicals and peroxodisulphates generated from the oxidation of water and sulfates in solution, respectively. Thus, the rate of COD removal increases with increasing applied current density (15-60 mAcm-2 ). Moreover, at Pt electrode, approximately 50% removal of the organic load was achieved by applying from 15 to 30 mAcm-2 while 80% of COD removal was achieved for 60 mAcm-2 . Thus, the results obtained in the application of this technology were satisfactory depending on the electrocatalytic materials and operating conditions used for removal of organic load (petrochemical and textile effluents) as well as for the removal of color (in the case of textile effluents). Therefore, the applicability of electrochemical treatment can be considered as a new alternative like pretreatment or treatment of effluents derived from textiles and petrochemical industries.

Escrita colaborativa com google docs: flash fiction, noticing e aprendizagem de inglês como L2

Google Docs (GD) is an online word processor with which multiple authors can work on the same document, in a synchronous or asynchronous manner, which can help develop the ability of writing in English (WEISSHEIMER; SOARES, 2012). As they write collaboratively, learners find more opportunities to notice the gaps in their written production, since they are exposed to more input from the fellow co-authors (WEISSHEIMER; BERGSLEITHNER; LEANDRO, 2012) and prioritize the process of text (re)construction instead of the concern with the final product, i.e., the final version of the text (LEANDRO; WEISSHEIMER; COOPER, 2013). Moreover, when it comes to second language (L2) learning, producing language enables the consolidation of existing knowledge as well as the internalization of new knowledge (SWAIN, 1985; 1993). Taking this into consideration, this mixed-method (DÖRNYEI, 2007) quasi-experimental (NUNAN, 1999) study aims at investigating the impact of collaborative writing through GD on the development of the writing skill in English and on the noticing of syntactic structures (SCHMIDT, 1990). Thirtyfour university students of English integrated the cohort of the study: twenty-five were assigned to the experimental group and nine were assigned to the control group. All learners went through a pre-test and a post-test so that we could measure their noticing of syntactic structures. Learners in the experimental group were exposed to a blended learning experience, in which they took reading and writing classes at the university and collaboratively wrote three pieces of flash fiction (a complete story told in a hundred words), outside the classroom, online through GD, during eleven weeks. Learners in the control group took reading and writing classes at the university but did not practice collaborative writing. The first and last stories produced by the learners in the experimental group were analysed in terms of grammatical accuracy, operationalized as the number of grammar errors per hundred words (SOUSA, 2014), and lexical density, which refers to the relationship between the number of words produced with lexical properties and the number of words produced with grammatical properties (WEISSHEIMER, 2007; MEHNERT, 1998). Additionally, learners in the experimental group answered an online questionnaire on the blended learning experience they were exposed to. The quantitative results showed that the collaborative task led to the production of more lexically dense texts over the 11 weeks. The noticing and grammatical accuracy results were different from what we expected; however, they provide us with insights on measurement issues, in the case of noticing, and on the participants‟ positive attitude towards collaborative writing with flash fiction. The qualitative results also shed light on the usefulness of computer-mediated collaborative writing in L2 learning.

Aplicação de géis de goma guar no processo de clarificação de salmouras e águas produzidas

Produced water is considered the main effluent of the oil industry, due to their increased volume in mature fields and its varied composition. The oil and grease content (TOG) is the main parameter for the final disposal of produced water. In this context, it is of great significance to develop an alternative method based on guar gum gel for the treatment of synthetic produced water, and using as the differential a polymer having high hydrophilicity for clarifying waters contaminated with oil. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficiency of guar gum gels in the remotion of oil from produced water. Guar gum is a natural polymer that, under specific conditions, forms three-dimensional structures, with important physical and chemical properties. By crosslinking the polymer chains by borate ions in the presence of salts, the effect salting out occurs, reducing the solubility of the polymer gel in water. As a result, there is phase separation with the oil trapped in the collapsed gel. The TOG was quantified from the spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible region. The system was proven to be highly efficient in the removal of dispersed oil from water produced synthetically, reaching removal percentages above 90%.

