977 resultados para Sensore Hall Misura Corrente
Resumo:
Trasparenze presentate a lezione. Si consiglia agli studenti di stamparne una copia prima della lezione e di portarla con sé onde riportare su di essa ulteriori annotazioni.
Resumo:
Trasparenze presentate a lezione. Si consiglia agli studenti di stamparne una copia prima della lezione e di portarla con sé onde riportare su di essa ulteriori annotazioni.
Resumo:
Water resources management will become increasingly important in agriculture as global warming takes place. Cover crop is largely used in viticultural areas based on the many positive agronomic and environmental benefits it provides. However, it is not clear what effect the cover crop can have on water use in the vineyard. This study is designed to develop a further understanding of the role cover crops play in total water use in the vineyard and develop our understanding of the potential use of cover crops as a water management tool. Two techniques were used to measure cover crop water use, the mini-lysimeters and a portable open chamber and data from both was compared to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) (FAO guidelines). While the mini-lysimeters seemed to be limited in their ability to accurately represent the water use of the surrounding soil, the open chamber method is a reliable and suitable instrument to be used for the accurate measurement of evapotranspiration. Further, the relationship between vineyard grass water use and the contributing environmental factors thought to influence water use were analyzed. A strong relationship between total available radiation and cover crop evapotranspiration was found suggesting the possibility of an indirect method of evapotranspiration measurement in a vineyard grass cover crop. Mowing the cover crop was determined to significantly effect transpiration as shown by both the mini-lysimeter and open chamber, however, the reduction was largely dependent on the growth rate of the grass.
Resumo:
In questa tesi si effettua lo studio di un azionamento elettrico con motore asincrono eptafase. In particolare si realizza un sistema automatico per il controllo della coppia mediante stimatori con encoder. Si ha così la possibilità di effettuare un controllo accurato della macchina asincrona eptafase anche a bassa velocità, cosa che risulterebbe più complessa se eseguita mediante controlli di tipo sensorless. Inoltre, grazie ad opportune strategie di controllo, è possibile assicurare un funzionamento accettabile degli azionamenti con motori multifase durante una condizione di guasto con una fase aperta, senza alcuna necessità di hardware aggiuntivo.
Resumo:
New concepts on porosity appraisal in ancient and modern construction materials. The role of Fractal Geometry on porosity characterization and transport phenomena. This work studied the potential of Fractal Geometry to the characterization of porous materials. Besides the descriptive aspects of the pore size distribution, the fractal dimensions have led to the development of rational relations for the prediction of permeability coefficients to fluid and heat transfer. The research considered natural materials used in historical buildings (rock and earth) as well as currently employed materials as hydraulic cement and technologically advanced materials such as silicon carbide or YSZ ceramics. The experimental results of porosity derived from the techniques of mercury intrusion and from the image analysis. Data elaboration was carried out according to established procedures of Fractal Geometry. It was found that certain classes of materials are clearly fractal and respond to simple patterns such as Sierpinski and Menger models. In several cases, however, the fractal character is not recognised because the microstructure of the material is based on different phases at different dimensional scales, and in consequence the “fractal dimensions” calculated from porosimetric data do not come within the standard range (less than 3). Using different type and numbers of fractal units is possible, however, to obtain “virtual” microstructures that have the fraction of voids and pore size distribution equivalent with the experimental ones for almost any material. Thus it was possible to take the expressions for the permeability and the thermal conduction which does not require empirical “constants”, these expressions have also provided values that are generally in agreement with the experimental available data. More problematic has been the fractal discussion of the geometry of the rupture of the material subjected to mechanical stress both external and internal applied. The results achieved on these issues are qualitative and prone to future studies. Keywords: Materials, Microstructure, Porosity, Fractal Geometry, Permeability, Thermal conduction, Mechanical strength.
Resumo:
Si studia in modo formale una specifica proprietà della Computazione Quantistica. In particolare, il modello di calcolo che si utilizzerà (circuito quantistico) può essere rappresentato da una sequenza di operazioni. Una sequenza è detta mista (circuito misto) se si presentano operazioni classiche e quantistiche in modo alternato (sequenze del tipo Q-C-C-Q-Q-C). Una sequenza in Forma Normale, invece, ammette operazioni classiche solamente all'inizio o alla fine, mentre in mezzo possono esserci solamente operazioni quantistiche (sequenze del tipo C-C-Q-Q-Q-C). Una sequenza di operazioni esclusivamente quantistiche porta numerosi vantaggi, per questo la forma normale è molto importante. Essa infatti separa le operazioni classiche da quelle quantistiche, concentrandole tutte all'interno. Quello che si farà in questa tesi sarà fornire un modo operativo (mediante riscritture) per ottenere la forma normale di una qualsiasi sequenza di operazioni classiche o quantistiche.
