Annales Musei botanici lugduno-batavi.

v.2 (1865-1866)

Annales Musei botanici lugduno-batavi.

v.3 (1867)

Annales Musei botanici lugduno-batavi.

v.4 (1868-1869)

A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica : with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd, an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that place, with some relations concerning the neighbouring continent, and islands of America. Illustrated with figures of the things described, which have not been heretofore engraved. In large copper-plates as big as the life /

Vol. 2

A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica : with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd, an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that place, with some relations concerning the neighbouring continent, and islands of America. Illustrated with figures of the things described, which have not been heretofore engraved. In large copper-plates as big as the life /

Vol. 1

Química láser: Transferencia de energía

El propósito general de este proyecto es el de desarrollar investigaciones experimentales y teóricas en la dinámica de las reacciones químicas, de importancia en los procesos atmosféricos (baja temperatura) y de combustión (alta temperatura), con especial énfasis en los aspectos relativos a la relajación colisional de la energía, en especies simples y en moléculas de van der Waals. Con este propósito se estudiarán las reacciones físicas y químicas de especies excitadas, en tiempo real, en función del grado de excitación y de la presión y naturaleza de los gases desactivantes. En particular, se tratará de correlacionar la cantidad de energía transferida por colisión con parámetros moleculares, basándose en la dinámica de estos procesos. Los objetivos parciales pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera: 1) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas diatómicas excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases colisionantes mono y diatómicos. 2) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas poliatómicas, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos, en función del grado de excitación rotacional. 3) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas de van der Waals, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos. 4) Generación de radicales libres del tip CFxCly, con x+y=3, por descomposición multifotónica IR de precursores adecuados y estudio de sus reacciones con diversos sustratos. Por ejemplo, se estudiará la reacción de radicales CF3 con NO2. 5) Estudio de la relajación colisional de moléculas excitadas vibracionalmente por mediciones de la intensidad de fluorescencia IR, resuelta en el tiempo. 6) Instalación y puesta en funcionamiento de un aparato de haces moleculares. 7) Generación y estudio de los procesos de relajación y reactividades de moléculas de van der Waals.

Biologia Centrali-Americana :zoology, botany and archaeology /edited by Frederick Ducane Godman and Osbert Salvin.

Insecta. Diptera. v. 2 (1888-1903) by Frederick Maurits van der Wulp.

Química láser: Transferencia de energía

El propósito general de este proyecto es el de desarrollar investigaciones experimentales y teóricas en la dinámica de las reacciones químicas, de importancia en los procesos atmosféricos (baja temperatura) y de combustión (alta temperatura), con especial énfasis en los aspectos relativos a la relajación colisional de la energía, en especies simples y en moléculas de van der Waals. Con este propósito se estudiarán las reacciones físicas y químicas de especies excitadas, en tiempo real, en función del grado de excitación y de la presión y naturaleza de los gases desactivantes. En particular, se tratará de correlacionar la cantidad de energía transferida por colisión con parámetros moleculares, basándose en la dinámica de estos procesos. Los objetivos parciales pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera: 1) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas diatómicas excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases colisionantes mono y diatómicos. 2) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas poliatómicas, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos, en función del grado de excitación rotacional. 3) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas de van der Waals, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos. 4) Generación de radicales libres del tip CFxCly, con x+y=3, por descomposición multifotónica IR de precursores adecuados y estudio de sus reacciones con diversos sustratos. Por ejemplo, se estudiará la reacción de radicales CF3 con NO2. 5) Estudio de la relajación colisional de moléculas excitadas vibracionalmente por mediciones de la intensidad de fluorescencia IR, resuelta en el tiempo. 6) Instalación y puesta en funcionamiento de un aparato de haces moleculares. 7) Generación y estudio de los procesos de relajación y reactividades de moléculas de van der Waals.

Dinámica y cinética de los procesos físicos y químicos del radical OH con compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) de relevancia atmosférica. Dynamics and kinetics of the physical and chemical processes of OH radicals with atmospheric relevant volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

