Repeated Double-Poling Sprint Training in Hypoxia by Competitive Cross-country Skiers.

PURPOSE: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) was recently shown to improve repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in cycling. This phenomenon is likely to reflect fiber type-dependent, compensatory vasodilation, and therefore, our hypothesis was that RSH is even more beneficial for activities involving upper body muscles, such as double poling during cross-country skiing. METHODS: In a double-blinded fashion, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six sessions of repeated sprints (each consisting of four sets of five 10-s sprints, with 20-s intervals of recovery) either in normoxia (RSN, 300 m; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 8) or normobaric hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m; FiO2, 13.8 %; n = 9). Before (pre) and after (post) training, performance was evaluated with an RSA test (10-s all-out sprints-20-s recovery, until peak power output declined by 30%) and a simulated team sprint (team sprint, 3 × 3-min all-out with 3-min rest) on a double-poling ergometer. Triceps brachii oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: From pretraining to posttraining, peak power output in the RSA was increased (P < 0.01) to the same extent (29% ± 13% vs 26% ± 18%, nonsignificant) in RSH and in RSN whereas the number of sprints performed was enhanced in RSH (10.9 ± 5.2 vs 17.1 ± 6.8, P < 0.01) but not in RSN (11.6 ± 5.3 vs 11.7 ± 4.3, nonsignificant). In addition, the amplitude in total hemoglobin variations during sprints throughout RSA rose more in RSH (P < 0.01). Similarly, the average power output during all team sprints improved by 11% ± 9% in RSH and 15% ± 7% in RSN. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal greater improvement in the performance of repeated double-poling sprints, together with larger variations in the perfusion of upper body muscles in RSH compared with those in RSN.

Vitae sanctorum.

Abdo et Sennes (262-263v) ; Acisclus et Victoria (163-165) ; Adrianus (72v-77) ; Affra (45v) ; Amancius (122-125v) ; Andochius (90v-92v) ; Andreas (186-194v) ; Antoninus (68v-70v, 221v) ; Apollinaris (1bis-1bis v); Audardus (254-259) ; Augustinus (231-232v) ; Bartholomeus (55v-59v) ; Bricius Turonensis (162v-163) ; Caprasius (107-108) ; Caprasius et Fides (218-219v) ; Cassianus (48v) ; Cecilia (168v-174v) ; Christina (12-16v) ; Christoforus (22-24) ; Ciricus et Julita (2v-6, 260v-262) ; Cirillus (2-2v) ; Ciprianus (47v-48v) ; Claudius, Asterius, Neo (54v-55v) ; Clemens (174v-176) ; Cosmas et Damianus (97v-98v) ; Crisantus et Daria (179-182v) ; Crucis exaltatio (83-84) ; Cucufas (24-25) ; Dalmacius Rutenae urbis (131-132v) ; Desiderius Caturcensis (207v-217v) ; Dionisius (105-106v) ; Donatus (263v-265v) ; Eleazarus (38-38v) ; Eptadius (59v-61v) ; Eufemia (84-86) ; Eugenia (78-83) ; Eulalia (195v-199) ; Eustachius (125v-129v) ; Fabius (34v-36v) ; Fausta (52-53v) ; Faustus, Januarius et Marcialis (106v-107) ; Felix (36v-38) ; Felix Nolensis ep. (25-27) ; Filibertus (227v-231) ; Genesius Arelatensis (61v-62v) ; Germanus Autissiodorensis (33-34) ; Gervasius et Protasius (259v-260v) ; Gregorius papa (222-224v) ; Grisogonus (176v-178) ; Jacobus major (20v-21v) ; Jeronimus (100-102) ; Johannis Baptistae decollatio (66v-68v) ; Johannes et Paulus (227-227v) ; Julia (11-12) ; Julianus (64-64v) ; Julianus, auct. Gregorio Turonense (265v-272) ; Julius (178-178v) ; Justa et Rufina (6v-7) ; Justina et Ciprianus (92v-97v) ; Justus et Pastor (44v-45) ; Laurianus (167v-168v) ; Leochadia (195-195v) ; Leodegarius (102-104v) ; Licerius (62v-64) ; Longinus (195) ; Lucia (199-200v) ; Machabei (34-34v) ; Mammes (45v-47v) ; Marcellinus et Petrus (259-259v) ; Marcellus (114) ; Marcellus Cavalonis (219v-220) ; Marcellus Kavilonensis (1v-1bis) ; Marcus (224v-225) ; Marciana (129v-131) ; Marcianus (206-206v) ; Margarita (7-11) ; Mariae assumptio (48v-51) ; Martinus, auct. Sulpicio Severo (133-160v) ; Matheus (86-89) ; Mauricius (89-90v) ; Mauricius, Exuperius, Candidus, Innocentius, Victor cum sociis eorum (272-272v) ; Maurinus (245-247v) ; Maximus (241-244v) ; Medardus (225-227) ; Mennas (160v-162v) ; Michael (98v-100) ; Mimius (39v-40) ; Nazarius et Celsus (27-31v) ; Omnes Sancti (118v-122) ; Pantaleo (31v-32v) ; Petri cathedra (220-221v, 249-250) ; Petrus, ep. Alexandriae (248-249) ; Procopius (39-39v) ; Quintinus (114-118v) ; Regina (70v-72v) ; Reparata (104v-105) ; Romanus (165-167) ; Sabina (64v-66v) ; Salvius (77-78) ; Saturninus et Sisinnius (178v) ; Saturninus Tolosanensis (182v-185v, 232v-239) ; Segolena (16v-20v) ; Servandus et Germanus (108-109) ; Sixtus, Laurentius et Ypolitus (40-44v); Symo et Judas (109-112v) ; Symphorianus (53v-54v) ; Teodota (38v-39) ; Terencianus (239-241) ; Theodardus Narbonensis (250-254) ; Thomas (200v-206) ; Valerianus (206v-207) ; Vamnes (51-52) ; Vincentius et Savina (112v-114). Le f. 220v contient un catalogue ancien de la bibliothèque de Moissac.

