Teste ergométrico: valor prognóstico em pacientes idosos com doença aterosclerótica coronariana estável

OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor prognóstico das variáveis do teste ergométrico em pacientes idosos com doença aterosclerótica coronariana e isquemia induzida pelo esforço. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 64 pacientes idosos (61 homens, idade de 73 ± 5 anos) com doença aterosclerótica coronariana, comprovada por coronariografia, clinicamente estável, fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo maior ou igual a 0,40 e isquemia miocárdica durante o teste ergométrico. A cada seis meses, os pacientes foram avaliados para eventos cardíacos (morte, infarto do miocárdio, angina instável, angioplastia e revascularização do miocárdio). RESULTADOS: Após seguimento médio de 48 meses, 23 (36%) pacientes sofreram eventos cardíacos. Não houve diferença clínica e angiográfica entre os pacientes que sofreram o evento e os que não o sofreram. Pela análise multivariada, a presença de dor precordial durante o teste ergométrico (risco relativo de 2,668 e p = 0,031) e a freqüência cardíaca no início da isquemia (risco relativo de 0,966 e p = 0,009) foram associadas a eventos cardíacos. CONCLUSÃO: Nessa população idosa, a presença de dor precordial durante o teste ergométrico e a freqüência cardíaca no início da isquemia foram associadas a eventos cardíacos. Essas variáveis podem ser úteis para avaliação do risco de pacientes com doença aterosclerótica coronariana estável.

Análise de registros eletrocardiográficos associados ao infarto agudo do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Avaliar correlações entre as variações do eletrocar­diograma (ECG) e o infarto agudo do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Uso de software de baixo custo para digitalização de ECG impressos e/ou em formato "pdf". Cálculo de área do segmento ST e das amplitudes dos pontos J e Y RESULTADOS: A amplitude do ponto Y possui máxima correlação com a concentração da enzima troponina. O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST não se constitui bom indicador estatístico da gravidade do infarto. Existe uma forte correlação negativa entre a amplitude do ponto J e a quantidade de íons magnésio, mas nenhuma correlação estatística com os íons sódio ou cálcio. Os dois métodos de cálculo da área do segmento ST (contagem de pixels e interpolação) não mostraram diferenças significativas nos resultados. CONCLUSÃO: O software utilizado mostrou-se viável do ponto de vista econômico e funcional. A amplitude do ponto Y é um marcador sensível à ocorrência do infarto, tendo cálculo mais simples e menos sujeito a erros do que o cálculo da área de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.

Alta dose de amiodarona em curto período reduz incidência de fibrilação atrial e flutter atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a administração de amiodarona, em doses altas e curso rápido, reduz a incidência de fibrilação ou flutter atrial, após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica e se reduz, também, o tempo de internação hospitalar. MÉTODOS: A amostra se constituiu de 93 pacientes randomizados, em estudo duplo-cego, para receberem amiodarona (46 pacientes) ou placebo (47 pacientes). A terapia consistia na aplicação de 600mg de amiodarona, três vezes ao dia, iniciada no mínimo 30 horas e no máximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Fibrilação ou flutter atrial no pós-operatório ocorreu em 8 dos 46 pacientes no grupo amiodarona (17,4%) e em 19 dos 47 pacientes no grupo placebo (40,4%) (p=0,027). A dose média de amiodarona foi de 2,8g. Os pacientes do grupo amiodarona ficaram hospitalizados por 8,9±3,1 dias, enquanto a internação dos pacientes do grupo placebo foi de 11,4± 8,7 dias (p=0,07). O tempo de internação foi significativamente prolongado nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrilação ou flutter atrial após a cirurgia, independente do grupo randomizado. CONCLUSÃO: Esta nova alternativa de administração de amiodarona em alta dose e por um curto período, antes da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica, reduz a incidência de fibrilação ou flutter atrial no pós-operatório desta cirurgia.

