Stable isotope and trace element stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic transition: A redefinition of the boundary in the Velebit Mountain, Croatia

Stable isotopes of carbonates (delta(13)C(carb), delta(18)O(carb)), organic matter (delta(13)C(org), delta(15)N(org)) and major, trace and rare earth element (REE) compositions of marine carbonate rocks of Late Permian to Early Triassic age were used to establish the position of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) at two continuous sections in the Velebit Mountain, Croatia. The chosen sections - Rizvanusa and Brezimenjaca - are composed of two lithostratigraphic units, the Upper Permian Transitional Dolomite and the overlying Sandy Dolomite. The contact between these units, characterized by the erosional features and sudden occurrence of ooids and siliciclastic grains, was previously considered as the chronostratigraphic PTB. The Sandy Dolomite is characterized by high content of non-carbonate material (up to similar to 30 wt.% insoluble residue), originated from erosion of the uplifted hinterland. A relatively rich assemblage of Permian fossils (including Geinitzina, Globivalvulina, Hemigordius, bioclasts of gastropods, ostracods and brachiopods) was found for the first time in Sandy Dolomite, 5 m above the lithologic boundary in the Rizvanusa section. A rather abrupt negative delta(13)C(carb) excursion in both sections appears in rocks showing no recognizable facies change within the Sandy Dolomite, -2 parts per thousand at Rizvanusa and -1.2 parts per thousand at Brezimenjaca, 11 m and 0.2 m above the lithologic contact, respectively. This level within the lower part of the Sandy Dolomite is proposed as the chemostratigraphic PTB. In the Rizvanusa section, the delta(13)C(org) values decline gradually from similar to-25 parts per thousand in the Upper Permian to similar to-29 parts per thousand in the Lower Triassic. The first negative delta(13)C(org) excursion occurs above the lithologic contact, within the uppermost Permian deposits, and appears to be related to the input of terrigenous material. The release of isotopically light microbial soil-biomass into the shallow-marine water may explain this sudden decrease of delta(13)C(org) values below the PTB. This would support the hypothesis that in the western Tethyan realm the land extinction, triggering a sudden drop of woody vegetation and related land erosion, preceded the marine extinction. The relatively low delta(15)N(org) values at the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) transition level, close to approximate to 0 parts per thousand, and a secondary negative delta(13)C(org) excursion of -0.5 parts per thousand point to significant terrestrial input and primary contribution of cyanobacteria. The profiles of the concentrations of redox-sensitive elements (Ce, Mn, Fe, V), biogenic or biogenic-scavenged elements (P, Ba, Zn, V), Ce/Ce* values, and normalized trace elements, including Ba/Al, Ba/Fe, Ti/Al, Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and Mn/Ti show clear excursions at the Transitional Dolomite-Sandy Dolomite lithologic boundary and the chemostratigraphic P-Tr boundary. The stratigraphic variations indicate a major regression phase marking the lithologic boundary, transgressive phases in the latest Permian and a gradual change into shallow/stagnant anoxic marine environment towards the P-Tr boundary level and during the earliest Triassic. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anomalous rainfall and associated atmospheric circulation in the northeast Spanish Mediterranean area and its relationship to sediment fluidization events in a lake

Changes in the dynamics of sediment transport in a Mediterranean lake (sediment fluidization events) are linked to atmospheric circulations patterns (trough monthly precipitation). In the basins of Lake Banyoles, located in the northeast of Spain, water enters mainly through subterranean springs, and associated fluctuations in the vertical migration of sediment distribution (fluidization events) present episodic behavior as a result of episodic rainfall in the area. The initiation of the fluidization events takes place when the monthly rainfall is ∼2.7 times greater than the mean monthly rainfall of the rainiest months in the area, especially in spring (April and May), October, and December. The duration of these events is found to be well correlated with the accumulated rainfall of the preceding 10 months before the process initiation. The rainfall, in turn, is mainly associated with six atmospheric circulation patterns among the 19 fundamental circulations that emerged in an earlier study focused on significant rainfall days in Mediterranean Spain. Among them, accentuated surface lows over the northeast of Spain, general northeasterly winds by low pressure centered to the east of Balearic Islands and short baroclinic waves over the Iberian Peninsula, with easterly flows over the northeastern coast of Spain, are found the most relevant atmospheric circulations that drive heavy rainfall events

