Sistemas SCR y NSR-SCR para DeNOx en corrientes de escape diésel: Formulaciones, cinética y modelización

314 p.

Optimizing the Curie temperature of pseudo-binary RxR2-x ' Fe-17 (R, R ' = rare earth) for magnetic refrigeration

Several pseudo-binary RxR2-x'Fe-17 alloys (with R = Y, Ce, Pr, Gd and Dy) were synthesized with rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type crystal structure determined from x-ray and neutron powder diffraction. The choice of compositions was done with the aim of tuning the Curie temperature (T-C) in the 270 +/- 20 K temperature range, in order to obtain the maximum magneto-caloric effect around room temperature. The investigated compounds exhibit broad isothermal magnetic entropy changes, Delta S-M(T), with moderate values of the refrigerant capacity, even though the values of Delta S-M(Peak) are relatively low compared with those of the R2Fe17 compounds with R = Pr or Nd. The reduction on the Delta S-M(Peak) is explained in terms of the diminution in the saturation magnetization value. Furthermore, the Delta S-M(T) curves exhibit a similar caret-like behavior, suggesting that the magneto-caloric effect is mainly governed by the Fe-sublattice. A single master curve for Delta S-M/Delta S-M(Peak)(T) under different values of the magnetic field change are obtained for each compound by rescaling of the temperature axis.

Estudio hidrogeoquímico del lago ácido de Cueva de la Mora (IPB, Huelva): controles sobre la concentración de metales y modelo de estratificación

298 p.

Electronic and magnetic properties of Ti(2)O(3), Cr(2)O(3), and Fe(2)O(3) calculated by the screened exchange hybrid density functional.

The electronic and magnetic properties of the transition metal sesqui-oxides Cr(2)O(3), Ti(2)O(3), and Fe(2)O(3) have been calculated using the screened exchange (sX) hybrid density functional. This functional is found to give a band structure, bandgap, and magnetic moment in better agreement with experiment than the local density approximation (LDA) or the LDA+U methods. Ti(2)O(3) is found to be a spin-paired insulator with a bandgap of 0.22 eV in the Ti d orbitals. Cr(2)O(3) in its anti-ferromagnetic phase is an intermediate charge transfer Mott-Hubbard insulator with an indirect bandgap of 3.31 eV. Fe(2)O(3), with anti-ferromagnetic order, is found to be a wide bandgap charge transfer semiconductor with a 2.41 eV gap. Interestingly sX outperforms the HSE functional for the bandgaps of these oxides.

The low velocity impact response of sandwich beams with a corrugated core or a Y-frame core

The low speed impact responses of simply-supported and clamped sandwich beams with corrugated and Y-frame cores have been measured in a drop-weight apparatus at 5 m s-1. The AISI 304 stainless steel sandwich beams comprised two identical face sheets and represented 1:20 scale versions of ship hull designs. No significant rate effects were observed at impact speeds representative of ship collisions: the drop-weight responses were comparable to the ones measured quasi-statically. Moreover, the corrugated and Y-frame core beams had similar performances. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models simulated the experiments and were in good agreement with the measurements. The simulations demonstrated correctly that the sandwich beams collapsed by core indentation under both quasi-static loading and in the drop-weight experiments. These FE models were then used to investigate the sensitivity of impact response to (i) velocity, over a wider range of velocities than achievable with the drop-weight apparatus, and (ii) the presence of the back face sheet. The dynamic responses of sandwich beams with both front and back face sheets were found to be within 20% of the quasi-static responses for speeds less than approximately 5 m s-1. This suggests that quasi-static considerations are adequate to model the collision of a sandwich ship hull. By contrast, beams without a back face collapsed by Brazier buckling under quasi-static loading conditions, and by core indentation at a loading velocity of 5 m s-1. Thus, dynamic considerations are needed in ship hull designs that do not employ a back face. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mossbauer spectroscopic study of R3Fe29-xCrx and R3Fe29-xCrxH,(y)(R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy)

Fe-57 Mossbauer spectra for the series of R3Fe29-xCrx (R = Y,Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) compounds and their hydrides have been measured at 4.2 K. The weighted average hyperfine field at the Fe sites was separated into a 3d-electron contribution, proportional to the average Fe moment, and a transferred contribution due to rare earth moments. The latter was found to increase with the rare earth effective spin (g(J) - 1) J. Hyperfine fields in the hydrides were only slightly larger than in the corresponding alloys.

Crystallographic and magnetic properties of the hydrides R3Fe29-xCrxHy (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy)

A systematic study of the structural and intrinsic magnetic properties of the hydrides R3Fe29-xCrxHy (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) has been performed. Hydrogenation lends to a relative volume expansion of the unit cell and a decrease in x-ray density for each compound. Anisotropic expansions mainly along the n- and b-axes rather than along the c-axis for all of the compounds upon hydrogenation are observed. The lattice constants and the unit-cell volume of R3Fe29-xCrx and R3Fe29-xCrxHy decrease with increasing R atomic number from Nd to Dy, except for Ce, reflecting the lanthanide contraction. Hydrogenation results in an increase in the Curie temperature and a corresponding increase in the saturation magnetization at room temperature for each compound. After hydrogenation a decrease of 0.34 mu(B)/Fe in the average Fe atomic magnetic moment and a slight increase in the anisotropy field for Y3Fe27.2Cr1.8 are achieved at 4.2 K. First-order magnetization processes (FOMP) occur in magnetic fields of around 1.5 T and 4.0 T at 4.2 K for Nd3Fe24.5Cr4.5H5.0 and TD3Fe27.0Cr2.0H2.8, and around 1.4 T at room temperature for Gd3Fe28.0Cr1.0H4.2. The abnormal crystallographic and magnetic properties of Ce3Fe25.0Cr4.0 and Ce3Fe25.0Cr4.0H5.4 suggest that the Ce ion non-triply ionized.