Consultation d'urgence/crise pour couples et families: motifs d'urgence et évaluation du traitement [Couples and families emergency/crisis consultation: emergency patterns and treatment assessment]

Since the opening in 2003 of the Couple & Family Consultation Unit (UCCF) at Prangins Hospital, we have met urgent demands and observed that the suffering systems (i.e., couples and families) couldn't face any waiting period. So in 2007 an Emergency/Crisis Facility was created, based on the hypothesis that there is no contra-indication to systemic emergency care, if one understands and structures both crisis and treatment. We studied the suffering population in demand and the emergency/crisis issues and assessed therapy efficiency. Then we observed that treating suffering systems in emergency does produce therapeutic gain in terms of crisis resolution and patients' satisfaction. Those treatments refer to public health issues, as considered the human, social and financial cost of couples/families dysfunctions.

Global alcohol exposure estimates by country, territory and region for 2005--a contribution to the Comparative Risk Assessment for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study.

AIMS: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of life-time abstainers, former drinkers and current drinkers, adult per-capita consumption of alcohol and pattern of drinking scores, by country and Global Burden of Disease region for 2005, and to forecast these indicators for 2010. DESIGN: Statistical modelling based on survey data and routine statistics. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 241 countries and territories. MEASUREMENTS: Per-capita consumption data were obtained with the help of the World Health Organization's Global Information System on Alcohol and Health. Drinking status data were obtained from Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study, the STEPwise approach to Surveillance study, the World Health Survey/Multi-Country Study and other surveys. Consumption and drinking status data were triangulated to estimate alcohol consumption across multiple categories. FINDINGS: In 2005 adult per-capita annual consumption of alcohol was 6.1 litres, with 1.7 litres stemming from unrecorded consumption; 17.1 litres of alcohol were consumed per drinker, 45.8% of all adults were life-time abstainers, 13.6% were former drinkers and 40.6% were current drinkers. Life-time abstention was most prevalent in North Africa/Middle East and South Asia. Eastern Europe and Southern sub-Saharan Africa had the most detrimental pattern of drinking scores, while drinkers in Europe (Eastern and Central) and sub-Saharan Africa (Southern and West) consumed the most alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Just over 40% of the world's adult population consumes alcohol and the average consumption per drinker is 17.1 litres per year. However, the prevalence of abstention, level of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking vary widely across regions of the world.