Efecto de los usos del suelo en la emisión de dióxido de carbono del suelo a la atmósfera en un agroecosistema semiárido del Valle del Ebro

Los cambios en los usos del suelo han contribuido de manera importante al incremento de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera, especialmente de dióxido de carbono, aumentando sus emisiones desde 1970 en un 80%. Estos cambios causan la alteración de los suelos provocando un impacto sobre el ciclo del carbono, aumentando las tasas de descomposición de la fracción orgánica creando así un flujo de CO2 a la atmosfera. Entre las recomendaciones del Panel Intergubernamental de expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC, en inglés), y contemplado en el Protocolo de Kyoto, se encuentra el proceso de secuestro de carbono en suelos, que implica la eliminación del CO2 atmosférico por parte de las plantas y su almacenamiento como materia orgánica del suelo. Para poder favorecer dicho proceso, en un determinado tipo de ecosistema, es fundamental conocer cuáles son los factores que gobiernan la respiración del suelo y el impacto que tienen los diferentes usos en la emisión de CO2. En el presente trabajo se han estudiado 4 usos del suelo representativos del secano aragonés: un monocultivo de cebada en siembra directa (NT), un suelo abandonado labrado (AC), un suelo abandonado no alterado (AU) y un suelo forestal (FR) con el objetivo de conocer sus tasas de respiración, la influencia de diferentes parámetros edáficos en ellas, y proponer cambios en el uso del suelo que ayuden a mitigar estas emisiones. Además, se ha dedicado un apartado para conocer cómo influyen diferentes técnicas de fertilización nitrogenada (mineral y orgánica) en la respiración de un monocultivo de cebada en siembra directa. En cuanto a los usos, los resultados obtenidos tanto in situ como en laboratorio muestran una mayor respiración en AC, siendo los valores más bajos los de NT y FR. Una de las principales conclusiones es que la supresión del laboreo y del periodo de barbecho largo, así como la conversión de tierras abandonadas y marginales a cultivos y zonas forestales se presentan en este tipo de ecosistemas como prácticas de secuestro de carbono. En el estudio de aplicación de fertilizantes, no se observó ningún cambio en la respiración del suelo después de la aplicación de nitrógeno mineral. En cambio, el suelo fertilizado con purín sí que mostró picos de emisión durante las siguientes horas a la incorporación de éste, debido fundamentalmente a su alto contenido de carbono lábil.

Farmers' exposure to dusts and gases in modern Finnish cubicle cow houses

Selostus: Maanviljelijöiden altistuminen pölyille ja kaasuille nykyaikaisissa navetoissa

Carbon dioxide efflux in a rhodic hapludox as affected by tillage systems in southern Brazil

Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of atmospheric C, according to the soil management. This long-term experiment (22 years) was evaluated during 30 days in autumn, to quantify the effect of tillage systems (conventional tillage-CT and no-till-NT) on the soil CO2-C flux in a Rhodic Hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A closed-dynamic system (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor) and a static system (alkali absorption) were used to measure soil CO2-C flux immediately after soybean harvest. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously with CO2-C flux, by Licor-6400 soil temperature probe and manual TDR, respectively. During the entire month, a CO2-C emission of less than 30 % of the C input through soybean crop residues was estimated. In the mean of a 30 day period, the CO2-C flux in NT soil was similar to CT, independent of the chamber type used for measurements. Differences in tillage systems with dynamic chamber were verified only in short term (daily evaluation), where NT had higher CO2-C flux than CT at the beginning of the evaluation period and lower flux at the end. The dynamic chamber was more efficient than the static chamber in capturing variations in CO2-C flux as a function of abiotic factors. In this chamber, the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS), in the NT soil, explained 83 and 62 % of CO2-C flux, respectively. The Q10 factor, which evaluates CO2-C flux dependence on soil temperature, was estimated as 3.93, suggesting a high sensitivity of the biological activity to changes in soil temperature during fall season. The CO2-C flux measured in a closed dynamic chamber was correlated with the static alkali adsorption chamber only in the NT system, although the values were underestimated in comparison to the other, particularly in the case of high flux values. At low soil temperature and WFPS conditions, soil tillage caused a limited increase in soil CO2-C flux.