Modelagem estatística e atribuições dos eventos de precipitação extrema na Amazônia brasileira

Intense precipitation events (IPE) have been causing great social and economic losses in the affected regions. In the Amazon, these events can have serious impacts, primarily for populations living on the margins of its countless rivers, because when water levels are elevated, floods and/or inundations are generally observed. Thus, the main objective of this research is to study IPE, through Extreme Value Theory (EVT), to estimate return periods of these events and identify regions of the Brazilian Amazon where IPE have the largest values. The study was performed using daily rainfall data of the hydrometeorological network managed by the National Water Agency (Agência Nacional de Água) and the Meteorological Data Bank for Education and Research (Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa) of the National Institute of Meteorology (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia), covering the period 1983-2012. First, homogeneous rainfall regions were determined through cluster analysis, using the hierarchical agglomerative Ward method. Then synthetic series to represent the homogeneous regions were created. Next EVT, was applied in these series, through Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). The goodness of fit of these distributions were evaluated by the application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which compares the cumulated empirical distributions with the theoretical ones. Finally, the composition technique was used to characterize the prevailing atmospheric patterns for the occurrence of IPE. The results suggest that the Brazilian Amazon has six pluvial homogeneous regions. It is expected more severe IPE to occur in the south and in the Amazon coast. More intense rainfall events are expected during the rainy or transitions seasons of each sub-region, with total daily precipitation of 146.1, 143.1 and 109.4 mm (GEV) and 201.6, 209.5 and 152.4 mm (GPD), at least once year, in the south, in the coast and in the northwest of the Brazilian Amazon, respectively. For the south Amazonia, the composition analysis revealed that IPE are associated with the configuration and formation of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Along the coast, intense precipitation events are associated with mesoscale systems, such Squall Lines. In Northwest Amazonia IPE are apparently associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone and/or local convection.

Influência do retardante de chamas nas propriedades mecânicas e flamabilidade em compósitos poliméricos de epóxi/fibra de curauá

Currently, there is a great search for materials derived from renewable sources. The vegetable fibers as reinforcement for polymer matrixes, has been used as an alternative to replace synthetic fibres, being biodegradable and of low cost. The present work aims to develop a composite material with epoxy resin reinforced with curauá fibre with the addition of alumina trihydrate (aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3) as a flame retardant, which was used in proportions of 10 %, 20% and 30% of the total volume of the composite. The curauá fibers have gone through a cleaning process with an alkaline bath of sodium hydroxide (NaOH ), parallelized by hand and cut carding according to the default length . They were molded composites with fibers 30cm. Composites were molded in a Lossy Mold with unidirectional fibres in the proportion of 20% of the total volume of the composite. The composites were prepared in the Chemical Processing Laboratory of the Textile Engineering Department at UFRN. To measure the performance of the material, tests for the resistance to traction and flexion were carried out. with samples that were later analyzed in the Electronic Microscopy Apparatus (SEM ). The composites showed good mechanical properties by the addition of flame retardant and in some cases, leaving the composite more vulnerable to breakage. These mechanical results were analyzed by chi-square statistical test at the 5% significance level to check for possible differences between the composite groups. Flammability testing was conducted based on the standard Underwriters Laboratory 94 and the material showed a satisfactory result taking their average burn rate (mm / min) decreasing with increasing addition of the flame retardant composite.

O slogan empresarial como construção discursiva: uma abordagem cognitivo-funcional

In this paper, we analyze corporate slogans, understanding them as a discursive construction that is, as a pairing of form and function able to unite the notions of textual type and discursive genre. In this way, we developed a qualitative and quantitative analysis, aimed specifically to analyze the formal properties (phonetic, morphological and syntactic) and functional (semantic, pragmatic and discursive) of slogans. Furthermore, we attempted at verifying and quantifying recurring aspects involved in their construction, in order to capture configurational patterns underlying their formation. The data come from slogans collected in products and / or service stores in the metropolitan area of Natal city, Rio Grande do Norte. This research is based on the Cognitive-Functional Linguistics, that conjugates the North American functionalist tradition, represented by researchers as Talmy Givón, Paul Hopper, Joan Bybee, Elizabeth Closs-Traugott, with Cognitive Linguistics, in particular, the chain linked to Construction Grammar, as postulated by Adele Goldberg, William Croft e Jan-Olla Östman, among others. The results ratified the importance of the interface between the formal and functional aspects in the analysis of linguistic uses. These results point to the idea of the slogan as the pairing of form and function on textual / discursive level, in other words, as a discursive construction, constituting as cognitive storage of a scheme / model of textual formation with a specific discursive-pragmatic function.

