Educational policy in Spain - a federal illusion?

Education and health policy are two of the public policies, which in Spain have been assigned to the Autonomous Communities (AC). This transfer of powers could be considered a proof for the strong “self-rule” of the AC, which in turn shows that Spain could be classified as a federal state. In the following analysis the authors in some parts disagree with that conclusion, showing that considering the education area Spain is “heavy at the top”. Due to the state’s exclusive power to regulate the basic conditions guaranteeing the equality of all Spanish citizens, the important and final decisions are taken at the center through the framework legislation. The AC play a minor role in the legislation process, they have to adopt the center decisions. De-centralization and extension of the framework legislation are highly connected: The central state reacted with strong framework legislation to the stages of the educational decentralization process. In addition, the concentration of important framing powers within the central state does not make educational reforms more infrequent. However, such reforms are the results of a competition between the parties, and not between the AC or between the AC and the central state

Virus-like particles induce robust human T-helper cell responses.

Among synthetic vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs) are used for their ability to induce strong humoral responses. Very little is reported on VLP-based-vaccine-induced CD4(+) T-cell responses, despite the requirement of helper T cells for antibody isotype switching. Further knowledge on helper T cells is also needed for optimization of CD8(+) T-cell vaccination. Here, we analysed human CD4(+) T-cell responses to vaccination with MelQbG10, which is a Qβ-VLP covalently linked to a long peptide derived from the melanoma self-antigen Melan-A. In all analysed patients, we found strong antibody responses of mainly IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, and concomitant Th1-biased CD4(+) T-cell responses specific for Qβ. Although less strong, comparable B- and CD4(+) T-cell responses were also found specific for the Melan-A cargo peptide. Further optimization is required to shift the response more towards the cargo peptide. Nevertheless, the data demonstrate the high potential of VLPs for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses by mounting powerful CD4(+) T-cell help.

Sequential screening

We present a model of price discrimination where a monopolistfaces a consumer who is privately informed about thedistribution of his valuation for an indivisible unit ofgood but has yet to learn privately the actual valuation.The monopolist sequentially screens the consumer with amenu of contracts:the consumer self-selects once by choosing a contract andthen self-selects again when he learns the actual valuation. A deterministic sequential mechanism is a menu of refundcontracts, each consisting of an advance payment and a refundamount in case of no consumption, but sequential mechanismsmay involve randomization.We characterize the optimal sequential mechanism when someconsumer types are more eager in the sense of first-orderstochastic dominance, and when some types face greatervaluation uncertainty in the sense of mean-preserving-spread.We show that it can be optimal to subsidize consumer typeswith smaller valuation uncertainty (through low refund, as inairplane ticket pricing) in order to reduce the rent to thosewith greater uncertainty. The size of distortion depends bothon the type distribution and on how informative the consumer'sinitial private knowledge is about his valuation, but noton how much he initially knows about the valuation per se.

Sexual behaviour of men that consulted in medical outpatient clinics in Western Switzerland from 2005-2006: risk levels unknown to doctors?

BACKGROUND: To determine male outpatient attenders' sexual behaviours, expectations and experience of talking about their sexuality and sexual health needs with a doctor. METHODS: A survey was conducted among all male patients aged 18-70, recruited from the two main medical outpatient clinics in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2005-2006. The anonymous self-administered questionnaire included questions on sexual behaviour, HIV/STI information needs, expectations and experiences regarding discussion of sexual matters with a doctor. RESULTS: The response rate was 53.0% (N = 1452). The mean age was 37.7 years. Overall, 13.4% of patients were defined as at STI risk--i.e. having not consistently used condoms with casual partners in the last 6 months, or with a paid partner during the last intercourse--regarding their sexual behaviour in the last year. 90.9% would have liked their physician to ask them questions concerning their sexual life; only 61.4% had ever had such a discussion. The multivariate analysis showed that patients at risk tended to have the following characteristics: recruited from the HIV testing clinic, lived alone, declared no religion, had a low level of education, felt uninformed about HIV/AIDS, were younger, had had concurrent sexual partners in the last 12 months. However they were not more likely to have discussed sexual matters with their doctor than patients not at risk. CONCLUSION: Recording the sexual history and advice on the prevention of the risks of STI should become routine practice for primary health care doctors.