Embodied pollution in Spanish household consumption: a disaggregate analysis

[spa] En este artículo aplicamos un modelo input-output ampliado medioambientalmente para analizar un aspecto específico de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental. El propósito del estudio es analizar si las estructuras de consumo de los hogares con una mejor ‘posición económica’ pueden tener un efecto positivo para reducir las presiones medioambientales. Para ello combinamos información de diferentes bases de datos para analizar el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica del consumo de diferentes hogares españoles en el año 2000. Consideramos nueve gases, i.e. los seis gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, y PFCs) y otros tres gases (SO2, NOx, y NH3). Clasificamos los hogares en quintiles de gasto per capita y quintiles de gasto equivalente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hay una relación positiva y elevada entre el nivel de gasto y las emisiones directas e indirectas generadas por el consumo de los hogares; sin embargo, las intensidades de emisión tienden a disminuir con el nivel de gasto para los diferentes gases, con la excepción de SF6, HFCs, y PFCs.

Pertinence de la trace: étude théorique et perspectives expérimentales

Pour faire évoluer la science forensique, il faut pouvoir analyser des notions élémentaires appartenant au quotidien et non se focaliser exclusivement sur le développement de nouvelles techniques. Encore non étudiée sous cette perspective, la pertinence fait partie de ces notions fondamentales forensiques pour lesquelles une telle analyse mérite d'être menée. En tenant compte du constat formulé par Inman et Rudin (2000), à savoir que la tâche la plus compliquée est de pouvoir reconnaître des traces matérielles pertinentes, s'interroger sur la pertinence de la trace soulève bien plus qu'une question. Cela met en évidence une multitude de paramètres intervenant dans les processus de raisonnement et de décision opérés sur les lieux d'investigations. Du reste trois facteurs susceptibles d'avoir une influence notable sur la recherche de traces apparaissent : Savoir, Formation et Expérience ou S.F.E. Ils forment, en étant regroupés, un bagage spécifique au spécialiste, composant sa connaissance dans le domaine et à même de jouer un rôle d'importance dans son travail opéré sur les lieux. Afin de déterminer l'influence de ce bagage sur le concept de pertinence, la démarche expérimentale se conduit en deux temps. Dans une première phase, l'approche se veut exploratoire au travers d'un stage réalisé dans une unité d'interventions, permettant de poser des bases statistiques et de dresser une réalité du travail sur le terrain. Puis au cours de la phase expérimentale, la conduite d'entretiens semi-directifs, couplés à un sondage, vise à déterminer quelle perception du concept de pertinence ressort parmi les volontaires interrogés. Ces derniers sont issus de groupes composés de futurs criminalistes, qui suivent une formation forensique à l'Université de Lausanne, et de praticiens expérimentés de formation police et / ou scientifique. En tentant de clarifier le concept de pertinence, l'objectif est de fournir des outils pour renforcer ou orienter la formation de spécialistes sur le terrain, en ayant permis d'amorcer une démarche de réflexion logique face aux champs d'investigations. En se voulant utile pour mieux formaliser la détection et la collecte des traces pertinentes sur les lieux, cela constitue une aide à la gestion : un atout non négligeable à l'heure où les contrôles qualité et les standards ne sont plus seulement une tendance mais une réalité qui s'impose.

