Eficiência de sistemas alagados construídos na remoção de poluentes de águas residuárias de indústria de laticínios

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de sistemas alagados construídos (SACs), cultivados com dois diferentes capins e cinco taxas de carregamento orgânico (TCOs) na remoção de poluentes de águas residuárias de indústria de laticínios (ARL). Para isso, unidades experimentais foram constituídas por um SAC sem vegetação (SV), cinco SACs cultivados com capim-elefante (SACs-CF) e cinco SACs cultivados com capim-tifton 85 (SACs-CT), com escoamento subsuperficial horizontal. A ARL foi aplicada numa vazão média de 60 L d-1 e tempo de residência hidráulica de 4,8 dias e TCOs de 66; 130; 190; 320 e 570 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5. Os SACs mostraram-se eficientes na remoção da DBO, DQO e dos SSTs, STs e NTKs, porém foram pouco eficientes na remoção de P-total, K e Na da ARL. As duas forrageiras avaliadas apresentaram semelhante influência no processo de remoção de DBO5, DQO, ST, SST, P-total, K e Na, quando comparadas com sistemas que operaram com mesma taxa de carregamento orgânico, tendo as remoções de DBO e DQO ficado na faixa de 79 a 96 % e 85 a 97 %, respectivamente. O SAC sem vegetação (SV) apresentou desempenho semelhante ao dos SACs vegetados na remoção de DBO5, DQO, ST, SST e Na, enquanto o cultivado com capim-tifton foi mais eficiente na remoção de NTK.

Efeito da taxa de carregamento sobre a remoção de poluentes de esgoto em sistemas alagados construídos

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da taxa de carregamento sobre a eficiência de sistemas alagados, construídos de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial (SAC-EHSS), em remover poluentes de esgoto sanitário. Os SAC-EHSS foram alimentados com efluente proveniente de tanque séptico, sob taxas de carregamento orgânico volumétrico (TCO V) de 53 a 231 g m-3d-1 de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO total) e as associadas taxas de carregamento (TC V) de demanda química de oxigênio solúvel, sólidos suspensos totais (SST), nitrogênio total (N-Total) e fósforo total (P-Total). Para avaliação de desempenho dos SAC-EHSS, as mesmas variáveis foram quantificadas em seu efluente. Relação linear e positiva foi obtida entre as taxas de remoção de DQO total, DQO solúvel e SST, e as TC V, nas faixas em que foram aplicadas, além de não terem sido observados efeitos negativos desta variável sobre a eficiência na remoção desses poluentes. As taxas de remoção de N-Total e P-Total não apresentaram, entretanto, tendência de aumento com a TC V aplicada nos SAC- EHSS, cultivados com taboa e utilizados no tratamento de efluente sanitário. As cargas aplicadas desses nutrientes devem ser consideradas referenciais no dimensionamento desses sistemas, caso se queira maximizar a remoção global de poluentes da água residuária.

Anaerobic reactors with biofilter and different diameter-length ratios in cassava starch industry wastewater treatment

The use of anaerobic reactors with media support in the treatment of wastewater from the cassava starch industry has emerged as a viable option because it allows the application of high organic loads and a significant reduction of the HDT needed for the treatment. This research aimed at studying the process of biodigestion in two anaerobic reactors with bamboo support, in the treatment of effluent of cassava starch, by evaluating their performance. The two reactors used present the following diameter: length ratio, 1:6 and 1:3. The organic loads applied to the systems were 0.519, 1.156, 1.471, 3.049, 4.347, 4.708 and 5.601g.L-1.d-1. Regarding the efficiency of removal of COD, TS and TVS, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the reactors. The two systems evaluated showed a stable behavior with respect to the VA/TA (volatile acidity/total alkalinity) for all submitted loads. The reactors tended to the maintenance of biogas production as a function of consumed COD for the last three organic loads applied, indicating an ability to withstand higher organic loads.