Resumo:
Il lavoro valuta le prestazioni di 14 stati membri dell'Unione Europea, la quale attraverso la strategia Europa 2020 propone il raggiungimento di 8 target fondamentali per una crescita intelligente, sostenibile e inclusiva entro il 2020. I target riguardano l'occupazione, il tasso d'istruzione superiore, la percentuale di energia rinnovabile, il consumo energetico, le emissioni di gas serra, la spesa in ricerca e sviluppo, la povertà , il prematuro abbandono scolastico. A tali target corrispondono indicatori che sono annualmente censiti attraverso le autorità statistiche nazionali ed Eurostat. La misura della performance degli Stati è stata effettuata mediante il calcolo della distanza dal target di ciascun paese negli anni compresi tra il 2000 e il 2009. In particolare si è effettuato, adattandolo alle esigenze del lavoro, il calcolo della distanza euclidea e della distanza di Mahalanobis. Con le limitazioni dovute alla qualità dei dati disponibili e ad una difficoltà oggettiva di stabilire una linea di base, il lavoro ha permesso di dare un giudizio alla qualità dello sforzo compiuto da ciascun paese per raggiungere i target, fornendo un quadro analitico e articolato dei rapporti che intercorrono tra i diversi indicatori. In particolare è stato realizzato un modello relazionale basato su quattro indicatori che sono risultati essere correlati e legati da relazioni di tipo causale. I risultati possono essere sintetizzati come segue. La strategia Europa 2020 sembra partire da buone basi in quanto si è potuto osservare che in generale tutti gli stati membri osservati, Europa a 15, mostrano avere un miglioramento verso i loro rispettivi target dal 2005. Durante gli anni osservati si è notato che il range temporale 2005 e 2008 sembra essere stato il periodo dove gli stati hanno rallentato maggiormente la loro crescita di performance, con poi un buon miglioramento nell'anno finale. Questo miglioramento è stato indagato ed è risultato essere coincidente con l'anno di inizio della crisi economica. Inoltre si sono osservate buone relazioni tra il GDP e gli indicatori che hanno contribuito alla diminuzione delle performance, ma il range di riferimento non molto ampio, non ha permesso di definire la reale correlazione tra il GDP e il consumo energetico ed il GDP e l'investimento in ricerca e sviluppo.
Resumo:
Organic electronics has grown enormously during the last decades driven by the encouraging results and the potentiality of these materials for allowing innovative applications, such as flexible-large-area displays, low-cost printable circuits, plastic solar cells and lab-on-a-chip devices. Moreover, their possible field of applications reaches from medicine, biotechnology, process control and environmental monitoring to defense and security requirements. However, a large number of questions regarding the mechanism of device operation remain unanswered. Along the most significant is the charge carrier transport in organic semiconductors, which is not yet well understood. Other example is the correlation between the morphology and the electrical response. Even if it is recognized that growth mode plays a crucial role into the performance of devices, it has not been exhaustively investigated. The main goal of this thesis was the finding of a correlation between growth modes, electrical properties and morphology in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). In order to study the thickness dependence of electrical performance in organic ultra-thin-film transistors, we have designed and developed a home-built experimental setup for performing real-time electrical monitoring and post-growth in situ electrical characterization techniques. We have grown pentacene TFTs under high vacuum conditions, varying systematically the deposition rate at a fixed room temperature. The drain source current IDS and the gate source current IGS were monitored in real-time; while a complete post-growth in situ electrical characterization was carried out. At the end, an ex situ morphological investigation was performed by using the atomic force microscope (AFM). In this work, we present the correlation for pentacene TFTs between growth conditions, Debye length and morphology (through the correlation length parameter). We have demonstrated that there is a layered charge carriers distribution, which is strongly dependent of the growth mode (i.e. rate deposition for a fixed temperature), leading to a variation of the conduction channel from 2 to 7 monolayers (MLs). We conciliate earlier reported results that were apparently contradictory. Our results made evident the necessity of reconsidering the concept of Debye length in a layered low-dimensional device. Additionally, we introduce by the first time a breakthrough technique. This technique makes evident the percolation of the first MLs on pentacene TFTs by monitoring the IGS in real-time, correlating morphological phenomena with the device electrical response. The present thesis is organized in the following five chapters. Chapter 1 makes an introduction to the organic electronics, illustrating the operation principle of TFTs. Chapter 2 presents the organic growth from theoretical and experimental points of view. The second part of this chapter presents the electrical characterization of OTFTs and the typical performance of pentacene devices is shown. In addition, we introduce a correcting technique for the reconstruction of measurements hampered by leakage current. In chapter 3, we describe in details the design and operation of our innovative home-built experimental setup for performing real-time and in situ electrical measurements. Some preliminary results and the breakthrough technique for correlating morphological and electrical changes are presented. Chapter 4 meets the most important results obtained in real-time and in situ conditions, which correlate growth conditions, electrical properties and morphology of pentacene TFTs. In chapter 5 we describe applicative experiments where the electrical performance of pentacene TFTs has been investigated in ambient conditions, in contact to water or aqueous solutions and, finally, in the detection of DNA concentration as label-free sensor, within the biosensing framework.