Role of transcription factor PROX1 in colon cancer metastasis

Initiation and progression of most colorectal cancers (CRCs) are driven by hyper-activation of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin/TCF signaling pathway. However, a basal level of activation of this pathway is necessary for intestinal cell homeostasis; thus only CRC-specific effectors of this pathway could be exploited as potential clinical targets. PROX1 is an evolutionary conserved transcription factor with multiple roles in several tissues in embryogenesis, and increasing relevance in cancer. PROX1 is a colon cancer-specific Wnt target in the intestine, thus it might represent a therapeutic target. The role of PROX1 in promoting the transition from early to highly-dysplastic adenoma was previously described [1], Importantly, tumor metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Frequently, micrometastases are already present in patients at the time of diagnosis, therefore better understanding of the mechanisms regulating growth of macrometastatic lesions is important for the development of novel treatment approaches. In this study we showed that PROX1 is expressed in colon cancer stem cell and promotes the outgrowth of metastatic lesions. Firstly, we analyzed the expression of PROX1 in advanced CRCs and their metastases. We found that PROX1 over-expression is a feature of microsatellite stable tumors (~85% of microsatellite stable (MSS) CRCs), which generally have worse prognosis in comparison to microsatellite unstable CRCs. Analysis of primary CRCs and corresponding metastatic lesions showed that PROX1 expression is conserved, or increased in metastases. Further bioinformatics analysis of tumor and metastases gene expression profiles showed that PROX1 is co- expressed with stem cell and progenitor markers. Moreover, in inducible ApcmLgr5-EGFP-lres-CreERT2 model, Prox1+ cells marked a sub-population of Lgr5+ stem cells and subsequent transient amplifying cell population. Orthotopic model of CRC and lung colonization assays in mice demonstrated that PROX1 promotes tumor cell outgrowth in metastatic lesions, while it has no effect on primary tumor growth, invasion, and survival in circulation or cell extravasation. In vitro, PROX1 expressing tumor cells demonstrated strongly increased capacity to form spheroids, and increased survival and proliferation under hypoxic or nutrient-deprivation conditions. By monitoring cellular respiration under these conditions, we found that PROX1 expressing cells exhibit a better metabolic adaptation to changes in fuel source. Autophagy inhibitors, prevented growth both in vitro and in vivo of PROX1 expressing cells. Importantly, conditional inactivation of PROX1 after the establishment of metastases prevented further growth of macroscopic lesions resulting in stable disease. In summary, we identified a novel mechanism underlying the ability of metastatic colon cancer stem and progenitor cells to survive and grow in target organs through metabolic adaptation. Our results establish PROX1 as a key factor of CRC metastatic disease where it promotes survival of metastatic colon cancer stem-like cells, through their metabolic adaptation in sub-optimal microenvironments - L'initiation et la progression de la plupart des cancers colorectaux (CRC) sont entraînées par une hyper-activation de la voie métabolique Wnt/ß- caténine/TCF. Toutefois, un niveau d'activation minimal de Wnt est nécessaire pour l'homéostasie des cellules intestinales ; ainsi seuls des effecteurs spécifiques du CRC- de cette voie pourraient être exploités comme des cibles cliniques potentielles. PROX1 est un facteur de transcription évolutif conservé avec de multiples rôles dans plusieurs tissus durant l'embryogenèse et une pertinence croissante dans le cancer. PROX1 est une cible Wnt spécifique dans le cancer de l'intestin, donc il pourrait représenter une cible thérapeutique. Le rôle de PROX1 durant l'évolution de la maladie d'un stade précoce jusqu'à l'adénome hautement dysplasique a été décrit précédemment. Surtout, la métastase des tumeurs est une cause majeure de mortalité liée au cancer. Souvent, les micro-métastases sont déjà présentes chez les patients au moment du diagnostic, c'est pourquoi une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulant la croissance des lésions macrométastatiques est importante pour le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Dans cette étude, nous avons prouvé que PROX1 est exprimé dans les cellules souches du cancer du côlon et favorise l'apparition de lésions métastatiques. Nous avons d'abord analysé l'expression de PROX1 dans des CRC avancés ainsi que dans leurs métastases. Nous avons constaté que la surexpression de PROX1 est une caractéristique des tumeurs stables microsatellites (~85% du MSS CRC), qui ont généralement un pronostic défavorable par rapport aux microsatellites CRC instables. L'analyse des CRC primaires et de leurs métastases liées a montré que l'expression de PROX1 est conservée, voire augmentée dans les métastases. A l'aide d'une base de données de tumeurs et métastases, nous avons observé une co- régulation de PROX1 entre cellules souches et marqueurs de progéniteurs mais pas avec des cellules différenciées. De plus, en utilisant un modèle Apcm Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-CreERT2 inductible, les cellules Prox1+ ont marqué une sous-population de cellules LGR& capable de produire une lignée. Un modèle orthotopique de cancer colorectal et des essais de colonisation du poumon chez la souris ont démontré que PROX1 favorise l'excroissance des cellules tumorales dans les lésions métastatiques, alors qu'il n'a aucun effet sur la croissance tumorale primaire, l'invasion ou une extravasation des cellules. In vitro, les cellules tumorales exprimant PROX1 ont démontré une forte augmentation de leur capacité à former des sphéroïdes, ainsi qu'une augmentation de la survie et de la prolifération dans des conditions hypoxiques ou lors de privation de nutriments. En contrôlant la respiration cellulaire dans ces conditions, nous avons constaté que les cellules exprimant PROX1 présentent une meilleure adaptation métabolique à l'évolution des sources de carburant. Des inhibiteurs de l'autophagie, suggérant une approche thérapeutique potentielle, ont tué à la fois in vitro et in vivo les cellules exprimant PROX1. Surtout, l'inactivation conditionnelle de PROX1 après l'apparition de métastases a empêché la croissance des lésions macroscopiques résultant en une maladie stable. En résumé, nous avons identifié un nouveau mécanisme mettant en évidence la capacité des cellules souches du cancer du côlon métastatique à survivre et à se développer dans les organes cibles grâce à l'adaptation métabolique. Nos résultats définissent PROX1 comme un facteur clé du cancer colorectal métastatique en favorisant la survie des cellules souches métastatiques apparentées au cancer du colon grâce à leur adaptation métabolique aux microenvironnements défavorables.

