Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 « Instruction [de] FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monsieur Des Pruneaux, depesché par Son Altesse devers messrs les Estatz generaulx des Pays Bas... Faict à Mons;é le XIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 2 Lettre des États généraux des Pays-Bas « à monseigneur... le duc d'Anjou,... D'Anvers, ce XXVe de novembre 1578 » ; 3 Articles proposés par les députés des États généraux aux ambassadeurs du duc d'Alençon ; avec les réponses, 1578 ; 4 Lettre de « Son Altesse [le duc D'ALENÇON] à monseigneur le viconte de Gand, touchant la venue de l'evesque d'Arras... A Mons... decembre 1578 » ; 5 « Double de la lectre que Son Altesse [le duc D'ALENÇON] escrit aux Estatz... A Alençon, le 12e decembre 1578 » ; 6 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE NASSAU [prince d'ORANGE]... à monsieur... De Pruneaulx,... De Gand, le XIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 7 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à mon cousin monseigneur le viconte de Gand,... Escrit à Mons, le XIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 8 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... A Mons... decembre 1578 » ; 9 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à messrs les Estatz generaulx des Pays Bas... A Mons, le XIIIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 10 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaulx,... A Mons, le XIIIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 11 « Articles presentés par les Gantoys pour acorder aux Wallons... Faict à Gand, le XVIe decembre 1578 » ; 12 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON...] à monseigneur de La Neufville,... Escript à Montz, le VIIe jour d'aoust 1578 » ; 13 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE NASSAU [prince D'ORANGE]... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx, ambassadeur de monseigneur le duc d'Anjou [et d'Alençon]... Escript à Gand, ce XXIe decembre 1578 » ; 14 Lettre de « M[ICHEL] DE CASTELNAU [seigneur DE] MAUVISSIERE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux,... A Londres, ce XXIe decembre 1578 » ; 15 Instruction de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaulx,... Faict à Mons, le XXIIe jour de decembre M.V.C. soixante dix huit » ; 16 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monsieur Des Pruneaulx,... Escrit à Mons, le XXIIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 17 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monsieur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Mons, le XXIIIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 18 Lettre de « FREDERICH, abbé DE MAROILLES,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx, ambassadeur de monseigneur le duc d'Anjou [et d'Alençon]... De Mons, ce XXVIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 19 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monsieur Des Pruneaulx,... Escrit à Mons, le XXIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 20 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Condé, le XXVIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 21 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE NASSAU [prince D'ORANGE]... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx, ambassadeur pour monsieur le duc d'Alençon,... Escript de Gand, ce XXVIIe jour de decembre 1578 » ; 22 « Copie de la lectre du vicomte de Guant,... R. DE MELEUN,... à messieurs... les depputés des Estats generaux assemblez en Anvers... D'Aras, le dernier de decembre 1578 » ; 23 « Copie des lettres de monsieur le prince D'ORANGE, escriptes au roy de France et à la royne, mere du roy, 1578 » ; 24 « Instruction des deputés de Flandre, qui vont trouver monseigneur... le duc d'Anjou [et d'Alençon], 1578 » ; 25 Copie des « poincts et articles advisés le dernier decembre 1578, en la ville de Tenremonde, par monsieur le prince d'Orange, d'une part, et messieurs marquis Havech et conte de Rennebourch, depputés par Son Altesse messieurs du conseil d'Estat et Estats generaux, d'aultre part » ; 26 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaulx,... Escrit à Condé, le premier jour de janvier 1579 » ; 27 Copie de « la lectre du roy d'Espaigne à ceulx de Bourbourg... De Madrid, ce IIIe de janvier 1579 » ; 28 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Condé, le IIIIe jour de janvier 1579 » ; 29 Copie de l'association des États d'Artois, de Hai naut et de la ville de Douai, pour la conservation de la religion catholique. A « St Vaast d'Arras, l'an de grace... mil V.C. soixante dix neuf, le sixiesme de janvier » ; 30 « Accord entre les Gantois et Walons... Faict au chasteau de Commines, le IXe de janvier 1579 ». Copie ; 31 « La Demande de messeigneurs DE MONTIGNY et DE HEZE sur l'acort fait aux Guantois, du 9e janvier 1579 ». Copie ; 32 Lettre de M. DE « LANOUE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux, ambassadeur de Son Altesse [le duc d'Alençon]... De Bruxelles, ce XI de janvier... 