Potencialidade do tratamento eletroquímico oxidativo associado à adsorção para remediação de corantes têxteis

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oxidative electrochemical treatment coupled with adsorption process using expanded perlite as adsorbent in the removal of textile dyes, Red Remazol and Novacron Blue on synthetic effluent. Dyes and perlite were characterized by thermogravimetry techniques (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy infrared (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Electrochemical treatments used as anodes, Ti/Pt and Pb/PbO2 under different conditions: 60 minutes, current density 20, 40 e 60 mAcm-2, pH 1, 4.5 e 8 and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC. In the case of adsorption tests, contact time of 30 minutes for the Remazol Red dye and 20 minutes for Novacron Blue were established, while pH 1, 4.5 e 8, 500 mg adsorbent and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC were used for both treatments. The results indicated that both treatments, electroxidation/adsorption and the adsorption/electroxidation, were effective for removing color from synthetic solutions. The consumption of electricity allowed to evaluate the applicability of the electrochemical process, providing very acceptable values, which allowed us to estimate the cost. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Gas Chromatography linked mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyzes were performed, showing that the better combination for removing organic matter is by Pb/PbO2 and perlite. Meanwhile, GC-MS indicated that the by-products formed are benzoic acid, phthalic acid, thiocarbamic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, phenol-2-ethyl and naphthalene when Remazol Red was degraded. Conversely, aniline, phthalic acid, 1, 6 - dimethylnaphthalene, naphthalene and ion hidroxobenzenosulfonat was detected when Novacron Blue was studied. Analyses obtained through atomic absorption spectrometry showed that there was release of lead in the electrochemical oxidation of analyzes that were performed with the anode Pb/PbO2, but these values are reduced by subjecting the effluent to adsorption analysis. According to these results, sequential techniques electroxidation/adsorption and adsorption/electroxidation are to treat solutions containing dyes.

Potencialidade do tratamento eletroquímico oxidativo associado à adsorção para remediação de corantes têxteis

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oxidative electrochemical treatment coupled with adsorption process using expanded perlite as adsorbent in the removal of textile dyes, Red Remazol and Novacron Blue on synthetic effluent. Dyes and perlite were characterized by thermogravimetry techniques (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy infrared (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Electrochemical treatments used as anodes, Ti/Pt and Pb/PbO2 under different conditions: 60 minutes, current density 20, 40 e 60 mAcm-2, pH 1, 4.5 e 8 and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC. In the case of adsorption tests, contact time of 30 minutes for the Remazol Red dye and 20 minutes for Novacron Blue were established, while pH 1, 4.5 e 8, 500 mg adsorbent and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC were used for both treatments. The results indicated that both treatments, electroxidation/adsorption and the adsorption/electroxidation, were effective for removing color from synthetic solutions. The consumption of electricity allowed to evaluate the applicability of the electrochemical process, providing very acceptable values, which allowed us to estimate the cost. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Gas Chromatography linked mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyzes were performed, showing that the better combination for removing organic matter is by Pb/PbO2 and perlite. Meanwhile, GC-MS indicated that the by-products formed are benzoic acid, phthalic acid, thiocarbamic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, phenol-2-ethyl and naphthalene when Remazol Red was degraded. Conversely, aniline, phthalic acid, 1, 6 - dimethylnaphthalene, naphthalene and ion hidroxobenzenosulfonat was detected when Novacron Blue was studied. Analyses obtained through atomic absorption spectrometry showed that there was release of lead in the electrochemical oxidation of analyzes that were performed with the anode Pb/PbO2, but these values are reduced by subjecting the effluent to adsorption analysis. According to these results, sequential techniques electroxidation/adsorption and adsorption/electroxidation are to treat solutions containing dyes.

Iconografía de la pobreza (siglo XII – siglo XX): la imagen de la pobreza en la ciudad de Madrid (2000-2010)