Fantaisie en ut mineur, K 475 / Mozart, comp. ; revue et annotée par Lazare-Lévy ; Lazare-Lévy, p

Titre uniforme : [Fantaisies. Piano. KV 475. Do mineur]

Missale ad usum ecclesiae Parisiensis .

Cf. notice du ms. par Leroquais, Sacramentaires, II, 180-183 n° 366. Les incipit des proses ont été relevés dans la table des incipit. F. 1-6v Calendrier de Paris : 3 janv., en rouge, «Genovefe virg. IX lc.» (1); 22 avr., «Inventio corporis s. Dyonisii sociorumque ejus. Oportune virg. semid.» (2v); 28 mai, en rouge, «Germani ep. Parisiensis semid. Carauni mart. memoria» (3); 25juin, en violet, «Translatio s. Eligii ep.» (3v); en violet, «In prima dominica hujus mensis [augusti] fit d. de cruce» [réception à Notre-Dame d'un fragment de la vraie Croix] (4v); 9 oct., en rouge, «Dyonisii sociorumque ejus duplex» (5v); 28 oct., «Germani ep. Translatio s. Genovefe virg. mart. memoria» (5v); 3 nov. «Marcelli ep. Parisiensis dupl.»; 13 nov., «Gendulphi ep. et conf. [Parisiensis] dupl.»; 26 nov., en violet, «Genovefe virg. de miraculo [ardentium] IX lc.» (6); 4 déc., «Susceptio capillorum b. Marie et capitis b. Dyonisii in ecclesia Parisiensi» (6v). Le calendrier ne contient pas la fête de s. Louis au 25 août (établie en 1298) ni au 17 mai la translation du chef de s. Louis à la Sainte-Chapelle (en 1306); — Ajout du XIVe s. au 30 avr., «Eutropii mart. et conf.» [culte établi à Paris en 1296] (2v); cf. Leroquais, Bréviaires, I, CXII-CXIII, Tableau chronologique des fêtes parisiennes. — Au début de chaque mois, vers sur les jours égyptiaques (éd. Hennig, Traditio, XI (1955), 84 III), sauf celui de janvier (1) qui correspond au premier vers de la série éd. par Riese (Anthol. lat., I2 (1906), 680a); — À la fin de février, vers sur l'année bissextile : «Byssextum sexte martis tenuere kalende...»; cf. ms. Latin 3162, f. 102 (1v); — À la fin de mars, vers sur la date de Pâques : «Post martis nonas ubi sit nova luna requiras...» (2); — Notations astrologiques et de comput, passim. F. 7-353v Temporal, avec parties chantées notées. Incomplet du début par la perte du premier f., il commence dans la prose du premier dimanche de l'Avent : «... [eterna indefici]ens mundi vita...» (7). À remarquer : «dominica IIIa [in Adventu] more ecclesie Parisiensis» (24v); — Cérémonie des Cendres avec rubriques liturgiques (62v-66v); — Dimanche des Rameaux, «congregatis processionibus conventualibus in ecclesia B. Marie, capiceriis portantibus capsam et tribus clericis in albis paratis tres textus, exitur de ecclesia nichil cantando et sic eundum est ad ecclesiam Sancte Genovefe de Monte...» (147); cf. Leroquais, 181; — Dans l'évangile des Rameaux, le Christ est désigné par la lettre L, le narrateur par la lettre C et les autres par la lettre S (153-158); dans les autres évangiles de la Passion (162-186 passim), ces lettres suscrites ont été effacées et remplacées à la mine de plomb de façon sporadique, le Christ étant alors désigné par une croix; — «Oremus pro papa nostro N...» (186v); «... pro christianissimo rege nostro N...» (187); — Parmi les litanies, «s.Stephane... s. Dyonisi...» (191v)..., « s. Lucane... s. Justine... s. Gendulphe... s. Germane...» (199)..., « s. Genovefa...» (201v). — «Incipit ordo misse. Sacerdos primo induat se rocheto dicens : Actiones nostras...» (203v-206); pour les rubriques liturgiques, cf. Leroquais, 181; — Préfaces notées : «Incipiunt prefationes...» (206-210); — Canon de la messe (210-213); pour les rubriques liturgiques, cf. Leroquais, 182; — «In die Re[sur]rectionis» (214); — «In die sancto [Pentecostes]» (262v); — [De sancta