Les gangs en Suisse : délinquance, victimisation et facteurs de risque

Abstract Gang membership constitutes one of the strongest risk factors of delinquency. Research on this topic found that gang members commit more offences in general and are particularly more prone to violent offences than other juveniles. Indeed, they are responsible for approximately 50 to 86% of the total offences perpetrated by juvenile offenders. In Switzerland, as in other European countries, there is a reluctance to use the term of gang to talk about delinquent youth groups. However, this term implies many stereotypes that do not apply to the majority of juvenile American gangs. Thus, it appears that some delinquent youth groups in European countries can be described as gangs. This manifestation of juvenile delinquency is increasingly studied by European researchers, whose studies demonstrate the high level of delinquency committed by gang members. This research assesses the proportion of gangs in Switzerland and their level of involvement in delinquency. Victimization of gang members as well as risk factors of gang membership are also analyzed. For this research, data of two self-reported juvenile delinquency surveys were used, namely the survey of "les jeunes et l'insécurité" and the second wave of the International Self-Reported Delinquency Survey (ISRD-2). The first survey took place in the canton of Vaud among 4'690 teenagers, and the second one was conducted across Switzerland by interviewing 3'648 teenagers aged 12 to 16. The results from the ISRD-2 survey show that 4.6% of young Swiss belong to a gang, whereas this is the case for 6.5% of teenagers in the canton of Vaud. About a third of the gang members ara girls. A strong link between the commission of offences and gang membership was found in both surveys. A teenager who does not belong to a gang commits on average 1.9 offences per year, whereas this number increases to 7.2 offences for teenagers who have delinquent peers and to 16 offences for gang members. The risk of victimization is also stronger for a gang member than for a non-gang member, as it is 4 to 5 times higher for assaults and robberies. International comparisons based on the ISRD-2 survey have been conducted, highlighting the high level of delinquency of gang members and their vulnerability to victimization. Risk factors of gang membership include the influence of accessibility to drugs in the neighbourhoods, the lack of self-control of the teenagers and their consumption of cannabis. Résumé Un des facteurs de risque les plus importants de la délinquance juvénile est l'appartenance à un gang. Les recherches faites sur cette problématique indiquent que les membres de gangs commettent plus de délits et des délits plus violents que les autres jeunes et qu'ils sont responsables d'environ 50 â 86% des actes délinquants perpétrés. En Suisse, tout comme dans d'autres pays européens, une réticence existe à utiliser le terme de gang pour parler des bandes de jeunes délinquants. Pourtant, ce terme implique de nombreux stéréotypes qui ne correspondent toutefois pas à la majorité des gangs américains. Ainsi, il apparaît que certaines bandes de jeunes délinquants présentes dans des pays européens peuvent être qualifiées de gangs. Cette manifestation de ta délinquance juvénile est de plus en plus étudiée par les chercheurs européens qui démontrent également la sur-criminalité de leurs membres. I La présente recherche évalue dans quelle proportion tes membres de gangs existent en Suisse et Quel est leur niveau d'implication dans la délinquance. Leur victimisation ainsi que les facteurs de risque de l'affiliation à de tels groupes y sont également analysés. Pour ce faire, les données de deux enquêtes ont été utilisées, à savoir l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité portant sur 4'690 élèves de 8'? et 9*? année scolaire du canton de Vaud, ainsi que la deuxième vague du sondage de délinquance auto-reportée portant sur 3'648 jeunes suisses ayant entre 12 et 16 ans (ISRD-2 -International Self Reported Delinquency-). Ainsi, 4.6% des jeunes suisses, selon la recherche de l'ISRD-2, et 6.5% des jeunes vaudois, selon l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité, appartiennent à un gang ; un tiers des membres étant de sexe féminin. Un lien fort entre la commission de délits et l'affiliation à un gang a été mis en évidence dans les deux enquêtes. Un adolescent qui ne fait pas partie d'un gang commet en moyenne 1.9 délits par année, un jeune qui a des pairs délinquants en commet en moyenne 7.2, alors que la moyenne annuelle des jeunes qui appartiennent à un gang s'élève à 16. Le risque de devenir victime est également plus important lorsqu'un jeune fait partie de tels groupes, puisqu'il est 4 à 5 fois plus élevé pour les agressions et les brigandages. Des comparaisons internationales, basées sur l'enquête de l'lSRD-2, ont pu être effectuées, mettant en exergue la sur-criminalité des membres de gangs ainsi que leur vulnérabilité face à la victimisation. Des facteurs de risque de l'affiliation è un gang, tels que l'influence de l'accessibilité à la drogue dans les quartiers où habitent les jeunes, le manque d'autocontrôlé de ces derniers ou leur consommation de cannabis ont été relevés