Revascularização do miocárdio em paciente com situs inversus totalis

Relatamos o caso de um paciente com situs inversus totalis associado a coronariopatia obstrutiva em artérias descendente anterior e posterior, coronária direita, primeiro ramo diagonal e ramo marginal esquerdo, quadro condizente com a intervenção de revascularização do miocárdio. Esse procedimento não é freqüente na literatura médica, sendo encontrado apenas um relato na literatura brasileira. A revascularização do miocárdio foi realizada com a artéria mamária interna direita para a artéria descendente anterior, e uma ponte de safena para coronária direita, marginal esquerda, primeiro ramo diagonal e descendente posterior. A cirurgia foi realizada com o auxílio de circulação extracorpórea.

Implante de endoprótese para tratamento de úlcera penetrante de aorta

A úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante de aorta é uma patologia subdiagnosticada que apresenta altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Relatamos dois casos de pacientes com dor torácica intensa sem características isquêmicas que foram submetidos a angiotomografia de tórax e apresentaram ulceração na parede da aorta com penetração de contraste na camada média. Em razão da falha no tratamento clínico, foram submetidos a implante percutâneo de endoprótese aórtica com resolução completa dos sintomas.

Right Ventricular Doppler Echocardiographic Study of Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease

Background: Patients with indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality (ICD/CN) exhibited normal electrocardiograms and chest X-rays; however, more sophisticated tests detected some degree of morphological and functional changes in the heart. Objective: To assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with ICD/CN. Methods: This was a case–control and prevalence study. Using Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography (2D), 92 patients were assessed and divided into two groups: group I (normal, n = 31) and group II (ICD/CN, n = 61). Results: The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in patients in groups I and II was as follows: fractional area change (0.0% versus 0.6%), mobility of the tricuspid annulus (0.0% versus 0.0%), and S-wave tissue Doppler (6.4% versus 26.0%, p = 0.016). The prevalence of global disorders such as the right myocardial performance index using tissue Doppler (16.1% versus 27.8%, p = 0.099) and pulsed Doppler (61.3% versus 68%, p = 0.141) and diastolic disorders such as abnormal relaxation (0.0% versus 6.0%), pseudonormal pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%), and restrictive pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%) was not statistically different between groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction was estimated to be 26% (S wave velocity compared with other variables), suggesting incipient changes in RV systolic function in the ICD/CN group.

Quality of Life on Arterial Hypertension: Validity of Known Groups of MINICHAL

Introductions: In the care of hypertension, it is important that health professionals possess available tools that allow evaluating the impairment of the health-related quality of life, according to the severity of hypertension and the risk for cardiovascular events. Among the instruments developed for the assessment of health-related quality of life, there is the Mini-Cuestionario of Calidad de Vida en la Hipertensión Arterial (MINICHAL) recently adapted to the Brazilian culture. Objective: To estimate the validity of known groups of the Brazilian version of the MINICHAL regarding the classification of risk for cardiovascular events, symptoms, severity of dyspnea and target-organ damage. Methods: Data of 200 hypertensive outpatients concerning sociodemographic and clinical information and health-related quality of life were gathered by consulting the medical charts and the application of the Brazilian version of MINICHAL. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare health-related quality of life in relation to symptoms and target-organ damage. The Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA with ranks transformation were used to compare health-related quality of life in relation to the classification of risk for cardiovascular events and intensity of dyspnea, respectively. Results: The MINICHAL was able to discriminate health-related quality of life in relation to symptoms and kidney damage, but did not discriminate health-related quality of life in relation to the classification of risk for cardiovascular events. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the MINICHAL is a questionnaire capable of discriminating differences on the health‑related quality of life regarding dyspnea, chest pain, palpitation, lipothymy, cephalea and renal damage.

Descrição do girino de Physalaemus cicada (Anura, Leiuperidae)

O girino de Physalaemus cicada Bokermann, 1966 é descrito com base em exemplares obtidos a partir de uma desova coletada em uma poça temporária na Fazenda Olho D’água localizada no município de São João do Cariri, Estado da Paraíba. No estágio 37, o girino possui comprimento total de 17,5mm, corpo correspondendo a 42% do comprimento total, oval em vista dorsal, levemente deprimido em vista lateral e fórmula das fileiras de dentes labiais 2(2)/3(1). A presença de um disco oral com o lábio posterior estreito presente no girino de P. cicada possibilita diferencia-lo dos demais girinos das outras espécies pertencentes ao gênero Physalaemus.

