994 resultados para Sementes - Envelhecimento


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There are a number of damaging mechanisms that various materials can suffer in service. However, when working with polymer composite materials, this is something that requires analysis, especially when exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Thus, the objective of the present thesis is the study of the direct influence of environmental aging and the form of hybridization of the reinforcement woven on the structural stability, surfacedegradation and fracture process of polymer composites laminates. For this, the development of two polymer composite laminates was necessary, where one of them was reinforced with a bi-directional woven with hybrid strandsofkevlar-49/glass-Efibers, and the other also with a bi-directionalwoven, however with weft and warpformed of alternating strandsof Kevlar-49 fibers and glass-E fiber The reinforcementwoven are industrially manufactured. Both laminates use a polyester resin as a matrixand are made up of four layers each. All laminates were industrially prepared by the hand lay-up method of manufacturing. To do this, test specimens were manufactured of the respective laminates and submitted to environmental aging accelerated through the aging chamber. They were exposed to alternating cycles of UV radiation and moisture (heated steam) for a standard defined period. At the end of the exposure period the specimens were subjected to mechanical tests of uniaxial tensile and bending in three points and to the characterizationsof the fracture and surface deterioration. In addition, they were submitted to a structural degradation assessment by the measurement of mass variation technique (MMVT) and the measurement of thickness variation technique (MTVT), this last technique being developed in this thesis. At the end of the analysis it was observed that the form of hybridization of the reinforcement woven and the aging process directly influence with losses or gain in mechanical properties, with losses in the structural degradation and in the formation and propagation of damage mechanism of the developedcomposite laminates

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The growing demand in the use of composite materials necessitates a better understanding of its behavior related to many conditions of loading and service, as well as under several ways of connections involved in mechanisms of structural projects. Within these project conditions are highlighted the presence of geometrical discontinuities in the area of cross and longitudinal sections of structural elements and environmental conditions of work like UV radiation, moisture, heat, leading to a decrease in final mechanical response of the material. In this sense, this thesis aims to develop studies detailed (experimental and semi-empirical models) the effects caused by the presence of geometric discontinuity, more specifically, a central hole in the longitudinal section (with reduced cross section) and the influence of accelerated environmental aging on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of FGRP composite laminates under the action of uniaxial tensile loads. Studies on morphological behavior and structural degradation of composite laminates are performed by macroscopic and microscopic analysis of affected surfaces, in addition to evaluation by the Measurement technique for mass variation (TMVM). The accelerated environmental aging conditions are simulated by aging chamber. To study the simultaneous influence of aging/geometric discontinuity in the mechanical properties of composite laminates, a semiempirical model is proposed and called IE/FCPM Model. For the stress concentration due to the central hole, an analisys by failures criteria were performed by Average-Stress Criterion (ASC) and Point-Stress Criterion (PSC). Two polymeric composite laminates, manufactured industrially were studied: the first is only reinforced by short mats of fiberglass-E (LM) and the second where the reinforced by glass fiber/E comes in the form of bidirectional fabric (LT). In the conception configurations of laminates the anisotropy is crucial to the final mechanical response of the same. Finally, a comparative study of all parameters was performed for a better understanding of the results. How conclusive study, the characteristics of the final fracture of the laminate under all conditions that they were subjected, were analyzed. These analyzes were made at the macroscopic level (scanner) microscope (optical and scanning electron). At the end of the analyzes, it was observed that the degradation process occurs similarly for each composite researched, however, the LM composite compared to composite LT (configurations LT 0/90º and LT ±45º) proved to be more susceptible to loss of mechanical properties in both regarding with the central hole as well to accelerated environmental aging

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of seeds of two soybean cultivars CD-216 and CD-212RR, under subdoses of glyphosate (1,3; 2,6; 5,3 and 11,5 g e.a.ha(-1)). The experiments carried out in Laboratory Fisiologoa Plant in the Uniderp, city of Dourados/MS. The experimental design used was in blocks entirely at random, with four repetitions. After soaking, evaluated the following parameters eight days after imbibition: % germination, seedling dry weight, length of root and shoot. Seeds of both cultivars (CD-212RR and CD216) reduce the percentage of germination, with the increasing of glyphosate concentration in soaling, and CD-216 was more sensible to herbicide.