Use of human MAR elements to improve retroviral vector production.

Retroviral vectors have many favorable properties for gene therapies, but their use remains limited by safety concerns and/or by relatively lower titers for some of the safer self-inactivating (SIN) derivatives. In this study, we evaluated whether increased production of SIN retroviral vectors can be achieved from the use of matrix attachment region (MAR) epigenetic regulators. Two MAR elements of human origin were found to increase and to stabilize the expression of the green fluorescent protein transgene in stably transfected HEK-293 packaging cells. Introduction of one of these MAR elements in retroviral vector-producing plasmids yielded higher expression of the viral vector RNA. Consistently, viral titers obtained from transient transfection of MAR-containing plasmids were increased up to sixfold as compared with the parental construct, when evaluated in different packaging cell systems and transfection conditions. Thus, use of MAR elements opens new perspectives for the efficient generation of gene therapy vectors.

Rapid transgene expression in multiple precursor cell types of adult rat subventricular zone mediated by adeno-associated type 1 vectors.

Abstract The adult rat brain subventricular zone (SVZ) contains proliferative precursors that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) and differentiate into mature neurons. Recruitment of precursors constitutes a potential avenue for brain repair. We have investigated the kinetics and cellular specificity of transgene expression mediated by AAV2/1 vectors (i.e., adeno-associated virus type 2 pseudotyped with AAV1 capsid) in the SVZ. Self-complementary (sc) and single-stranded (ss) AAV2/1 vectors mediated efficient GFP expression, respectively, at 17 and 24 hr postinjection. Transgene expression was efficient in all the rapidly proliferating cells types, that is, Mash1(+) precursors (30% of the GFP(+) cells), Dlx2(+) neuronal progenitors (55%), Olig2(+) oligodendrocyte progenitors (35%), and doublecortin-positive (Dcx(+)) migrating cells (40%), but not in the slowly proliferating glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) neural stem cell pool (5%). Because cell cycle arrest by wild-type and recombinant AAV has been described in primary cultures, we examined SVZ proliferative activity after vector injection. Indeed, cell proliferation was reduced immediately after vector injection but was normal after 1 month. In contrast, migration and differentiation of GFP(+) precursors were unaltered. Indeed, the proportion of Dcx(+) cells was similar in the injected and contralateral hemispheres. Furthermore, 1 month after vector injection into the SVZ, GFP(+) cells, found, as expected, in the OB granular cell layer, were mature GABAergic neurons. In conclusion, the rapid and efficient transgene expression in SVZ neural precursors mediated by scAAV2/1 vectors underlines their potential usefulness for brain repair via recruitment of immature cells. The observed transient precursor proliferation inhibition, not affecting their migration and differentiation, will likely not compromise this strategy.

Structure and Stability of 3He Droplets

We have studied the structure of 3He droplets at zero temperature using a density functional approach plus a configuration interaction calculation in an harmonic oscillator major shell. The most salient feature of open shell drops is that the valence atoms couple their spins to the maximum value compatible with Pauli's principle, building a large magnetic moment. We have determined that 29 atoms constitute the smallest self-bound droplet.