Quality of papaya hybrid grown under different irrigation depths

Irrigation is a practice widely used in fruit production in the Brazilian Northeast region, including in the papaya crop in order to increase their productivity. For the purpose of knowing the productive potential of papaya hybrid irrigated, an experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the performance of a papaya hybrid under different irrigations depths. Four irrigation depths (50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETo) were tested and the reference evapotranspiration was calculated by the Penman-Monteith model. The hybrid papaya used was UENF/Caliman 01, which was planted in single rows, spaced 4 x 2m from each other, and irrigated by dripping. The experimental design in randomized blocks was used with six replications and three plants per plot. The following variables were evaluated: transversal diameter, longitudinal diameter, pulp thickness, external and internal appearances, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pulp pH and soluble solids/titratable acidity relation. The higher transversal and longitudinal diameters of the fruit were obtained applying an irrigation depth of about 108% of evapotranspiration. The UENF/Caliman 01 hybrid can be cultivated in the semiarid region of the State of Paraiba, Brazil, with replacement rate of 100% ETo, without compromising the quality of the fruits.

Adaptation of "Niagara Rosada" grape must to winemaking by partial cluster dehydration

This study aimed to verify the influence of partial dehydration of "Niagara Rosada" grape clusters in physicochemical quality of the pre- fermentation must. In Brazil, during the winemaking process it is common to need to adjust the grape must when the physicochemical characteristics of the raw material are insufficient to produce wines in accordance with the Brazilian legislation for classification of beverages, which establishes the minimum alcohol content of 8.6 % for the beverage to be considered wine. Therefore, given that the reduction in the water content of grape berries allows the concentration of chemical compounds present in its composition, especially the concentration of total soluble solids, we proceeded with the treatments that were formed by the combination of two temperatures (T1-37.1ºC and T2-22.9 ºC) two air speeds (S1: 1.79 m s-1 and S2: 3.21 m s-1) and a control (T0) that has not gone through the dehydration treatment. Analysis of pH, Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) were performed in mEq L-1, Total Soluble Solids (TSS) in ºBrix, water content on a dry basis and Concentration of Phenolic Compounds (CPC) in mg of gallic acid per 100g of must. The average comparison test identified statistically significant modifications for the adaptation of must for winemaking purposes, having the treatment with 22.9 ºC and air speed of 1.79 m s-1 shown the largest increase in the concentration of total soluble solids, followed by the second best result for concentration of phenolic compounds.

Cassava starch extraction effluent treatment in a one phase tubular horizontal pilot reactor with support medium

The cassava starch industries generate a large volume of wastewater effluent that, stabilized in ponds, wastes its biogas energy and pollutes the atmosphere. To contribute with the reversion of this reality, this manipueira treatment research was developed in one phase anaerobic horizontal pilot reactor with support medium in bamboo pieces. The reactor was excavated into the ground and sealed with geomembrane in HDPE, having a volume equal to 33.6 m³ and continuous feeding by gravity. The stability indicators were pH, volatile acidity/total alkalinity ratio and biogas production. The statistical analyses were performed by a completely randomized design, with answers submitted to multivariate analysis. The organical loads in COD were 0.556; 0.670; 0.678 and 0.770 g L-1 and in volatile solids (VS) of 0.659; 0.608; 0.570 and 0.761 g L-1 for the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.0; 11.5; 10.0 and 7.0 days, respectively. The reductions in COD were 88; 80; 88 and 67% and for VS of 76; 77; 65 and 61%. The biogas productions relatively to the consumed COD were 0.368; 0.795; 0.891 and 0.907 Lg-1, for the consumed VS of 0.524; 0.930; 1.757 and 0.952 Lg-1 and volumetric of 0.131; 0.330; 0.430 and 0.374 L L-1 d-1. The reactor remained stable and the bamboo pieces, in visual examination at the end of the experiment, showed to be in good physical conditions.

Color change and quality response of ‘lane late’ orange submitted to degreening process

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of ethylene on peel color and compositional changes in ‘Lane late’ orange stored under refrigerated and ambient conditions. Physiologically mature, but green-peeled, oranges were exposed to ethylene gas under room temperature and high relative humidity for 24 hours. Storage chamber was ventilated with fresh air after 12 hours to mitigate consequences derived from fruit respiration. Both nondestructive analysis, such as peel color (hue angle, chromaticity, and brightness) and weight loss, and destructive ones (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids to acidity ratio, and puncture force) were performed upon harvest, after degreening, and every three days during eighteen days in storage. Experiment was carried out using an entirely randomized design with thirty replications for nondestructive and four replications for destructive analyses, in a split plot scheme. Exposure to ethylene ensured a golden yellow peel for both fruit stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions. High relative humidity, associated with low temperature prevented fruit from losing moisture. Fruit exposure to ethylene did not affect weight loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, acidity ratio, or puncture force.