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Common bean is an important crop in Brazilian agriculture and phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for this crop, thus plant P-deficiency can hamper the seed physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and quality of common bean seeds cv. Carioca Precoce cultivated during the rainy season in response to phosphate fertilizer. Six levels of P (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 and 150 kg of P2O5 had), with five replications, were applied in the groove of sowing as triple superphosphate. The seeds yield, at the experimental plot, was determined by the dry weight. Seed quality was evaluated through the following determinations: 100-seed mass, seed moisture content, germination, first counting, moisture content after accelerated aging, germination after accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence in the field and seedlings dry weight. The productivity of beans seeds 'Carioca Precoce' cultivated during the rainy season increased linearly as related to phosphorus rates. The 100-seed mass and the physiological quality of seeds have not changed by increasing of P levels.

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Pearl millet is recommended to produce dry matter for no-tillage system, as forage or for grain yield. The sowing time affects the crop development; thus, it can affect seed quality and initial storage conditions. The present research had as objective to evaluate the effects of sowing time on pearl millet seeds quality during the storage. Pearl millet seeds from twelve monthly sowing times were stored in environmental conditions, with no temperature and relative humidity control, and evaluated by seed moisture content, germination and vigor (first count of the germination test and electrical conductivity) for 0, 27 and 42 months of storage. The completely random design was employed, as a factorial experiment 12 x 3 (sowing time x storage time), with four replications. Means were compared by Tukey test (p <= 0.05). Pearl millet seeds produced in September resulted in the production of seeds with high germination and vigor, evaluated by the electrical conductivity test. The capacity of quality conservation of pearl millet seeds, for different storage times, is related to crop sowing time.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Quarenta lotes de sementes de açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) colhidos na coleção de germoplasma de palmeiras do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo) foram submetidos aos seguintes testes para a avaliação de qualidade fisiológica das sementes: grau de umidade, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação (emissão do botão germinativo aos quatro dias da semeadura), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e condutividade elétrica. O grau de umidade das sementes apresentou valores de 32,2 a 45,5%. A avaliação da qualidade das sementes de açaizeiro pode fundamentar-se nos testes de germinação, de primeira contagem de germinação, de IVG e de condutividade elétrica quando interpretados em conjunto.

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A ocorrência de Pseudomonas viridiflava é descrita em sementes de couve chinesa (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis) importadas do Japão. do ponto de vista epidemiológico, a detecção dessa bactéria é de extrema importância. Embora já existam, em nosso país, relatos desse patógeno nas culturas de alface, alho, cebola, cenoura, feijão e mandioca, sua presença em sementes de couve chinesa pode se constituir num risco potencial para outras espécies de brássicas aqui cultivadas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The utilization of synthetic fibers for plastic reinforcement is more and more frequent and this growing interest requires that their mechanic behavior under the most variable conditions of structural applications be known. The use of such materials in the open and exposed to the elements is one of them. In this case, it becomes extremely necessary to study their mechanical properties (strength, stiffness) and the mechanism of fracture by which the environment aging them out. In order to do that, the material must be submitted to hot steam and ultraviolet radiation exposure cycles, according to periods of time determined by the norms. This study proposal deals with the investigation of accelerated environmental aging in two laminated polymeric composites reinforced by hybrid woven made up of synthetic fibers. The configurations of the laminated composites are defined as: one laminate reinforced with hybrid woven of glass fibers/E and Kevlar fibers/49 (LHVK) and the other laminate is reinforced with hybrid tissue of glass fibers/E and of carbon fibers AS4 (LHVC). The woven are plane and bidirectional. Both laminates are impregnated with a thermofix resin called Derakane 470-300 Epoxy Vinyl-Ester and they form a total of four layers. The laminates were industrially manufactured and were made through the process of hand-lay-up. Comparative analyses were carried out between their mechanical properties by submitting specimen to uniaxial loading tractions and three-point flexion. The specimen were tested both from their original state, that is, without being environmentally aging out, and after environmental aging. This last state was reached by using the environmental aging chamber

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A mucuna-preta, leguminosa empregada como adubação verde e forrageira, produz sementes com dormência causada pela impermeabilidade do tegumento à água (dureza). O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as relações entre a secagem das sementes no interior das vagens e a ocorrência desse fenômeno. Para tanto, nas colheitas realizadas semanalmente entre 40 e 89 dias após o florescimento, foram obtidas sementes de vagens submetidas ou não à secagem. Foram realizadas determinações de teor de água das sementes na colheita, coloração nas vagens e nas sementes no momento da colheita, condutividade elétrica, germinação e presença de sementes duras. A secagem das sementes nas vagens, separadas da planta-mãe, favorece o surgimento da dureza; essa ocorrência, contudo, é atenuada com o retardamento da referida separação.