Hemos adoptado una definición sociológica de pobreza, que nos ha permitido elaborar una imagen del pobre como individuo ante la sociedad. El estado de la cuestión del que partimos está formado por las definiciones sintéticas de pobreza que ofrecen autores actuales (por ejemplo, pobreza absoluta-relativa, pobreza-desviación social, dualización social-pobreza de Tezanos; nueva pobreza-pobreza tradicional de Tortosa) a partir de las cuales comprendemos y contextualizamos a los autores canónicos de la pobreza en su época (Vives-Robles-Soto, Giginta-Herrera, Weber, Tocqueville, Bentham o Marx por poner algunos ejemplos clásicos). Objetivos de la tesis: Esta tesis pretende establecer una tipología que razone los significados de los iconos de pobreza en el diseño y arte madrileños del inicio del siglo XXI, entroncando esas imágenes de pobreza con la tradición iconográfica occidental del pauperismo. La caracterización del pobre, su posición social, sus atributos y escenarios mantienen una afinidad visual y conceptual con el presente (hemos situado imágenes separadas en el tiempo pero unidas por los ejes semánticos que planteamos y se comprueba sus puntos visuales). Hipótesis: Nuestra hipótesis de partida, que confirmamos al concluir la tesis es que existe una relación entre esas imágenes míseras y un concepto de riqueza y pobreza de honda raíz cultural. La descomposición iconográfica de las imágenes se combina con un análisis de campo semántico de los discursos que en cada época y autor acompaña los iconos de pobres. Metodología: Para analizar el corpus de más de 600 imágenes y 1000 discursos sobre la pobreza hemos empleado un protocolo común para poder establecer posteriores comparaciones. Nuestro método combina el análisis de discurso (Muñoz, Álvarez-Uría), con especial atención al empleo de metáforas (Lakoff, Lizcano), y el análisis iconográfico (Panofsky). Los epígrafes de este modelo de análisis son: datos de la época, teóricos que definen la pobreza, antecedentes de concepto de pobreza, metáfora sobre la pobreza, movilidad social: ser o estar pobre, legitimación social, políticas de la pobreza, número de pobres, tipos de pobres, pobreza y clase social, relación ricos pobres, aspecto y ejemplos del pobre, denominación del pobre, lugares de la pobreza, ceremonias de la pobreza y las imágenes artísticas y de diseño. Conclusiones: Hemos conseguido describir el significado de las imágenes artísticas y de diseño sobre la pobreza madrileñas en el principio del s. XXI elaborando una tipología semántica con seis definiciones de pobreza: pobreza ironizada, recreada, bella, fea, de lucha social y exótica. Damos cuenta de ejemplos paradigmáticos del presente para ilustrar cada tipo y relacionamos cada una de esas clases de pobreza con visiones de la pobreza tradicional.

Da Creche ao Jardim-de-Infância: descobrindo e aprendendo com as crianças, os livros e os jornais

O presente Relatório de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada apresenta todo o meu percurso vivenciado ao longo do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar realizado no ano letivo de 2014/2015. Desta forma, o relatório está dividido em duas partes principais, sendo que a primeira diz respeito à Prática de Ensino Supervisionada em contexto de creche e a segunda parte em contexto de Jardim-de-Infância. A Parte I está também dividida em dois capítulos: o primeiro refere-se a uma dimensão reflexiva, onde são referidas as experiências mais significativas vivenciadas no contexto de creche; o segundo capítulo é referente a um ensaio investigativo, o qual teve como principal objetivo perceber de que forma os livros contribuem para o desenvolvimento da linguagem oral. Neste capítulo é apresentada a metodologia utilizada, bem como os resultados. Estes revelam que as crianças apresentam comportamentos leitores distintos, sendo que os livros são um importante instrumento pedagógico, o qual estimula as crianças a reproduzirem palavras e a construírem unidades sintáticas (sujeito, predicado, complemento direto). A Parte II está também dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo engloba a reflexão sobre as experiências vividas em Jardim-de-Infância. O segundo capítulo apresenta a metodologia de trabalho por projeto desenvolvida neste contexto. O projeto desenvolvido tem como título “À Descoberta do Jornal”, e permitiu-nos saber mais sobre este meio de comunicação, através de várias propostas educativas realizadas, como a visita à tipografia, a representação do papel de jornalistas. Estas propostas resultaram na criação do próprio jornal das crianças do Jardim-de-Infância, construído com as suas ideias e com os seus trabalhos.

Vigilância eletrônica no trabalho bancário: do controle consentido ao totalitarismo corporativo

This dissertation addresses the electronic surveillance theme in the banking context. The research that originated it, which was held in an organization called for the fiction name Banco Total, started from the following driving question: How do workers at a bank perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work? The research s main objective was to comprehend how workers perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work. The study adopted an interdisciplinary perspective, having Management as the original field, establishing a dialogue with others disciplines, like Philosophy and Sociology. About its methodology, it s a qualitative research that addressed its object in oral (interviews with live history elements) way. . Ten individuals were interviewed. The analytical process utilized the hermeneutical-dialectics technique.. From the analyses (hermeneutics) of the data, the following themes have emerged: (i) Acquiescence ; (ii) Monitoring; (iii) Time and Motion; (iv) Fear; (v) Interdiction; and (vi) Resistance . From the discussion (dialectic) of the results, this work presents three synthetic propositions that culminate in the following dimensions (i) control; (ii) acquiescence; (iii) corporative totalitarianism. It can be concluded that electronic surveillance is one mechanism of control emerged from the apply of technology at Total Bank; that information technology has been improving the control mechanisms of management theories; and that the imbrications between management and material technology control mechanisms at a context where there is acquiescence by workers contribute for the emergency of corporative totalitarianism components