El objetivo del presente proyecto es estudiar los procesos físicos y químicos del radical OH con compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs), con los cuales sea factible la formación de agregados de van der Waals (vdW) responsables de la curvatura en los gráficos de Arrhenius, empleando técnicas modernas, complementarias entre si y novedosas en el país. El problema será abordado desde tres perspectivas complementarias: 1) estudios cinéticos, 2) estudios mecanísticos y de distribución de productos y 3) estudios de la dinámica de los procesos físicos y químicos. La finalidad es alcanzar una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos que intervienen en el comportamiento químico de especies presentes en la atmósfera y obtener datos cinéticos de alta calidad que puedan alimentar modelos computacionales capaces de describir la composición de la atmósfera, presente y futura. Los objetivos son estudiar: 1) mediante fotólisis láser pulsada con detección por fluorescencia inducida por láser (PLP-LIF), en reactores de flujo, la cinética de reacción del radical OH(v”=0) con COVs que presentan gráficos de Arrhenius curvos con energías de activación negativas, tales como alcoholes insaturados, alquenos halogenados, éteres halogenados, ésteres alifáticos; 2) en una cámara de simulación de condiciones atmosféricas de gran volumen (4500 L), la identidad y el rendimiento de productos de las reacciones mencionadas, a fines de evaluar su impacto atmosférico y dilucidar los mecanismos de reacción; 3) mediante haces moleculares y espectroscopía láser, la estructura y reactividad de complejos de vdW entre alcoholes insaturados o aromáticos (cresoles) y el radical OH, como modelo de los aductos propuestos como responsables de la desviación al comportamiento de Arrhenius de las reacciones mencionadas; 4) mediante PLP-LIF y expansiones supersónicas, las constantes específicas estado a estado (ksts) de relajación/reacción del radical OH(v”=1-4) vibracionalmente excitado con los COVs mencionados. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos serán contrastados con cálculos ab-initio de estructura electrónica, los cuales apoyarán las interpretaciones, permitirán proponer estructuras de estados de transición y aductos colisionales, como así también calcular las frecuencias de vibración de los complejos de vdW para su posterior asignación en los espectros LIF y REMPI. Asimismo, los mecanismos de reacción propuestos y los parámetros cinéticos medidos experimentalmente serán comparados con aquellos obtenidos por cálculos teóricos. The aim of this project is to study the physical and chemical processes of OH radicals with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with which the formation of van der Waals (vdW) clusters, responsible for the observed curvature in the Arrhenius plots, might be feasible. The problem will be addressed as follow : 1) kinetic studies; 2) products distribution and mechanistic studies and 3) dynamical studies of the physical and chemical processes. The purpose is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the chemical behavior of species present in the atmosphere and to obtain high quality kinetic data to be used as input to computational models. We will study: 1) the reaction kinetics of OH (v”=0) radicals with VOCs such as unsaturated alcohols, halogenated alkenes, halogenated ethers, aliphatic esters, which show curved Arrhenius plots and negative activation energies, by PLP-LIF, in flow systems; 2) in a large volume (4500 L) atmospheric simulation chamber, reaction products yields in order to evaluate their atmospheric impact and reaction mechanisms; 3) using molecular beams and laser spectroscopy, the structure and reactivity of the vdW complexes formed between the unsaturated or aromatic alcohols and the OH radicals as a model of the adducts proposed as responsible for the non-Arrhenius behavior; 4) the specific state-to-state relaxation/reaction rate constants (ksts) of the vibrationally excited OH (v”=1-4) radical with the VOCs by PLP-LIF and supersonic expansions. Ab-initio calculations will be carried out to support the interpretation of the experimental results, to obtain the transition state and collisional adducts structures, as well as to calculate the vibrational frequencies of the vdW complexes to assign to the LIF and REMPI spectra. Also, the proposed reaction mechanisms and the experimentally measured kinetic parameters will be compared with those obtained from theoretical calculations.

Avaliação do conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre diretrizes do tratamento da fibrilação atrial

FUNDAMENTO: Não existem estudos locais avaliando o conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre as condutas no tratamento da fibrilação atrial (FA) e o conhecimento dessas diretrizes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento de diretrizes e práticas clínicas no tratamento da FA, relacionando-o com o tempo de graduação médica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo, aleatoriamente, cardiologistas, membros da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SOCERGS). Os médicos foram divididos pelas datas de graduação em dois grupos: acima (G1) e abaixo (G2) de 25 anos da formatura. RESULTADOS: Dos 859 membros da SOCERGS, 150 foram entrevistados, sendo que seis se recusaram a participar do estudo. O G1 foi formado por 71 e o G2 por 73 médicos. Houve diferença nos seguintes fatores: uso de beta bloqueador como droga de primeira escolha para controle da resposta na FA 59,2%(G1) vs. 91,8%(G2) (p<0,0001); uso de digoxina como droga preferencial no controle da resposta da FA=19,7%(G1) vs. 0% (G2)(p< 0,0001); warfarina como anticoagulante preferencial 71,8%(G1) vs. 93,2%(G2)(p=0,009); aplicação de algum escore de risco para anticoagulação em 73,2%(G1) vs. 87,7%(G2)(p=0,02). Em questões sobre o conhecimento das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de FA, o percentual geral de acertos foi de 82,3 %. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das condutas clínicas referentes ao manejo da FA está de acordo com as diretrizes e a prática clínica difere conforme o tempo de graduação.

Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism in the Efficacy and Safety of Simvastatin/Atorvastatin Therapy in a Southern Brazilian Cohort

Background: Dyslipidemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and statins have been effective in controlling lipid levels. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins contribute to interindividual variations in drug efficacy and toxicity. Objective: To evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the efficacy and safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment. Methods: Lipid levels of 495 patients (331 women and 164 men) were measured at baseline and after 6 ± 3 months of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment to assess the efficacy and safety profiles of both drugs. Results: Women had higher baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared with men (p < 0.0001). After treatment, women exhibited a greater decrease in plasma TC and LDL-C levels compared with men. After adjustment for covariates, baseline levels of TC and LDL-C influenced more than 30% of the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (p < 0.001), regardless of sex. Myalgia [with or without changes in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels] occurred more frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002), whereas an increase in CPK and/or abnormal liver function was more frequent in in men (17.9%; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our results show that baseline TC and LDL-C levels are the main predictors of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy efficacy, regardless of sex. In addition, they suggest the presence of sexual dimorphism in the safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin. The effect of sex differences on receptors, transporter proteins, and gene expression pathways needs to be better evaluated and characterized to confirm these observations.

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.