Thermally induced evolution of phase transformations in gas hydrate sediment

Thermally induced evolution of phase transformations is a basic physical-chemical process in the dissociation of gas hydrate in sediment (GHS). Heat transfer leads to the weakening of the bed soil and the simultaneous establishment of a time varying stress field accompanied by seepage of fluids and deformation of the soil. As a consequence, ground failure could occur causing engineering damage or/and environmental disaster. This paper presents a simplified analysis of the thermal process by assuming that thermal conduction can be decoupled from the flow and deformation process. It is further assumed that phase transformations take place instantaneously. Analytical and numerical results are given for several examples of simplified geometry. Experiments using Tetra-hydro-furan hydrate sediments were carried out in our laboratory to check the theory. By comparison, the theoretical, numerical and experimental results on the evolution of dissociation fronts and temperature in the sediment are found to be in good agreement.

Study on peak overpressure and flame propagation speed of gas deflagration in the tube with obstacles

The on-way peak overpressure and flame propagation speed of gas deflagration in the tube with obstacles are important data for process safety. Based on carbon monoxide deflagration experiments, the paper presents a multi-zone integration model for calculation of on-way peak overpressure, in which the tube with obstacles is considered as a series of venting explosion enclosures which link each others. The analysis of experimental data indicates that the on-way peak overpressure of gas deflagration can be correlated as an empirical formula with equivalence ratio of carbon monoxide oxidation, expansion ratio, flame path length, etc., and that the on-way peak overpressure exhibits a linear relationship with turbulence factor and flame propagation speed. An empirical formula of flame propagation speed is given.

Gas separation with organo-soluble high performance aromatic polyimide films

An organo-soluble polyimide based on 4,4'-(1,4-phenylenedioxy)diphthalic anhydride and 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline was synthesized by two-step polycondensation accompanied by chemical imidization. Polyimide films were prepared by spray casting onto glass substrates. The study focused on the separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas and the enrichment of methane (CH4) from butane (C4H18). The permeability and permselectivity coefficients of these gases were determined.

Vantagens do ciclo combinado a gás natural face a outras tecnologias de produção de energia. Estudo de caso

Seria impensável concebermos os nossos dias sem a utilização de energia eléctrica. Esta forma de energia é responsável pelo desenvolvimento económico e a sua disponibilidade é indicadora da qualidade de vida dos povos. A procura de formas de obtenção desta energia que minimizem os impactes para o ambiente tem levado à adopção de energias renováveis mas também ao desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que permitam aumentar a eficiência de conversão de energia entre as suas várias formas. Neste sentido procedeu-se à análise de um estudo de caso da central termoeléctrica a gás natural com tecnologia de ciclo combinado da Tapada do Outeiro, Portugal. Living without electricity is nowadays unconceived. The economic growth and quality of life is strongly dependent on this source of energy. The search for new forms of producing electricity in order to minimise environmental impacts has lead to the adoption of renewable energies and to the improvement of new technologies which allow at the same time to reach high efficiency in the process of energy conversion from the chemical form to the electrical one. This article is about a case study of a natural gas turbine power plant with combined cycle, at “Tapada do Outeiro”, Portugal.

C 177 INST-D 2013. 358 Diversos modelos de bolsos y mochilas de hilos de algodón tejidos con las técnicas del chochet y el macramé.

24 fotografías a color.

Oil and gas projects in the Western Amazon: threats to wilderness, biodiversity, and indigenous peoples.

BACKGROUND: The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some of the world's last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Unlike the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still a largely intact ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We synthesized information from government sources to quantify the status of oil development in the western Amazon. National governments delimit specific geographic areas or "blocks" that are zoned for hydrocarbon activities, which they may lease to state and multinational energy companies for exploration and production. About 180 oil and gas blocks now cover approximately 688,000 km(2) of the western Amazon. These blocks overlap the most species-rich part of the Amazon. We also found that many of the blocks overlap indigenous territories, both titled lands and areas utilized by peoples in voluntary isolation. In Ecuador and Peru, oil and gas blocks now cover more than two-thirds of the Amazon. In Bolivia and western Brazil, major exploration activities are set to increase rapidly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Without improved policies, the increasing scope and magnitude of planned extraction means that environmental and social impacts are likely to intensify. We review the most pressing oil- and gas-related conservation policy issues confronting the region. These include the need for regional Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments and the adoption of roadless extraction techniques. We also consider the conflicts where the blocks overlap indigenous peoples' territories.

Universal quantum viscosity in a unitary Fermi gas.

A Fermi gas of atoms with resonant interactions is predicted to obey universal hydrodynamics, in which the shear viscosity and other transport coefficients are universal functions of the density and temperature. At low temperatures, the viscosity has a universal quantum scale ħ n, where n is the density and ħ is Planck's constant h divided by 2π, whereas at high temperatures the natural scale is p(T)(3)/ħ(2), where p(T) is the thermal momentum. We used breathing mode damping to measure the shear viscosity at low temperature. At high temperature T, we used anisotropic expansion of the cloud to find the viscosity, which exhibits precise T(3/2) scaling. In both experiments, universal hydrodynamic equations including friction and heating were used to extract the viscosity. We estimate the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density and compare it with that of a perfect fluid.

Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are dramatically increasing natural-gas extraction. In aquifers overlying the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of northeastern Pennsylvania and upstate New York, we document systematic evidence for methane contamination of drinking water associated with shale-gas extraction. In active gas-extraction areas (one or more gas wells within 1 km), average and maximum methane concentrations in drinking-water wells increased with proximity to the nearest gas well and were 19.2 and 64 mg CH(4) L(-1) (n = 26), a potential explosion hazard; in contrast, dissolved methane samples in neighboring nonextraction sites (no gas wells within 1 km) within similar geologic formations and hydrogeologic regimes averaged only 1.1 mg L(-1) (P < 0.05; n = 34). Average δ(13)C-CH(4) values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly less negative for active than for nonactive sites (-37 ± 7‰ and -54 ± 11‰, respectively; P < 0.0001). These δ(13)C-CH(4) data, coupled with the ratios of methane-to-higher-chain hydrocarbons, and δ(2)H-CH(4) values, are consistent with deeper thermogenic methane sources such as the Marcellus and Utica shales at the active sites and matched gas geochemistry from gas wells nearby. In contrast, lower-concentration samples from shallow groundwater at nonactive sites had isotopic signatures reflecting a more biogenic or mixed biogenic/thermogenic methane source. We found no evidence for contamination of drinking-water samples with deep saline brines or fracturing fluids. We conclude that greater stewardship, data, and-possibly-regulation are needed to ensure the sustainable future of shale-gas extraction and to improve public confidence in its use.

Implications of shale gas development for climate change.

Advances in technologies for extracting oil and gas from shale formations have dramatically increased U.S. production of natural gas. As production expands domestically and abroad, natural gas prices will be lower than without shale gas. Lower prices have two main effects: increasing overall energy consumption, and encouraging substitution away from sources such as coal, nuclear, renewables, and electricity. We examine the evidence and analyze modeling projections to understand how these two dynamics affect greenhouse gas emissions. Most evidence indicates that natural gas as a substitute for coal in electricity production, gasoline in transport, and electricity in buildings decreases greenhouse gases, although as an electricity substitute this depends on the electricity mix displaced. Modeling suggests that absent substantial policy changes, increased natural gas production slightly increases overall energy use, more substantially encourages fuel-switching, and that the combined effect slightly alters economy wide GHG emissions; whether the net effect is a slight decrease or increase depends on modeling assumptions including upstream methane emissions. Our main conclusions are that natural gas can help reduce GHG emissions, but in the absence of targeted climate policy measures, it will not substantially change the course of global GHG concentrations. Abundant natural gas can, however, help reduce the costs of achieving GHG reduction goals.

Circulación vertical del agua y su relación con la vegetación en zonas áridas y semiáridas

Los cambios de vegetación, especialmente aquellos que involucran transiciones de vegetación leñosa a herbácea afectan el ciclo hidrológico, modificando los flujos de agua y sales. En esta tesis se explora cómo la conversión de bosques semiáridos a tierras agrícolas afecta la dinámica de agua y sales en las planicies semiáridas intensamente deforestadas del centro-oeste de la región del Espinal (San Luis, Argentina). El estudio abarcó diferentes escalas espaciales (stand, paisaje y cuenca) y diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas: muestreos de la zona no saturada/saturada, modelización hidrológica, obtención de perfiles geoeléctricos, medición de caudales y análisis de imágenes e información histórica. A escala de stand, los análisis de suelo no saturado y los resultados obtenidos de los modelos hidrológicos confirmaron que los bosques semiáridos evapotranspiran prácticamente la totalidad de la precipitación anual, generando recarga nula y una elevada acumulación de sales en sus perfiles (0.15 a 9 kg/m2 hasta 6 m de profundidad), a pesar del aumento regional de las precipitaciones registrado en los últimos 50 años. En parcelas agrícolas, más de un 4 por ciento de la precipitación anual escapa del alcance y absorción de las raíces, generando recarga y lixiviación de más del 75 por ciento del stock de cloruro existente originalmente bajo vegetación natural. Estas diferencias en las tasas de recarga y acumulación de sales entre ambos tipos de vegetación se incrementaron en suelos con mayor contenido de arena (a recarga es hasta dos órdenes de magnitud superior bajo agricultura y llega hasta un 99 por ciento de lixiviación de sales). Además, la modelización hidrológica sugiere que la generación de recarga bajo agricultura durante el periodo de estudio se asoció a eventos muy intensos o años especialmente húmedos. La caracterización de la resistividad en suelos, mediante técnicas geoeléctricas a escala de paisaje, confirmaron los patrones de acumulación de agua y sales descriptos a nivel de stand para bosques y agricultura, demostrándose la utilidad de estas técnicas para el estudio de la dinámica espacial del agua y las sales, con continuidad horizontal. Finalmente, a escala de cuenca, se han registrado grandes transformaciones hidrogeomorfológicas, con fuertes disecciones en el paisaje y aparición repentina de cursos de agua, como resultado de la modificación de la condición de recarga nula y el ascenso continuado de los niveles freáticos. Estos cambios se asocian principalmente al reemplazo de los bosques nativos por cultivos anuales, acompañado por el aumento regional de las precipitaciones; mientras que la actividad sísmica se ha demostrado despreciable como agente causal de los excesos hídricos en la cuenca en estudio. Paralelamente, se ha descrito el inicio de un proceso de salinización secundaria, similar al referido como dryland salinity en paisajes agrícolas del suroeste y sur de Australia. Las estrategias de uso y/o recuperación de estas tierras incluirían la aplicación de sistemas mixtos que conserven parches de bosque natural, pasturas perennes y cultivos anuales, así como la optimización de estrategias de producción agrícola en concordancia con las condiciones climáticas imperantes en el corto plazo.

Un modelo estocástico de tres estados de la transmisión de la tuberculosis

p.157

Modelación agropecuaria mediante programación lineal a partir de modelos Monte Carlo para el partido de Guaminí (Pcia. de Buenos Aires)

p.147-154