First records of Freshwater Bivalves of Ilha Grande National Park, Paraná, Brazil

The Ilha Grande National Park, Paraná, Brazil, is located in the Upper Paraná River and has characteristics typical of a floodplains. This protected area includes lagoons connected and disconnected to the Paraná River, although the latter also connect during periods of high water level, thus composing a heterogeneous group of lacustrine environments. The enormous potential the flora and fauna diversities are still little known to the region, as can be seen through benthic invertebrates, inclunding bivalves mollusks. The granulometric composition of these floodplain lagoons was formed mainly by mud and very fine sand. Furthermore, organic matter composition was predominantly of fine particulate. The other abiotic factors differed from lagoons located within the island of the park to those located in the left margin of Paraná River. The results demonstrated the importance of abiotic factors such as the physical composition of granulometric texture, organic matter and macrophyte banks, to the establishment of bivalves in these floodplain lagoons. We recorded bivalves of Pisidium (native), Diplodon (native), and Corbicula (invasive). The highest values of Diplodon sp. density were observed at São João/C lake, for Pisidium sterkianum (Pilsbry, 1897) at São João/M lake, and to Jatobá/C lagoon with high density of invasive species Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). This study to obtain conduct the first records of freshwater bivalves in floodplains lagoon in the Ilha Grande National Park, and provides contributions to better understanding the ecology of these mollusks. The recording of native species in the region of Upper Paraná River floodplain after a lomg period without new records, demonstrated the importance of protecting the lagoons of the Ilha Grande National Park as they can be a possible refuge to some species of native freshwater bivalves.

Prevalence of nits and lice in sampls of cut hair from floors of barbershop and beauty parlors in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil

A louse survey based on samples of cut hair collected from floors of barbershops and beauty parlors was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from October 1984 to April 1985, as an alternative way to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis in the population. Of 475 samples examined for nits, nymphs, or adults of Pediculus capitis, 140 were infested (29.5%). A total of 58 lice and 3.553 nits were found in 33.632.9 g of hair collected, giving a ratio of 0.10 nit/g. Almost 29% of the nits were viable and capable of being transmitted after hatching. There was significant difference among the infestation rates by socioeconomic levels, and samples from barbershops with male customers were the most infested. based upon the number of haircuts in each sample, we estimated that 5 or 6% of the population might be infested by this species.

Pediculose capitis: prevalência em escolares da Rede Municipal Pública de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

During 1985, 50,356 children and adolecents from 105 public schools of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State were questioned about or examined for head lice (Pediculus capitis). The mean prevalence of pediculosis, obtainde from the questionnaires and sometimes confirmed by head inspections, was 7.7% or else 10.2% when adjusted to 38,311 respondents. Current and past infestations combined - within a period of three months before survey - revealed a total prevalence of 57.4%. Significant differences were observed among socioeconomic levels, and grades of school age. The more prevalent categories among the factors studied were: sex - femal: 9.2% (P<0.001); ethnic group - white: 10.0% (P<0.001); hair length - long: 9.5% (P<0.05); year age-group - 1-5 years: 19.2% (P<0.001), with a peak in the 5th year (21.3%).

Strongyloides venezuelensis alkaline extract for the diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

The present study was conducted to detected IgG antibodies using Strongyloides venezuelensis alkaline extract for the diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from 90 subjects were analyzed (30 with strongyloidiasis, 30 with other parasites and 30 healthy individuals). Results were expressed in antibody titers, which were considered as positive when titer was > 80. Sensibility and specificity of the assay were 100% and 96.7%, respectively. It can be concluded that the heterologous alkaline extract could be employed in ELISA as a diagnostic aid in human strongyloidiasis, due to its advantages as easiness of obtaining, practicability in preparing, and high indexes of sensitivity and specificity.