Trinitate] (280v); — «Dominica XXVa» (348v); — «In dedicatione ecclesie» (350-353v). La fête du Saint-Sacrement ne figure pas. F. 354-496v Sanctoral, avec parties chantées notées. À noter parmi les saints parisiens : 3 janv., «S. Genovefe virg.» (373v); 22 avr., «Inventio corporis s. Dyonisii, Rustici et Eleuterii» (398v); — 28 mai, «S. Germani ep. Parisiensis» (407v); — 10 juin, «S. Landerici Parisiensis ep.» (410); — 26 juill., «In translatione s. Marcelli» (432); — 11août, «De receptione s. corone...» (443v); —, 4 oct., «Auree virg. [abb. Parisiis]» (480); 9 oct., «In die [s. Dyonisii]», avec octave (481v); — 28oct., «In translatione s. Genovefe» (487); — 3nov., «S. Marcelli Parisiensis ep.», avec octave (489v); — 26 nov., «S. Genovefe de miraculo ardentium» (495); — «De s. Gendulpho. Prosa» (495). F. 497-541 Commun des saints, avec pièces chantées notées. F. 541-559 Messes votives, sans parties notées à l'exception de la messe des morts (551v-556). Aux ff. 546v-547, en marge de la messe «pro amico», deux additions d'une écriture cursive de la fin du XIVe s. précisent : «ducem nostrum et duxissem ejusque prolem». — Prières diverses (556-559). F. 559-563 Rituel de mariage. «Incipit ordo ad sponsam benedicendam. Cum venerint ante valvas ecclesie sponsus et sponsa, accinctus sacerdos alba et stola... auxilium et argentum super scutum positum benedicat dicens : Manda Deus... Tunc aspergatur aqua benedicta et thurificetur et sponsus et sponsa; quo facto sacerdos dicat : Bones genz nos avons faiz les bans III foiz de ces II genz et encore les faison nous, que se il i a nul ne nule qui sache enpeschement par quoi l'un ne puisse avoir l'autre par loi de mariage, si le die. Et re[spon]dent assistentes : Nous ni savons se bien non. Quo audito, accipiat sacerdos manum dexteram sponse et ponat in dextera manu sponsi et dicat... nominandos eos : Vos Marie et vos Jeham vous prometez, fianciez et jurez l'un à l'autre à garder la foi et la loiauté du mariage... Tunc sacerdos tradat anulum sponso et sponsus autem per manum sacerdotis primo in police sponse... dicens... : Marie de cest annel t'espous et de mon cors t'ennor et de douaire qui est devisiez entre mes amis et les tiens. In nomine... Secundo in indice dicens... Tercio in medio dicens : Et Spiritus sancti. Amen... Postea sacerdos extensa manu super illos dicat orationes... Tunc sacerdos centus [sic] sponsum per manum dexteram et sponsam et introducat eos in ecclesiam...» (559-559bis); — Messe de mariage, comportant deux préfaces notées : «Deinde celebratur missa...» (559bis-562v); pour les rubriques liturgiques, cf. Leroquais, 183. — «Missa celebrata, recedant sponsus et sponsa et, ipsis stantibus ante hostium domus illorum presentibus pane et vinum [sic], faciat sacerdos benedictionem super panem dicens : Benedic Domine creaturam... Tunc sponsus mordet in pane, postea sponsa. Item benedictio super vinum... Tunc sponsus bibat, postea sponsa. Quo facto introducit eos sacerdos per manum in domum... Item in sero benedictio thalami... Tunc turificet thalamum, postea sponsum et sponsam sedentes vel jacentes in lecto suo benedicat dicens : Benedic Domine adulescentulos...» (562v-563) (éd. avec variantes par E. Martène, De antiquis Ecclesiae ritibus, II, 374-376, d'après le ms. Latin 859A); même ordo dans le ms. NAL 2649, f. 333-336. F. 563-565v Exorcisme de l'eau et du sel (563-564v). — «Pro Terra sancta» (564v-565). — «Pro rege nostro» (565). — «Benedictio pere et baculi peregrinorum» (565-565v). — «Benedictio crucis... Benedictio novorum fructuum... Benedictio panis» (565v).