Mechanical damage during harvest and loading affect orange postharvest quality

Brazil is the world’s largest orange producer; however, part of this production is lost during postharvest. This loss can be minimized by controlling incidence of physical damage throughout the harvest and loading operations. Impacts can negatively modify quantitative and qualitative fruits aspects. The main goal of this study was to measure the impact magnitude in two types of harvest (manual and detachment) and during all steps from picking into bags until loading for transport to the processing industry and additionally evaluating, in laboratory, the physico-chemical quality of the fruit subjected to various impacts, similar to those found in the field. In order to evaluate the impact magnitude, an instrumented sphere was used (760 mm, Techmark, Inc, USA). The following physico-chemical parameters were evaluated during 6-days of storage: weight loss, soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, pH, firmness and peel color. The greatest impacts were observed during harvest, during the detachment practice, and when loading and unloading from bulk storage, with average acceleration values between 249.5 and 531.52G. The impact incidence in oranges were responsible for reducing the soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and weight by to 5.5%; 8.7%; 4.6% and 0.5%, respectively, compared to the control. Impacts during harvest and the various pre-industry manipulation steps must be controlled as they interfere in postharvest quality and physiology of ‘Valência’ oranges.

Desempenho agronômico de Mentha aquatica cultivada em sistemas alagados construídos sob diferentes taxas de aplicação orgânica

Em vista da escassez de informações sobre o comportamento da espécie Mentha aquatica quando cultivada sob condições de alagamento e altas concentrações orgânicas, objetivou--se avaliar o efeito de diferentes taxas de carregamento orgânico (TCOs) sobre a produtividade e o estado nutricional da espécie cultivada em sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial no tratamento de efluente primário de esgoto sanitário. Dois SACs de 24,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,35 m, preenchidos com brita “zero” até a altura de 0,20 m, foram cultivados com a espécie. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, avaliaram-se as TCOs de 40,35 kg ha-1 d-1 e 53,80 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5; na segunda etapa, as TCOs de 79,66 kg ha-1 d-1 e 160,35 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5. Ao final de cada etapa, amostras da parte aérea das plantas foram coletadas para quantificação de rendimento de matéria seca e análises dos teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e sódio. Apesar de cultivada sob condições de alagamento, a espécie apresentou elevada produtividade. O aumento na TCO aplicada aos sistemas favoreceu a produção de matéria seca e o aumento na concentração foliar de nitrogênio, potássio e sódio.

Produtividade do brócolis-de-cabeça sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação

RESUMO Na agricultura sustentável, busca-se o sistema de irrigação que proporcione alta produtividade comercial com o mínimo de água aplicada. Assim, objetivou-se pelo presente estudo avaliar a produtividade do brócolis-de-cabeça irrigado por diferentes sistemas de irrigação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, utilizando quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos que correspondem aos sistemas de irrigação: gotejamento superficial, gotejamento subsuperficial, microaspersão, Santeno® e aspersão convencional. A cultivar utilizada foi o brócolis-de-cabeça (Brassica oleracea var.italica, híbrido Lord Summer). Foram avaliados o diâmetro de inflorescência (DI), a produtividade comercial de inflorescência (PCI) e a produtividade da água (PA). O desempenho dos sistemas foi determinado por meios do coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD). O desempenho dos sistemas de irrigação avaliados foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento de DI, PCI e PA. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial apresentou maior produtividade em relação aos demais sistemas avaliados, e os maiores valores de DI (19,5±0,42 cm), PCI (12,3±0,56 t ha-1) e PA (5,2±0,20 kg m-3) foram obtidos com a menor lâmina aplicada durante o ciclo de cultivo (236,8 mm).