Crystallographic and magnetic properties of R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy)

A systematic investigation of crystallographic and magnetic properties of nitride R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) has been performed. Nitrogenation leads to a relative volume expansion of about 6%. The lattice constants and unit cell volume decrease with increasing rare-earth atomic number from Nd to Dy, reflecting the lanthanide contraction. On average, the Curie temperature increases due to the nitrogenation to about 200 K compared with its parent compound. Generally speaking, nitrogenation also results in a remarkable improvement of the saturation magnetization and anisotropy fields at 4.2 K and room temperature for R3Fe29-xVxN4 compared with their parent compounds. The transition temperature indicates the spin reorientations of R3Fe29-xVxN4 for R = Nd and Sm are at around 375 and 370 K which are higher than that of R3Fe29-xVx, for R = Nd and Sm 145 and 140 K, respectively. The magnetohistory effects of R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Ce, Nd, and Sm) are observed in low fields of 0.04 T. After nitrogenation the easy magnetization direction of Sm3Fe26.7V2.3 is changed from an easy-cone structure to the b-axis. As a preliminary result, a maximum remanence B-r of 0.94 T, an intrinsic coercivity mu(0)H(C) of 0.75 T, and a maximum energy product (B H)(max) of 108.5 kJ m(-3) for the nitride magnet Sm3Fe26.7V2.3N4 are achieved by ball-milling at 293 K.

I：新型稀土永磁材料Nd-Fe-B氧化过程及抗氧化新体系研究II：CuO、Y_2Cu_2O_5、BaCuO_2和RBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导体磁化率及Cu价态研究

本论文由两大部分组成。第一部分是新型稀土永磁材料Nd-Fe-B氧化过程及抗氧化新体系的研究。Nd-Fe-B永磁体是1983年问世的新型稀土永磁材料。和原有的铁氧体及Sm-Co体系相比，具有磁能积高（50MGOe）。价廉源广，制备简单等三大优点；也有居里温度低（310℃），温度系数大（－0.126%/K），易氧化等三大缺点，我们对Nd-Fe-B合金的氧化过程进行研究，发现该材料热稳定性差，容易发生氧化反应，氧化使材料的结构受到破坏，并给材料的磁性造成不可恢复的损失，整个氧化过程是分阶段的。在室温和干燥的空气中材料基本是稳定的。150℃以下材料磁性受到破坏的主要原因是体系中Nd的氧化。230℃以上材料主体成分Fe也开始氧化，温度升高使反应进程大大加快。到800℃左右反应基本结束，最终产物主要为Fe_2O_3, Nd_2O_3·FeNdO_3和NdBO_3。增加体系中B的相对含量和添加某些新的元素均能提高材料的抗氧化能力，新研制的Nd-Fe-B-Si四元体系和原来的Nd-Fe-B体系相比具有下列显著优点：新体系的抗氧化能力大大提高，经过150℃的长期恒温试验，材料的结构，磁性均未受到破坏，某些体系甚至能在更高的温度下使用，另外，新体系的居里温度Tc也大为提高。比原有Nd-Fe-B磁体高40℃左右。因此该体系是一种大有发展前途的新材料。此外，我们用动态热重法研究了Nd-Fe-B合金的氧化动力学过程，但由于我们新合成的体系构相较为复杂，未能达到预期效果。第二部分是CuO，Y_2Cu_2O_5，BaCuO_2和RBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导体（R稀土元素）磁化率及铜价态研究，铜的氧化物具有复杂的化学计量关系和磁学性质。在对CuO的磁化率研究中，我们发现在低温区（77K－110K）和一定磁场下，CuO由顺磁突变为抗磁。这种转变与磁场强度有很大关系。这一结果与前人的工作有较大的出入。而与超导体的形为极为相似。所不同的是，转变温度与样品的重量也有关系。实验结果重复。由于铜氧性质在R-Ba-Cu-O超导体中起决定作用，因此有必要对CuO的低温磁性作进一步研究。此外，我们对文献尚未报道的Y_2Cu_2O_5的磁化率在77－300K温度区间进行了测量，发现它是顺磁性物质，室温有效磁矩μ_(eff) = 2.13μB。高于Cu~(2+)的理论有效磁矩（1.73μB）。经过碘量法价态分析，发现Y_2Cu_2O_5中有部分Cu~(3+)，这与磁化率的测定相符合。Tc在90K左右的Y-Ba-Cu-O体系是近期才发现的具有超高温超导材料。该体系有着独特的结构和性质。在对R-Ba-Cu-O及R-Ba-Cu-O-Ag超导体的研究中，我们发现此类超导体属II类超导体，在临界温附近该超导体由顺磁转变为抗磁，此种变化与磁场强度有很大关系，当场强大于一定值后，则观察不到这种转变。在对RBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) (R = Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm)超导体和具有相同配比但由于合成工艺条件不同而不超导的R'Ba_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) (R' = Y, Sm, Eu, Gd)非超导体的铜价态分析中，我们发现此两类化合物中均含有一定量的Cu~(3+)。且超导体中Cu~(3+)的含量高于非超导体中Cu~(3+)的含量（同样比例）。我们还发现Cu~(3+)对水极为敏感，将RBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) (除R = Gd, Dy, Er)超导体在未干燥容器中测出的Cu~(3+)量远远低于干燥容器中所测得的值。我们认为这可能是引起超导体不稳定的重要原因。由于尚缺乏用其它手段检测到超导体中Cu~(3+)存在的例证。故对此问题还有待于今后继续作进一步的研究。