1579 » ; 33 Copie d'une lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... Escrit à Condé, ce XIe jour de janvier 1579 » ; 34 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Condé, le XIIIe jour de janvier 1579 » ; 35 « Copie de la lectre que messieurs les Etas generaux ont escripte à monseigneur... le duc d'Anjou [et d'Alençon]... D'Anvers, le XIIIe de janvier 1579 » ; 36 « Translat en françois » d'un mémoire de l'empereur RODOLPHE II au comte de Schwartzenberg, pour la pacification des Pays-Bas. « Donné à Praghe, le quinziesme jour du mois de janvier 1579 » ; 37 « Translat en françois » de la « responce de l'empereur... RODOLPHE second... à messieurs les Estats generaulx... Donné en nostre royal chasteau de Prage, le XVIe jour de janvier, l'an... mil cincq cens soixante dix neuf » ; 38 « Responce de l'empereur [RODOLPHE II] à messieurs les Estats generaulx... Faict en nostre chasteau royal de Pragues, le seiziesme jour du mois de janvier, l'an... 1579... En françois ». Copie ; 39 Lettre de M. DE « LANOUE,... à monseigneur... Des Pruneaux,... De Bruxelles, ce 17 de janvier 1579 » ; 40 Lettre de « M[ICHEL] DE CASTELNAU,... Sr DE MOVYSIERE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux,... De Richemond, ce XVIIe jour de janvier 1579 » ; 41 « Lectre de messrs des Etats generaulx des Pays-Bas... à monseigneur... le duc d'Anjou [et d'Alençon]... D'Anvers, le XXe de janvier 1579 » ; 42 Lettre de M. DE « LANOUE,... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... De Bruxelles, ce 24 de janvier 1579 » ; 43 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Condé, le XXVIe jour de janvier 1579 » ; 44 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Moreuil, le premier jour de fevrier 1579 » ; 45 Mémoire du Sr DES PRUNEAUX aux États généraux des Pays-Bas. « Ce faict à Anvers, le II febvrier 1579 » ; 46 Mémoire du « seigneur DE RINSSART » aux États généraux, « pour le gouvernemant de Bins... Le 3e feuvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 47 Lettre de « FREDERICK, abbé DE MAROILLES,... à messeigneurs... des Estats generaulx des Paiis Bas... De Mons, ce VIIe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 48 Lettre de « JEHAN, abbé de St Bernard, CHARLES PHILIPPES DE CROY et ADOLPH DE MEETKERCKE,... à messieurs... les deputez des Estatz generaulx... De Mons, ce VIIe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 49 Lettre de « BAUDEWIN DE GAVRE,... à messeigneurs... les Estatz generaulx... De Mons, ce VIIIe jour de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 50 Lettre de « GEORGE DE LALLAING,... à messieurs... les Estatz generaulx des Pays Bas... De Deventer, ce VIIIe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 51 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monseigneur Des Pruneaux,... Escrit à Alençon, le XVIIe jour de fevrier 1579 » ; 52 « Lectre de Son Alteze... MATHIAS [archiduc d'Autriche], escripte aux provinces pour la convocation de l'assamblée generale... D'Anvers, le IXe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 53 « Lectre des Estatz d'Haynault... à messeigneurs... les deputez des Estatz generaulx... De Mons, ce IXe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 54 Lettre de « CHARLES PHILIPPES DE CROY, FREDERICK, abbé DE MAROILLES, JEHAN, abbé de St Bernard, et ADOLPH DE MEETKERCKE,... à messeigneurs les Estats generaulx des Pays Pas... De Mons, le IXe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 55 « Lectre de monseigneur le conte DE LALLAING, avecq la principalle noblesse de Haynault, au marcquis d'Havrech,... De Mons, ce Xe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 56 Lettre de « FREDERICK, abbé DE MAROILLES,... à messeigneurs les Estatz generaulx... De Mons, ce Xe de fevrier... 1579 ». Copie ; 57 Lettre de « FREDERICK, abbé DE MAROILLES,... à mon sieur... Des Pruneaulx,... De Mons, ce XIe de febvrie 1579 » ; 58 Lettre de « PHILIPPES DE LALAING,... à messieurs le deputez des Estatz generaulx... De Mons, le XIe de feb vrier 1579 ». Copie ; 59 « L'Acte acordé pour la seureté de la convocasion des Etas generaux pour la seureté de la ville d'Anvers... En Anvers, le XIIIIe de febvrier 1579 » ; 60 Lettre de « JEHAN, abbé de St Bernard, CHARLES PHILIPPES DE CROY et ADOLPH DE MEETKERCKE,... à messieurs... les deputez des Estatz generaulx... D'Ath, ce XIIe de feb vrier 1579 ». Copie ; 61 Lettre de « CHARLES PHILIPPES DE CROY,... marqui D'HAVRECH,... à messieurs... les Estat[s] generaulx... De Condé, ce XIIe de febvrier 1579 » ; 62 Lettre de « MATHIAS,... archiduc d'Austrice, duc de Bourgogne... D'Anvers... fevrier 1579 ». Copie ; 63 « Copie de lettre de Son Altesse... MATHIAS,... ar chiduc d'Autriche, duc de Bourgogne... Escrite aux no bles d'Artois pour la convocation des Estats... D'Anvers le 18e jour de febvrier 1579 » ; 64 « Copie de la lectre de l'empereur [RODOLPHE II] escripte aux Etas » des Pays Bas. « Datum in arce nostra regia Pragae, die decima nona mensis februarii anno Domini millesimo quinquagesimo septuagesimo [nono] ». En latin ; 65 Lettre des « Estatz... d'Artois, deputez... de Hayn nault et... de la ville de Douay... à messeigneurs... les deputez des Estatz... Ou lieu abbatial St Vaast d'Arras, le XXIIIe de febvrier 1579 ». Copie ; 66 Lettre de « FREDERICK, abbé DE MAROILLES,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx,... De Mons, ce IIe de mars 1579 » ; 67 Copie de la lettre des « Estats generaux des Païs Bas... à messieurs... les Estatz du pays et conté d'Artois... D'Anvers, le IIIe de mars 1579 » ; 68 « Lettre des Estats generaulx à monsieur le conte de Lalaing,... D'Anvers, le VIIIe de mars 1579 » ; 69 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à monsieur [Jacques de Harlay, seigneur] de Chanvallon,... Se II novambre » ; 70 « Instruction de FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... pour monseigneur de Chanvallon,... Faict à Alençon, le XIe de mars 1579 » ; 71 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS [duc D'ALENÇON]... à mons de Chanvallon,... mon premier escuyer... A Anvers, le XIXe jour de fevrier 1582 » ; 72 « Offre de la souveraineté des Pays Bas par les deputez desdits pays » à Henri III. « 1585 » ; 73 « Lettres d'advertissement à la noblesse et autres deputez des Estats de Flandres. A Paris, chez Jean Poupy,... 1578 »