Phenotypes influencing low physical activity in maintenance dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The "Pas à Pas" initiative aimed at evaluating the weekly physical activity (PA) and its determinants in a large cohort of dialysis patients. SETTING: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for mortality in maintenance dialysis patients and is still poorly documented in this population. DESIGN: A prospective national epidemiological study was performed. SUBJECTS: A total of 1,163 patients on maintenance dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) were included. INTERVENTION AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: PA was recorded during seven consecutive days using a pedometer to measure daily step numbers. RESULTS: Median age was 63 years (Q1 51-Q3 75). Sixty-three percent were sedentary (<5000 steps/day) with a median of 3,688 steps/day (1,866-6,271)]. PA level was similar between hemodialysis patients and those on peritoneal dialysis (3,693 steps [1,896-6,307] vs. 3,320 [1,478-5,926], P = .33). In hemodialysis patients, PA was lower on dialysis days compared with nondialysis days (2,912 [1,439-5,232] vs. 4,054 [2,136-7,108], respectively, P < .01). PA gradually decreased with age, 57% being sedentary between 50 and 65 years and 83% of patients after 80 years. Beyond this age effect, we identified, for the first time, specific phenotypes of patients with lower PA, such as inflammation, cardiovascular disease, protein energy wasting, obesity, and diabetes. By contrast, previous kidney transplantation and a higher muscle mass were associated with higher PA. CONCLUSIONS: Dialysis patients present a very low level of PA with high sedentary. Acting on patient's modifiable phenotypes may help to increase PA to improve morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.