Pulse propagation sustained by noise in arrays of bistable electronic circuits

One-dimensional arrays of nonlinear electronic circuits are shown to support propagation of pulses when operating in a locally bistable regime, provided the circuits are under the influence of a global noise. These external random fluctuations are applied to the parameter that controls the transition between bistable and monostable dynamics in the individual circuits. As a result, propagating fronts become destabilized in the presence of noise, and the system self-organizes to allow the transmission of pulses. The phenomenon is also observed in weakly coupled arrays, when propagation failure arises in the absence of noise.

Estimating dormant and active hematopoietic stem cell kinetics through extensive modeling of bromodeoxyuridine label-retaining cell dynamics.

Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for both lifelong daily maintenance of all blood cells and for repair after cell loss. Until recently the cellular mechanisms by which HSCs accomplish these two very different tasks remained an open question. Biological evidence has now been found for the existence of two related mouse HSC populations. First, a dormant HSC (d-HSC) population which harbors the highest self-renewal potential of all blood cells but is only induced into active self-renewal in response to hematopoietic stress. And second, an active HSC (a-HSC) subset that by and large produces the progenitors and mature cells required for maintenance of day-to-day hematopoiesis. Here we present computational analyses further supporting the d-HSC concept through extensive modeling of experimental DNA label-retaining cell (LRC) data. Our conclusion that the presence of a slowly dividing subpopulation of HSCs is the most likely explanation (amongst the various possible causes including stochastic cellular variation) of the observed long term Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) retention, is confirmed by the deterministic and stochastic models presented here. Moreover, modeling both HSC BrdU uptake and dilution in three stages and careful treatment of the BrdU detection sensitivity permitted improved estimates of HSC turnover rates. This analysis predicts that d-HSCs cycle about once every 149-193 days and a-HSCs about once every 28-36 days. We further predict that, using LRC assays, a 75%-92.5% purification of d-HSCs can be achieved after 59-130 days of chase. Interestingly, the d-HSC proportion is now estimated to be around 30-45% of total HSCs - more than twice that of our previous estimate.

Affective state and voice : cross-cultural assessment of speaking behavior and voice sound characteristics : a normative multicenter study of 577 + 36 healthy subjects

BACKGROUND: Human speech is greatly influenced by the speakers' affective state, such as sadness, happiness, grief, guilt, fear, anger, aggression, faintheartedness, shame, sexual arousal, love, amongst others. Attentive listeners discover a lot about the affective state of their dialog partners with no great effort, and without having to talk about it explicitly during a conversation or on the phone. On the other hand, speech dysfunctions, such as slow, delayed or monotonous speech, are prominent features of affective disorders. METHODS: This project was comprised of four studies with healthy volunteers from Bristol (English: n = 117), Lausanne (French: n = 128), Zurich (German: n = 208), and Valencia (Spanish: n = 124). All samples were stratified according to gender, age, and education. The specific study design with different types of spoken text along with repeated assessments at 14-day intervals allowed us to estimate the 'natural' variation of speech parameters over time, and to analyze the sensitivity of speech parameters with respect to form and content of spoken text. Additionally, our project included a longitudinal self-assessment study with university students from Zurich (n = 18) and unemployed adults from Valencia (n = 18) in order to test the feasibility of the speech analysis method in home environments. RESULTS: The normative data showed that speaking behavior and voice sound characteristics can be quantified in a reproducible and language-independent way. The high resolution of the method was verified by a computerized assignment of speech parameter patterns to languages at a success rate of 90%, while the correct assignment to texts was 70%. In the longitudinal self-assessment study we calculated individual 'baselines' for each test person along with deviations thereof. The significance of such deviations was assessed through the normative reference data. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provided gender-, age-, and language-specific thresholds that allow one to reliably distinguish between 'natural fluctuations' and 'significant changes'. The longitudinal self-assessment study with repeated assessments at 1-day intervals over 14 days demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the speech analysis method in home environments, thus clearing the way to a broader range of applications in psychiatry. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Performance anxiety : cardiorespiratory activity in high- and low-anxious professional music students in a performance situation