Trypanocidal activity of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plant extracts

The in vitro trypanocidal activity of 22 extracts and 43 fractions of plants belonging to the families Meliaceae and Rutaceae was evaluated. The extracts from leaves of Conchocarphus heterophyllus and branches of Trichilia ramalhoi were the most active. The trypanocidal activity seems to be increased by fractionation of the extracts. Fractions from C. heterophyllus and Galipea carinata were the most active and a 100% lysis of the parasites was observed for five fractions. From one of them were isolated two flavonoids: flavone and 7-methoxyflavone, which showed weak trypanocidal activity. The results obtained from the extracts and fractions revealed that the order Rutales is a promising source for the search of new drugs for Chagas disease. Phytochemical studies with the other active fractions are underway in order to isolate compounds, which could be associated with observed activities.

The use of biodiversity as source of new chemical entities against defined molecular targets for treatment of malaria, tuberculosis, and T-cell mediated diseases: a review

The modern approach to the development of new chemical entities against complex diseases, especially the neglected endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, is based on the use of defined molecular targets. Among the advantages, this approach allows (i) the search and identification of lead compounds with defined molecular mechanisms against a defined target (e.g. enzymes from defined pathways), (ii) the analysis of a great number of compounds with a favorable cost/benefit ratio, (iii) the development even in the initial stages of compounds with selective toxicity (the fundamental principle of chemotherapy), (iv) the evaluation of plant extracts as well as of pure substances. The current use of such technology, unfortunately, is concentrated in developed countries, especially in the big pharma. This fact contributes in a significant way to hamper the development of innovative new compounds to treat neglected diseases. The large biodiversity within the territory of Brazil puts the country in a strategic position to develop the rational and sustained exploration of new metabolites of therapeutic value. The extension of the country covers a wide range of climates, soil types, and altitudes, providing a unique set of selective pressures for the adaptation of plant life in these scenarios. Chemical diversity is also driven by these forces, in an attempt to best fit the plant communities to the particular abiotic stresses, fauna, and microbes that co-exist with them. Certain areas of vegetation (Amazonian Forest, Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forest, Cerrado-Brazilian Savanna, and Caatinga) are rich in species and types of environments to be used to search for natural compounds active against tuberculosis, malaria, and chronic-degenerative diseases. The present review describes some strategies to search for natural compounds, whose choice can be based on ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomical studies, and screen for their ability to bind to immobilized drug targets and to inhibit their activities. Molecular cloning, gene knockout, protein expression and purification, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectrometry are the methods of choice to provide homogeneous drug targets for immobilization by optimized chemical reactions. Plant extract preparations, fractionation of promising plant extracts, propagation protocols and definition of in planta studies to maximize product yield of plant species producing active compounds have to be performed to provide a continuing supply of bioactive materials. Chemical characterization of natural compounds, determination of mode of action by kinetics and other spectroscopic methods (MS, X-ray, NMR), as well as in vitro and in vivo biological assays, chemical derivatization, and structure-activity relationships have to be carried out to provide a thorough knowledge on which to base the search for natural compounds or their derivatives with biological activity.

Measuring Instruments In Cardiology Adapted Into Portuguese Language Of Brazil: A Systematic Review

This was a systematic review aimed at identifying and characterizing measuring instruments, developed in the context of cardiology, which were adapted into Portuguese language of Brazil. Systematic searches were performed in six databases. Information extracted included cultural adaptation process and measurement properties. To assess the methodological quality of studies, criteria based on international guidelines for cultural adaptation of instruments were used. Among the 114 articles found, 14 were eligible for review. Of these, most evaluated quality of life (35.7%) and health knowledge/learning (28.6%). Most studies followed all stages of the adaptation process recommended in the literature. With respect to measurement properties, internal consistency, verified by Cronbach’s alpha, was the property reported in the majority of the studies, as well as construct and criterion validity. This study is expected to provide to the scientific community a critical evaluation of adapted questionnaires available in the context of cardiology.