Aerodynamic drag modeling of alpine skiers performing giant slalom turns.

PURPOSE: Aerodynamic drag plays an important role in performance for athletes practicing sports that involve high-velocity motions. In giant slalom, the skier is continuously changing his/her body posture, and this affects the energy dissipated in aerodynamic drag. It is therefore important to quantify this energy to understand the dynamic behavior of the skier. The aims of this study were to model the aerodynamic drag of alpine skiers in giant slalom simulated conditions and to apply these models in a field experiment to estimate energy dissipated through aerodynamic drag. METHODS: The aerodynamic characteristics of 15 recreational male and female skiers were measured in a wind tunnel while holding nine different skiing-specific postures. The drag and the frontal area were recorded simultaneously for each posture. Four generalized and two individualized models of the drag coefficient were built, using different sets of parameters. These models were subsequently applied in a field study designed to compare the aerodynamic energy losses between a dynamic and a compact skiing technique. RESULTS: The generalized models estimated aerodynamic drag with an accuracy of between 11.00% and 14.28%, and the individualized models estimated aerodynamic drag with an accuracy between 4.52% and 5.30%. The individualized model used for the field study showed that using a dynamic technique led to 10% more aerodynamic drag energy loss than using a compact technique. DISCUSSION: The individualized models were capable of discriminating different techniques performed by advanced skiers and seemed more accurate than the generalized models. The models presented here offer a simple yet accurate method to estimate the aerodynamic drag acting upon alpine skiers while rapidly moving through the range of positions typical to turning technique.

Influence of a lifestyle intervention in preschool children on physiological and psychological parameters (Ballabeina): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Childhood obesity and physical inactivity are increasing dramatically worldwide. Children of low socioeconomic status and/or children of migrant background are especially at risk. In general, the overall effectiveness of school-based programs on health-related outcomes has been disappointing. A special gap exists for younger children and in high risk groups. This paper describes the rationale, design, curriculum, and evaluation of a multicenter preschool randomized intervention study conducted in areas with a high migrant population in two out of 26 Swiss cantons. Twenty preschool classes in the German (canton St. Gallen) and another 20 in the French (canton Vaud) part of Switzerland were separately selected and randomized to an intervention and a control arm by the use of opaque envelopes. The multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention aimed to increase physical activity and sleep duration, to reinforce healthy nutrition and eating behaviour, and to reduce media use. According to the ecological model, it included children, their parents and the teachers. The regular teachers performed the majority of the intervention and were supported by a local health promoter. The intervention included physical activity lessons, adaptation of the built infrastructure; promotion of regional extracurricular physical activity; playful lessons about nutrition, media use and sleep, funny homework cards and information materials for teachers and parents. It lasted one school year. Baseline and post-intervention evaluations were performed in both arms. Primary outcome measures included BMI and aerobic fitness (20 m shuttle run test). Secondary outcomes included total (skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance) and central (waist circumference) body fat, motor abilities (obstacle course, static and dynamic balance), physical activity and sleep duration (accelerometry and questionnaires), nutritional behaviour and food intake, media use, quality of life and signs of hyperactivity (questionnaires), attention and spatial working memory ability (two validated tests). Researchers were blinded to group allocation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the design of a school-based multicenter cluster randomized, controlled trial aiming to reduce body mass index and to increase aerobic fitness in preschool children in culturally different parts of Switzerland with a high migrant population. Trial Registration: (clinicaltrials.gov) NCT00674544.