Terpenoid transformations over gold catalysts

Nowadays biomass transformation has a great potential for the synthesis of value-added compounds with a wide range of applications. Terpenoids, extracted from biomass, are inexpensive and renewable raw materials which often have a biological activity and are widely used as important organic platform molecules in the development of new medicines as well as in the synthesis of fine chemicals and intermediates. At the same time, special attention is devoted to the application of gold catalysts to fine chemical synthesis due to their outstanding activity and/or selectivity for transformations of complex organic compounds. Conversion of renewable terpenoids in the presence of gold nanoparticles is one of the new and promising directions in the transformation of biomass to valuable chemicals. In the doctoral thesis, different kinds of natural terpenoids, such as α-pinene, myrtenol and carvone were selected as starting materials. Gold catalysts were utilized for the promising routes of these compounds transformation. Investigation of selective α-pinene isomerization to camphene, which is an important step in an industrial process towards the synthesis of camphor as well as other valuable substrates for the pharmaceutical industry, was performed. A high activity of heterogeneous gold catalysts in the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement was demonstrated for the first time. Gold on alumina carrier was found to reach the α-pinene isomerization conversion up to 99.9% and the selectivity of 60-80%, thus making this catalyst very promising from an industrial viewpoint. A detailed investigation of kinetic regularities including catalyst deactivation during the reaction was performed. The one-pot terpene alcohol amination, which is a promising approach to the synthesis of valuable complex amines having specific physiological properties, was investigated. The general regularities of the one-pot natural myrtenol amination in the presence of gold catalysts as well as a correlation between catalytic activity, catalyst redox treatment and the support nature were obtained. Catalytic activity and product distribution were shown to be strongly dependent on the support properties, namely acidity and basicity. The gold-zirconia (Au/ZrO2) catalyst pretreated under oxidizing atmosphere was observed to be rather active, resulting in the total conversion of myrtenol and the selectivity to the corresponding amine of about 53%. The reaction kinetics was modelled based on the mechanistic considerations with the catalyst deactivation step incorporated in the mechanism. Carvone hydrogenation over a gold catalyst was studied with the general idea of investigating both the activity of gold catalysts in competitive hydrogenation of different functional groups and developing an approach to the synthesis of valuable carvone derivatives. Gold was found to promote stereo- and chemoselective carvone hydrogenation to dihydrocarvone with a predominant formation of the trans-isomer, which generally is a novel synthetic method for an industrially valuable dihydrocarvone. The solvent effect on the catalytic activity as well as on the ratio between trans- and cis-dihydrocarvone was evaluated.

Influência do manejo da palhada de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de soja (Glycine max) e amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla)

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes manejos de palhada de capim-braquiária sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura de soja e da planta daninha amendoimbravo, foi conduzido um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação no NuPAMFCA/UNESP, BotucatuSP. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: manejo da palhada na superfície do solo + irrigação superficial (T1); manejo da palhada na superfície do solo + irrigação subsuperficial (T2); palhada incorporada ao solo (T3); e testemunha sem cobertura (T4). A palhada foi colhida no campo 30 dias após dessecação com o herbicida glyphosate (1,44 g i.a. ha-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, sendo as unidades experimentais vasos plásticos, com a soja e o amendoim-bravo semeados paralelamente, em linhas distintas. O T1 reduziu significativamente o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e a altura das plântulas de soja aos 5 e 10 dias após a emergência (DAE), ao contrário do amendoim-bravo, o qual não sofreu interferência dos tratamentos estudados, constituindo-se em uma planta-problema para sistemas produtivos com palhada de capim-braquiária. Os resultados da análise de crescimento (TCA - taxa de crescimento absoluto, TCR - taxa de crescimento relativo e TAL - taxa de assimilação líquida) das plântulas de soja e amendoim-bravo apresentaram valores máximos aos 15 DAE, com exceção do T3 para soja, o qual reduziu expressivamente o desenvolvimento em relação aos demais tratamentos.