Postglacial paleoecology and effects of European settlement on the environment of Lake Hunger and Lake Lisgar, Southwestern Ontario /

This investigation has three purposes I to make a comparative chemical study on sediment cores collected for Lake Lisgar (man-made lake in an urban center) and Lake Hunger (natural basin in a rural community) encompassing the time since European settlement I to determine the postglacial chemical history of Lake Hunger, and to determine the vegetational history of the Lake Hunger area from postglacial time to the present. The minus 80 mesh fraction of 108 soil samples and 18 stream sediment samples collected in the vicinity of Lakes' Lisgar and Hunger were analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. Lacustrine sediments from 5 boreholes in the Lake Lisgar basin were collected. Boreholes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analyzed for palynological and chemical information and Borehole 5 was subjected to pollen and ostracode analysis. Lacustrine sediments from 6 boreholes in the Lake Hunger basin were collected. Palyno- -logical and chemical analysis were performed on Boreholes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and Borehole 5 was analyzed for pollen. In addition, radiocarbon dates were obtained on sediment samples from Boreholes 4 and 5. A total of 8 surface samples were collected from the margins of the Lake Hunger basin and these were chemically analyzed in the laboratory. All of the lacustrine sediments were ashed and analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese using a Perkin Elmer 40) Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The results . obtained for the 12 elements were expressed as parts per million in dry sediments. It was found that man's influence on the element distribution patterns in the sediments of Lake Lisgar appeared to be related to his urbanizing developments within the lake vicinity, whereas, the rural developments in the vicinity of lake Hunger appeared to have had little effect on the element distribution patterns in the lake sediments. The distribution patterns of lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, sodium and potassium are similar to the % ash curve throughout postglacial time indicating that the rate of erosion in the drainage basin is the main factor which controls the concentration of these elements in the sediments of Lake Hunger. The vegetational history, from palynological analysis, of Lake Hunger from postglacial time to the present includes the following stages: tundra, open spruce forest, closed boreal forest, deciduous forest and the trend towards the re-establishment of pine following the clearing of land and the subsequent settlement of the Lake Hunger area by European settlers. The concentrations of some elements (cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in the sediments of Lake Hunger appears to be higher during pre-cultural compared to post-cultural times. At least one complete postglacial record of the chemical history within a lake basin is necessary in order to accurately assess man's effects on his environment.