Emissão de gases do efeito estufa em diferentes usos da terra no bioma Cerrado

A conversão de áreas nativas com o corte e queima de vegetação seguida do cultivo do solo resultam em mudanças na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo, com alterações nas emissões dos gases causadores de efeito estufa (GEE: CO2, CH4 e N2O) da biosfera para a atmosfera, que causam a elevação da temperatura média e, consequentemente, as mudanças climáticas globais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre os fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O com a umidade, biomassa microbiana e as formas inorgânicas de N no solo com diferentes usos das terras no bioma Cerrado (Rio Verde, Goiás). O clima da região é do tipo Aw (Köppen-Geiger), e o solo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico caulinítico textura argilosa com vegetação original de Cerradão. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (áreas): vegetação nativa - Cerradão (CE); pastagem (PA) de braquiária, semeadura convencional (SC) de soja; e semeadura direta (SD) de milho sucedido por milheto. As emissões anuais de CO2 e N2O não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos; isso ocorreu devido à elevada variação nos fluxos dos gases em decorrência da sazonalidade no clima, com as menores emissões observadas durante o inverno, devido à ausência da umidade do solo. A média na emissão de CO2 foi de 108,9 ± 85,6 mg m-2 h-1 , e para o N2O, de 13,5 ± 7,6 µg m-2 h-1. Os fluxos de CH4 apresentaram diferenças significativas somente para a pastagem, com emissão de 32 µg m-2 h-1 , enquanto nas demais áreas foram observados influxos entre 46 e 15 µg m-2 h-1 . Com os resultados das correlações, pode-se verificar que a umidade foi a variável do solo que apresentou maior correlação com o fluxo dos três gases de efeito estufa. O teor de N-NO3- e as emissões de CO2 mostraram correlações para todas as áreas. Quando consideradas as correlações para todos os tratamentos conjuntamente, verificou-se que os fluxos dos três gases apresentaram correlações significativas com os teores de C e N-microbiano. Contudo, a relação Cmicro:Nmicro não mostrou correlação significativa com o fluxo dos gases de efeito estufa. A pastagem foi a única situação em que os fluxos de CO2 e N2O apresentaram correlação com as quantidades de N-inorgânico. Os resultados sugerem que os fluxos dos GEE são dependentes do regime pluvial no bioma Cerrado, principalmente nas áreas cultivadas que recebem altas doses de fertilizantes para o aumento da produtividade.

Twist mode in atomic Fermi gases

The quantum-kinetic energy of a finite number of trapped fermionic atoms provides a restoring force for shear motion due to a distortion of the momentum distribution. In analogy to the twist mode of nuclear physics, it is proposed that counter rotating the upper and lower hemisphere of a spherical atomic cloud yields a finite-frequency mode closely related to transverse zero sound waves in bulk Fermi liquids.

Plant availability of trace elements in sewage sludge-treated soils: methodology¹

Synthetic root exudates were formulated based on the organic acid composition of root exudates derived from the rhizosphere of aseptically grown corn plants, pH of the rhizosphere, and the background chemical matrices of the soil solutions. The synthetic root exudates, which mimic the chemical conditions of the rhizosphere environment where soil-borne metals are dissolved and absorbed by plants, were used to extract metals from sewage-sludge treated soils 16 successive times. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu of the sludge-treated soil were 71.74, 0.21, 15.90, 58.12, and 37.44 mg kg-1, respectively. The composition of synthetic root exudates consisted of acetic, butyric, glutaric, lactic, maleic, propionic, pyruvic, succinic, tartaric, and valeric acids. The organic acid mixtures had concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mol L-1 -COOH. The trace elements removed by successive extractions may be considered representative for the availability of these metals to plants in these soils. The chemical speciation of the metals in the liquid phase was calculated; results showed that metals in sludge-treated soils were dissolved and formed soluble complexes with the different organic acid-based root exudates. The most reactive organic acid ligands were lactate, maleate, tartarate, and acetate. The inorganic ligands of chloride and sulfate played insignificant roles in metal dissolution. Except for Cd, free ions did not represent an important chemical species of the metals in the soil rhizosphere. As different metals formed soluble complexes with different ligands in the rhizosphere, no extractor, based on a single reagent would be able to recover all of the potentially plant-available metals from soils; the root exudate-derived organic acid mixtures tested in this study may be better suited to recover potentially plant-available metals from soils than the conventional extractors.

Spin-2 gravitational trace anomaly

The part proportional to the Euler-Poincar characteristic of the contribution of spin-2 fields to the gravitational trace anomaly is computed. It is seen to be of the same sign as all the lower-spin contributions, making anomaly cancellation impossible. Subtleties related to Weyl invariance, gauge independence, ghosts, and counting of degrees of freedom are pointed out.