Prevalence of normal weight obesity in Switzerland: effects of various definitions

Background: normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI<25 kg/m2), but its prevalence in the general population is unknown. Objective: to assess the prevalence of NWO in Switzerland according to different cut points used to define excess body fat. Design: cross-sectional study including 3,213 women and 2,912 men aged 35-75 years. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance and prevalence of NWO was assessed using four previously published definitions for excess body fat. Results: % body fat increased with age: in men, the values (mean SD) were 20.2 5.4, 23.0 5.4, 26.3 5.2 and 28.2 4.6 for age groups [35 - 44], [45 - 54], [55 - 64] and [65 - 75] years, respectively; the corresponding values for women were 29.9 7.8, 33.1 7.4, 36.7 7.5 and 39.6 6.9. In men, prevalence of NWO was <1% irrespective of the definition used. Conversely, in women, a one to twenty fold difference (from 1.4% to 27.8%) in NWO prevalence was found. The prevalence of NWO increased with age when age-independent cut points were used in women, but not in men. Conclusions: prevalence of NWO is low in the general population and higher in women than in men. The prevalence is highly dependent on the criteria used to define excess body fat, namely in women. The use of gender- and age-specific cut points to define excess body fat is better than fixed or gender-specific only cut points.

Missale ad usum Sancti Cornelii Compendiensis.

Ex-libris "S. Cornelii Compend. Congr. S. Mauri", XVIIe s., f. 1. Compiègne.

S. Bernardus Claraevallensis, Epistolae (3-159v).

En tête du ms., lettre d'Alexandre III, datée du 19 juillet 1169, n. 7768 de Jaffé (1v-2)."

Jacobus de Vitriaco, Sermones vulgares seu ad omnes status.

Au f. 153, ex-libris lavé, du XIVe s. (lampe de Wood): "Iste liber est Hugoni de Villeni Sancti Ligari [...] quem emit ab exequo (?) defuncti domini Stephani de Susciaco presbiteri". Dans l'obituaire de la cathédrale de Paris, publié par A. Molinier (Obituaires de la province de Sens, I, Paris, 1902, 91-240), le décès de Stephanus de Susiaco [Etienne de Suizy], "presbiter cardinalis", est mentionné à la date du 11 décembre 1311 (p. 208). En-dessous, un second ex-libris du XIVe s. a été gratté: "Iste liber est [...] rectoris [...] Carnotensis dyocesis". Il est suivi par une mention d'achat partiellement lisible, du XIVe s.: "Vendidi [...] ante s. crucem text. sextio casus quosdam decretalium vendedi magister Stephanus de Lugello habuit [...] tamquam (?) de bonis iste [...] + Richardus ad bonum baculum tenetur presens I. et marg. emo [...], debet XXVII s. IIII d. par. medi augusti. Solvi V p. De quibus se [...] Anchi (?) Yvoni X sol. par. IIII d. par." Ce ms. a été acheté par Claude Joly, chantre de Notre-Dame de Paris, à Chaumont-en-Bassigny en 1655, comme l'indique la note de Claude Joly au contreplat sup.: "Cl. Joly M. oct. 1658. J'ay eu ce mss. a Chaumont en Bassigni en 1655". En-dessous de cette note figure l'ex-libris "A la bibliotheque de l'Eglise de Paris", précédé de la cote C18 (fin XVIIe s.-début XVIIIe s.). Notre-Dame.

[Recueil].

Liber Alchandrei philosophi (2-13). - Epistola Phetosiri de sphera (13-13v). - "Quicumque nosse desiderat legem..." [traité astronomique arabe traduit en latin] (14-15). - Abbo Floriacensis, Sententia de differentia circuli et spherae (15-16v). - Pseudo Alexander Astrologus, Mathematica (17-17v). - Varia astronomica et astrologica (18v, 20v). Le texte du f. 18v a été copié à une date plus tardive, peut-être au XIe s. Ce ms. est intéressant à plus d'un titre, car les textes qu'il contient attestent l'influence des traités d'astronomie arabe en Occident."