New method of estimating the age of Niagara Falls /

Reprinted from Appleton's popular science monthly for June, 1899.

Special report of New York State Survey on the preservation of the scenery of Niagara Falls ; and fourth annual report on the triangulation of State. For the Year 1879 /

Notes by F. L. Olmsted.

Supplemental report of the Commissioners of the State Reservations at Niagara /

"General plan for the improvement of the Niagara reservation", prepared by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux.

Scholfield-Galbraith family fonds, 1865-1924

The Scholfield and Galbraith families of Dunnville, Ont. were related by marriage. Thomas Jefferson Galbraith (1842-1921) worked as a collector of canal tolls at Port Maitland, a landing waiter and searcher and an acting preventive officer in Customs. He was married to Jane Ann [Jennie] Montieth and they had five children, Margaret, Minnie Montieth, Genevieve Marion, Edith Stuart and Thomas Percy Galbraith. Genevieve Marion Galbraith was married to Harry E. Scholfield, son of Frederick Scholfield (d.1908) and Georginna Galer (d. 1888), a dry goods merchant in Dunnville. Some extent records belong to a William Scholfield who operated a mill in Dunnville. Included are records related to land lease, mortgage and bargain and sale agreements between Scholfield and various individuals, including Richard Kirkpatrick, William Kohler, Alvin Drake, Robert Ban[u]d, Henry Beckett, Sr., Samuel Waltho, Nehemiah Niece.

Niagara-Welland Power Company Limited fonds, 1833, 1852, 1904-1906, 1909, n.d.

The Welland Power and Supply Canal Company Limited, established in 1893 and incorporated in 1894 with a capital stock of $500,000. The aim of the company was to harness the natural water supply of the Niagara and Welland Rivers. In 1898 the Canadian Electrical News published a report by Henry Symons, QC outlining the main project of the company. This project involves the construction of a canal from the Welland River to the brow of the mountain at Thorold, a distance of 8 miles; the construction at Thorold of a power house, and from Thorold to Lake Ontario, a raceway by which to carry water into the lake. The estimate for the machinery to generate 100,000 horse power is £125,000; for transmission line to Toronto at a voltage of 10,000….The total estimate therefore amounts to £2,452,162, or roughly speaking, $12,000,000. Source: Canadian Electrical News, August 1898, p. 172. In 1899 the company officers petitioned the federal government desiring a name change to the Niagara-Welland Power Company Limited. Officers of the company were Harry Symons, President; Charles A. Hesson, Vice-President; and M.R. O’Loughlin, James B. Sheehan, James S. Haydon, Frederick K. Foster, directors; John S. Campbell, secretary-treasurer. The company’s head offices were located in St. Catharines, with a New York (City) office on Broad Street. In 1905 and 1909 the company petitioned the federal government for additional time to construct its works, which was granted. The company had until May 16, 1915 to complete construction. John S. Campbell (1860-1950) was a graduate of the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall. During his university years John began his military career first in "K" Company, Queens Own rifles and then later as Commanding Officer of the 19th Lincoln Regiment, from 1906 to 1910. Upon his return to St. Catharines John Campbell served as secretary in the St. Catharines Garrison Club, a social club for military men begun in 1899. After being called to the Bar, he became a partner in the firm of Campbell and McCarron and was appointed to the bench in 1916, serving until retirement in 1934. Judge Campbell served as an alderman for several terms and was the mayor of St. Catharines in 1908 and 1909. He also served as the first chairman of the St. Catharines Public Utilities in 1914. John S. Campbell was married to Elizabeth Oille, daughter of Jerome B. and Charlotte (St. John) Oille. The family home "Cruachan" was located at 32 Church St.

Office of the City Clerk, St. Catharines Records, 1928-1974, n.d.