Bio-ethanol valorization towards C4s including 1-butanol over metal modified alumina and zeolite catalysts

Bio-ethanol has been used as a fuel additive in modern society aimed at reducing CO2-emissions and dependence on oil. However, ethanol is unsuitable as fuel supplement in higher proportions due to its physico-chemical properties. One option to counteract the negative effects is to upgrade ethanol in a continuous fixed bed reactor to more valuable C4 products such as 1-butanol providing chemical similarity with traditional gasoline components. Bio-ethanol based valorization products also have other end-uses than just fuel additives. E.g. 1-butanol and ethyl acetate are well characterised industrial solvents and platform chemicals providing greener alternatives. The modern approach is to apply heterogeneous catalysts in the investigated reactions. The research was concentrated on aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and zeolites that were used as catalysts and catalyst supports. The metals supported (Cu, Ni, Co) gave very different product profiles and, thus, a profound view of different catalyst preparation methods and characterisation techniques was necessary. Additionally, acidity and basicity of the catalyst surface have an important role in determining the product profile. It was observed that ordinary determination of acid strength was not enough to explain all the phenomena e.g. the reaction mechanism. One of the main findings of the thesis is based on the catalytically active site which originates from crystallite structure. As a consequence, the overall evaluation of different by-products and intermediates was carried out by combining the information. Further kinetic analysis was carried out on metal (Cu, Ni, Co) supported self-prepared alumina catalysts. The thesis gives information for further catalyst developments aimed to scale-up towards industrially feasible operations.

Study of urinary acidification in patients with idiopathic hypocitraturia

Hypocitraturia (HCit) is one of the most remarkable features of renal tubular acidosis, but an acidification defect is not seen in the majority of hypocitraturic patients, whose disease is denoted idiopathic hypocitraturia. In order to assess the integrity of urinary acidification mechanisms in hypocitraturic idiopathic calcium stone formers, we studied two groups of patients, hypocitraturic (HCit, N = 21, 39.5 ± 11.5 years, 11 females and 10 males) and normocitraturic (NCit, N = 23, 40.2 ± 11.7 years, 16 females and 7 males) subjects, during a short ammonium chloride loading test lasting 8 h. During the baseline period HCit patients showed significantly higher levels of titratable acid (TA). After the administration of ammonium chloride, mean urinary pH (3rd to 8th hour) and TA and ammonium excretion did not differ significantly between groups. Conversely, during the first hour mean urinary pH was lower and TA and ammonium excretion was higher in HCit. The enhanced TA excretion by HCit during the baseline period and during the first hour suggests that the phosphate buffer mechanism is activated. The earlier response in ammonium excretion by HCit further supports other evidence that acidification mechanisms react promptly. The present results suggest that in the course of lithiasic disease, hypocitraturia coexists with subtle changes in the excretion of hydrogen ions in basal situations.

Functional cellulose microspheres for pharmaceutical applications

Dissolving cellulose is the first main step in preparing novel cellulosicmaterials. Since cellulosic fibres cannot be easily dissolved in water-based solvents, fibres were pretreated with ethanol-acid solution prior to the dissolution. Solubility and changes on the surface of the fibres were studied with microscopy and capillary viscometry. After the treatment, the cellulose fibres were soluble in alkaline urea-water solvent. The nature of this viscous solution was studied rheologically. Cellulose microspheres were prepared by extruding the alkaline cellulose solution through the needle into an acidic medium. By altering the temperature and acidity of the mediumit was possible to adjust the specific surface area and pore sizes of themicrospheres. A typical skin-core structure was found in all samples. Microspheres were oxidised in order to introduce anionic carboxylic acid groups (AGs). Anionic microspheres are more hydrophilic; their water-uptake increased 25 times after oxidation and they could swell almost to their original state (88%) after drying and shrinking. Swelling was studied in simulated physiological environments, corresponding to stomach acid and intestines (pH 1.2-7.4). Oxidised microspheres were used as a drug carriers. They demonstrated a highmass uniformity, which would enable their use for personalised dosing among different patients, including children. The drug was solidified in microspheres in amorphous form. This enhanced solubility and could be used for more challenging drugs with poor solubility. The pores of themicrospheres also remained open after the drug was loaded and they were dried. Regardless of the swelling, the drug was released at a constant rate in all environments.