Estimação do subespaço de sinal em dados hiperespectrais

A redução de dimensionalidade é uma tarefa crucial no processamento e análise de dados hiperespectrais. Esta comunicação propõe um método de estimação do subespaço de sinal baseado no erro quadrático médio. O método consiste em primeiro estimar as matrizes de correlação do sinal e do ruído e em segundo seleccionar o conjunto de vectores próprios que melhor representa o subespaço de sinal. O eficiência deste método é ilustrada em imagens hiperespectrais sintéticas e reais.

Estudo da efetividade dos mecanismos de compartilhamento de memória em hipervisores

The growing demand for large-scale virtualization environments, such as the ones used in cloud computing, has led to a need for efficient management of computing resources. RAM memory is the one of the most required resources in these environments, and is usually the main factor limiting the number of virtual machines that can run on the physical host. Recently, hypervisors have brought mechanisms for transparent memory sharing between virtual machines in order to reduce the total demand for system memory. These mechanisms “merge” similar pages detected in multiple virtual machines into the same physical memory, using a copy-on-write mechanism in a manner that is transparent to the guest systems. The objective of this study is to present an overview of these mechanisms and also evaluate their performance and effectiveness. The results of two popular hypervisors (VMware and KVM) using different guest operating systems (Linux and Windows) and different workloads (synthetic and real) are presented herein. The results show significant performance differences between hypervisors according to the guest system workloads and execution time.

Los óleos alquídicos Griffin : Composición, propiedades y aplicación

Uno de los principales inconvenientes que tiene la pintura al óleo es su lento secado. Dicho esto, cabe preguntarse si existe algún tipo de pintura que tenga las cualidades de los óleos pero que sequen más rápido que estos. La respuesta, afirmativa, la encontramos en los óleos alquídicos, que en nuestro país únicamente se comercializan bajo la marca Griffin de Winsor & Newton. Se trata de unas pinturas relativamente recientes, poco conocidas por los pintores y muy poco estudiadas. Con el objetivo de paliar estas carencias, el presente artículo contiene las principales conclusiones de un trabajo en el que se ha estudiado la composición de las pinturas Griffin, sus principales características (viscosidad, brillo, flexibilidad, textura, opacidad, secado que es lo que más nos interesa, estabilidad etc.), su aplicación práctica mediante el arte pictórico (soportes, disolventes, reglas para pintar, correcciones, veladuras, barnizado, etc.) y su mezcla con otro tipo de procedimientos pictóricos como el óleo, el acrílico, la cera encáustica y diversos temples (huevo, cola y caseína).

Micotoxinas – contributos do projeto Mycomix e perspetivas futuras

As micotoxinas são metabolitos secundários produzidos por várias espécies de fungos, e que podem contaminar os alimentos nas diferentes fases de produção, colheita, armazenagem ou processamento. Além de constituir um problema económico e de segurança alimentar, a contaminação de alimentos com micotoxinas é essencialmente um problema de saúde pública, dado que estes compostos podem provocar efeitos graves na saúde humana e animal, estando classificadas pela Agência Internacional de Investigação em Cancro (IARC) como carcinogénicos dos grupos 1, 2B e 3. O projecto Mycomix PTDC/DTP/FTO/0417-2012 (2013-2015), que consistiu num estudo exploratório dos efeitos tóxicos de misturas de micotoxinas em alimentos para crianças revelou a presença de múltiplas micotoxinas em simultâneo em alimentos à base de cereais, indicando que as crianças poderão estar expostas a micotoxinas através da alimentação. No âmbito do projecto Mycomix foi avaliada a exposição de crianças a micotoxinas através da aplicação de diários alimentares para determinação do consumo alimentar. Como alternativa às metodologias de avaliação de risco baseadas no consumo alimentar, a Agência Europeia de Segurança Alimentar (EFSA) recomendou a implementação de metodologias harmonizadas de biomonitorização humana, que é uma metodologia que permite avaliar a exposição do Homem a substâncias naturais e sintéticas do meio ambiente, baseando-se na análise direta de biomarcadores em tecidos e fluidos. É por isso o único método para avaliar diretamente a exposição a determinada substância, a sua magnitude, e a sua variação ao longo do tempo.