Questionnaire studies indicate that high-anxious musicians may suffer from hyperventilation symptoms before and/or during performance. Reported symptoms include amongst others shortness of breath, fast or deep breathing, dizziness and thumping heart. A self-report study by Widmer, Conway, Cohen and Davies (1997) shows that up to seventy percent of the tested highly anxious musicians are hyperventilators during performance. However, no study has yet tested if these self-reported symptoms reflect actual cardiorespiratory changes just before and during performance. Disturbances in breathing patterns and hyperventilation may negatively affect the performance quality in stressful performance situations. The main goal of this study is to determine if music performance anxiety is manifest physiologically in specific correlates of cardiorespiratory activity. We studied 74 professional music students of Swiss Music Universities divided into two groups (high- and lowanxious) based on their self-reported performance anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Spielberger). The students were tested in three distinct situations: baseline, performance without audience, performance with audience. We measured a) breathing patterns, end-tidal carbon dioxide, which is a good non-invasive estimator for hyperventilation, and cardiac activation and b) self-perceived emotions and self-perceived physiological activation. Analyses of heart rate, respiratory rate, self-perceived palpitations, self-perceived shortness of breath and self-perceived anxiety for the 15 most and the 15 least anxious musicians show that high-anxious and low-anxious music students have a comparable physiological activation during the different measurement periods. However, highanxious music students feel significantly more anxious and perceive significantly stronger palpitations and significantly stronger shortness of breath just before and during a public performance. The results indicate that low- and high-anxious music students a) do not differ in the considered physiological responses and b) differ in the considered self-perceived physiological symptoms and the selfreported anxiety before and/or during a public performance.

Muuttuva minuus

Summary: The changing self

Iowa Field Conference on "D"-Cracking: Nov. 20 & 21, 1967

During the summer of 1963 the Materials Department noted the three to four ·year old concrete pavement on I-80 in Cass County was showing extensive surface cracking adjacent to joints and cracks. An examination of the pavement and a few cores from the cracked areas was made by the I.S.H.C. Materials Department and later by David Stark of the P.C.A. Additional surveys were conducted on other concrete pavement made with coarse aggregate from similar rock from two different sources. Blue-line cracking was found on some primary pavement and the indications of incipient cracks were seen on I-29 in Pottawattamie County, north of Council Bluffs. A good "D"-crack pattern is now evident. Surveys were then made of the entire Interstate concrete pavement. No other sections of Interstate were "D"-cracking, although some sections showed joint discoloration. None of these pavements, including the discolored sections, contained "D"-crack associated aggregates. At the same time as the Interstate survey additional pavements and sources were checked. Some "D"-cracking was noticed on certain sections of primary pavement 5-10 years old, in the vicinity of Waterloo and Cedar Rapids. The "D"-cracked pavement was from three aggregate sources, the Newton, Otis, and Burton Ave. quarries. Other pavements in this area that were older or from· different· coarse aggregate sources were not "D"-cracked. We believe that all the "D"-cracking is related, although dedolomitization is probably involved in the intermediate dolomite rocks.

Schizotypal perceptual aberrations of time: correlation between score, behavior and brain activity.

A fundamental trait of the human self is its continuum experience of space and time. Perceptual aberrations of this spatial and temporal continuity is a major characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disturbances--including schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy. We have previously found the classical Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) scores, related to body and space, to be positively correlated with both behavior and temporo-parietal activation in healthy participants performing a task involving self-projection in space. However, not much is known about the relationship between temporal perceptual aberration, behavior and brain activity. To this aim, we composed a temporal Perceptual Aberration Scale (tPAS) similar to the traditional PAS. Testing on 170 participants suggested similar performance for PAS and tPAS. We then correlated tPAS and PAS scores to participants' performance and neural activity in a task of self-projection in time. tPAS scores correlated positively with reaction times across task conditions, as did PAS scores. Evoked potential mapping and electrical neuroimaging showed self-projection in time to recruit a network of brain regions at the left anterior temporal cortex, right temporo-parietal junction, and occipito-temporal cortex, and duration of activation in this network positively correlated with tPAS and PAS scores. These data demonstrate that schizotypal perceptual aberrations of both time and space, as reflected by tPAS and PAS scores, are positively correlated with performance and brain activation during self-projection in time in healthy individuals along the schizophrenia spectrum.