The site of present-day St. Catharines was settled by 3000 United Empire Loyalists at the end of the 18th century. From 1790, the settlement (then known as "The Twelve") grew as an agricultural community. St. Catharines was once referred to Shipman's Corners after Paul Shipman, owner of a tavern that was an important stagecoach transfer point. In 1815, leading businessman William Hamilton Merritt abandoned his wharf at Queenston and set up another at Shipman's Corners. He became involved in the construction and operation of several lumber and gristmills along Twelve Mile Creek. Shipman's Corners soon became the principal milling site of the eastern Niagara Peninsula. At about the same time, Merritt began to develop the salt springs that were discovered along the river which subsequently gave the village a reputation as a health resort. By this time St. Catharines was the official name of the village; the origin of the name remains obscure, but is thought to be named after Catharine Askin Robertson Hamilton, wife of the Hon. Robert Hamilton, a prominent businessman. Merritt devised a canal scheme from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario that would provide a more reliable water supply for the mills while at the same time function as a canal. He formed the Welland Canal Company, and construction took place from 1824 to 1829. The canal and the mills made St. Catharines the most important industrial centre in Niagara. By 1845, St. Catharines was incorporated as a town, with the town limits extending in 1854. Administrative and political functions were added to St. Catharines in 1862 when it became the county seat of Lincoln. In 1871, construction began on the third Welland Canal, which attracted additional population to the town. As a consequence of continual growth, the town limits were again extended. St. Catharines attained city status in 1876 with its larger population and area. Manufacturing became increasingly important in St. Catharines in the early 1900s with the abundance of hydro-electric power, and its location on important land and water routes. The large increase in population after the 1900s was mainly due to the continued industrialization and urbanization of the northern part of the city and the related expansion of business activity. The fourth Welland Canal was opened in 1932 as the third canal could no longer accommodate the larger ships. The post war years and the automobile brought great change to the urban form of St. Catharines. St. Catharines began to spread its boundaries in all directions with land being added five times during the 1950s. The Town of Merritton, Village of Port Dalhousie and Grantham Township were all incorporated as part of St. Catharines in 1961. In 1970 the Province of Ontario implemented a regional approach to deal with such issues as planning, pollution, transportation and services. As a result, Louth Township on the west side of the city was amalgamated, extending the city's boundary to Fifteen Mile Creek. With its current population of 131,989, St. Catharines has become the dominant centre of the Niagara region. Source: City of St. Catharines website http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/governin/HistoryOfTheCity.asp (January 27, 2011)

William Van Every fonds, 1784, 1804-1806, 1815-1816, 1828, 1832, n.d.

William Van Every, son of McGregory and Mary Wilcox (Jaycocks) Van Every, was born in New York state in 1765. During the Revolutionary War he joined Butler’s Rangers and served under Captain John McDonnell. He was granted three lots of land in the Township of Niagara, with additional lands granted at later dates. William married Elizabeth, daughter of George Young. Elizabeth was the widow of Col. Frederick Dochstader and mother of Catherine Dochstader, b. 1781. William Van Every died in 1832, his wife Elizabeth in 1851. Both are buried in the Warner Cemetery, in present day Niagara Falls. The children of William Van Every and Elizabeth Young were Mary, Elizabeth, Phoebe, John, Peter, William, Rebecca, Samuel and Joseph. Source: Mary Blackadar Piersol, The Records of the Van Every Family, Toronto : Best Printing, 1947. And, Patricia M. Orr, Historic Woodend, sponsored by Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 1980?

J.W. Spencer fonds, 1866, 1881-1921

Joseph William Winthrop Spencer (commonly known as J.W. Spencer) was a geologist and geomorphologist best known for his work on the geology of southern Ontario and the Great Lakes. He was born in Dundas, Upper Canada in 1851, but moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1867. In 1871, he began studies in geology at McGill College in Montreal. In 1875 he worked in the Michigan copper mines and shortly afterwards prepared a thesis on the copper deposits. He submitted this thesis to the University of Gottingen in Germany in 1877 and was awarded a doctorate in geology, the second Canadian to earn a doctorate in this field. In 1880, he became a professor of geology and chemistry at King’s College in Windsor, N.S. Subsequently, he taught at the University of Missouri, and then the University of Georgia, but moved to Washington, D.C. in 1894, where he worked as a consultant geologist. Spencer spent much of his life studying preglacial river valleys in Ontario and the origins of the Great Lakes, as well as the Niagara River and Falls. In 1907, he published a book titled The Falls of Niagara: their evolution and varying relations to the Great Lakes. His opinions in these areas differed from some of his contemporaries, namely the American geologist Grove Karl Gilbert. Gilbert published a review of the The Falls of Niagara that exposed some flaws and inaccuracies in Spencer’s estimate of the age of the falls. Spencer’s studies also took him to the Caribbean and Central America. In 1920 he moved back to Canada, but died the following year.