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O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de identificar tratamentos capazes de superar a dormência e elevar a taxa de germinação das sementes de Panicum maximum Jacq., passíveis de utilização visando semeadura a campo. Para tanto, sementes foram submetidas a tratamentos de imersão em H2SO4 (98%, 36N) por 5 minutos, de umedecimento do substrato de germinação com KNO3 (0,2%) e a tratamentos térmicos de 40, 55, 70 e 85OC por períodos de exposição de 5, 10 e 15h, em estufa com circulação forçada de ar. As sementes tratadas foram avaliadas por meio do teste de germinação, finalizado pelo teste de tetrazólio nas sementes não germinadas, bimestralmente, ao longo de 6 meses de armazenamento. Foi constatado que os tratamentos químicos (KNO3 e H2SO4) e térmicos (40, 55, 70 e 85 oC por 5, 10 e 15 h) são eficientes na superação da dormência que, não necessariamente, é revertida em elevação da taxa de germinação. A utilização da temperatura de 40oC reduz a taxa de dormência promovendo elevação na taxa de germinação das sementes.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de molibdênio, por via foliar, na produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes do feijoeiro Pérola irrigado, cultivado em Neossolo Quatizarênico. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação de quatro doses de Mo (0, 40, 80 e 160 g ha-1), aplicadas em duas épocas: 15 ou 26 dias após a emergência das plântulas (DAE). A aplicação de Mo via foliar aumentou a produtividade de sementes e a matéria seca da parte aérea de plântulas do feijoeiro irrigado, cultivado em solo arenoso, independentemente da época de aplicação (15 ou 26 DAE). A germinação das sementes do feijoeiro foi aumentada pela aplicação de Mo aos 26 DAE. Na avaliação do vigor das sementes de feijão, pelo teste de primeira contagem, constatou-se efeito negativo da aplicação de Mo via foliar. A aplicação foliar de Mo aumentou a produtividade do feijoeiro e promoveu a obtenção de sementes que originaram plântulas com maior desenvolvimento inicial.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de uso da máquina de pré-limpeza, da máquina de limpeza e classificação (ventiladores e peneiras) e da mesa densimétrica para o beneficiamento de sementes de café e, paralelamente, avaliar seus efeitos na qualidade física do lote. Para essa finalidade, um lote de sementes de café arábica 'Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62' foi submetido ao beneficiamento nesses três equipamentos, em diversas combinações. As frações retidas pelas peneiras 22/64 e 20/64 avos de polegada, na máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, constituíram a maior parte do lote e foram processadas, separadamente, em mesa densimétrica. Foram realizadas avaliações de pureza física, massa de mil sementes, peso hectolítrico, teor de água, tipos de sementes predominantes e integridade do endocarpo. Observou-se que: a) A máquina de pré-limpeza, a máquina de ventiladores e peneiras e a mesa densimétrica foram eficientes para a homogeneização do lote de sementes de café, proporcionando obtenção de melhor qualidade física na seqüência operacional em que foram utilizadas de forma conjugada; b) O uso de peneiras com crivos oblongos e crivos circulares, intercaladas na máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, possibilitou a separação de sementes mocas, de sementes com resíduos de exocarpo aderidos ao endocarpo e de sementes desprovidas de endocarpo, melhorando a aparência do lote; c) A mesa densimétrica foi o equipamento que proporcionou melhor separação de sementes com endocarpo danificado, bem como alterações favoráveis à qualidade física do lote; d) As sementes pequenas, retidas nas menores peneiras da máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, e as sementes de menor massa específica, classificadas ou não por tamanho e coletadas na descarga inferior da mesa densimétrica, foram as de baixa qualidade física.