Effect of Single and Double Austenitization heat treatments on the Microstructure and Hardness of AISI D2 Tool Steel

This investigation is concerned with the study of effect of Double Austenitization (DA) and Single Austenitization (SA) heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical property of AISI D2type cold worked tool steel. To maximize hardness, tool steels are used in a quenched and tempered condition. This involves heating the material to the austenitizing temperature (∼850−1100 °C), quenching at an appropriate rate to form martensite, and tempering to reduce the retained austenite content and induce toughness. The merits of DA treatment isto promote dissolution of carbides at the same time proscribe grain coarsening significantly was attempted in D2 tool steel. The study has found that DA treatment has induced high hardness with insignificant growth in grains. The increase in hardness is attributed to increase in carbon content in matrix due to dissolution of carbides; whereas finer grains due to role of inclusions.

Effect of Single and Double Austenitization heat treatments on the Microstructure and Hardness of AISI D2 Tool Steel

This investigation is concerned with the study of effect of Double Austenitization (DA) and Single Austenitization (SA) heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical property of AISI D2type cold worked tool steel. To maximize hardness, tool steels are used in a quenched and tempered condition. This involves heating the material to the austenitizing temperature (∼850−1100 °C), quenching at an appropriate rate to form martensite, and tempering to reduce the retained austenite content and induce toughness. The merits of DA treatment isto promote dissolution of carbides at the same time proscribe grain coarsening significantly was attempted in D2 tool steel. The study has found that DA treatment has induced high hardness with insignificant growth in grains. The increase in hardness is attributed to increase in carbon content in matrix due to dissolution of carbides; whereas finer grains due to role of inclusions.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of harmonically trapped bosons

We apply the framework of non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics to the physics of quenched small-size bosonic quantum gases in a harmonic trap. By studying the temporal behaviour of the Loschmidt echo and of the atomic density profile within the trap, which are informative of the non-equilibrium physics and the correlations among the particles, we establish a link with the statistics of (irreversible) work done on the system. This highlights interesting connections between the degree of inter-particle entanglement and the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of the system.

Flexible strategies for association analysis with genomic phenotypes

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Caractérisation du repliement en temps réel du riborégulateur adénine

Vers la fin des années 1990 et au début des années 2000, l’idée que l’ARN puisse interagir directement avec de petits métabolites pour contrôler l’expression de certains gènes devient de plus en plus acceptée. Des recherches menées à cette époque ont permis la découverte de plusieurs structures d’ARN hautement conservées nommées riborégulateurs. La structure de ces ARN leur permet de reconnaître spécifiquement un ligand. La reconnaissance du ligand entraîne ensuite un changement de conformation dans l’ARN responsable du contrôle de l’expression génétique. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier la structure et les changements de conformation du riborégulateur associé au gène add liant l’adénine chez Vibrio vulnificus. Ce riborégulateur étant relativement simple, les informations recueillies lors de cette étude pourront servir à comprendre le fonctionnement de riborégulateurs plus complexes. Dans l’introduction, la découverte des riborégulateurs sera décrite en plus des caractéristiques particulières et de l’importance de ces ARN. Par la suite, quelques exemples démontrant l’importance des structures d’ARN seront abordés. Ensuite, les techniques de fluorescence utilisées pour étudier les structures d’ARN au cours de cette thèse seront présentées. Enfin, les recherches effectuées sur les riborégulateurs adénine seront détaillées afin d’aider le lecteur à bien comprendre le type de riborégulateur au centre de cette thèse. Le chapitre 1 traite du repliement de l’aptamère suite à la liaison avec l’adénine. Dans ce chapitre, il est démontré que l’aptamère peut adopter trois conformations. Une modification de la séquence de l’aptamère de type sauvage a permis d’isoler ces trois conformations. Il a ensuite été possible d’identifier les caractéristiques propres à chacun des états. Le chapitre 2 s’intéresse à une région précise du riborégulateur adénine. Dans ce chapitre, la conformation du cœur de l’aptamère est étudiée plus en profondeur. Il y est possible de constater que le repliement du cœur de l’aptamère influence l’interaction boucle-boucle en présence de magnésium et de ligand. De plus, la présence de ligand, en concentration suffisante, permet le repliement du cœur et favorise le rapprochement des tiges P2 et P3 dans un aptamère muté pour empêcher la formation de l’interaction boucle-boucle. Il semble donc que le repliement du cœur de l’aptamère influence la structure globale de l’aptamère. Finalement, les travaux présentés dans les chapitres 1 et 2 seront mis en contexte avec la littérature scientifique disponible. Cette discussion tentera de réconcilier certaines observations contradictoires. Il sera ensuite question de l’impact que les travaux présentés dans cette thèse peuvent avoir dans le domaine de l’ARN. Enfin, quelques études à réaliser en continuité avec ces travaux seront proposées.

Phase Transitions in Engineered Ultracold Quantum Systems

The study of quantum degenerate gases has many applications in topics such as condensed matter dynamics, precision measurements and quantum phase transitions. We built an apparatus to create 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and generated, via optical and magnetic interactions, novel quantum systems in which we studied the contained phase transitions. For our first experiment we quenched multi-spin component BECs from a miscible to dynamically unstable immiscible state. The transition rapidly drives any spin fluctuations with a coherent growth process driving the formation of numerous spin polarized domains. At much longer times these domains coarsen as the system approaches equilibrium. For our second experiment we explored the magnetic phases present in a spin-1 spin-orbit coupled BEC and the contained quantum phase transitions. We observed ferromagnetic and unpolarized phases which are stabilized by the spin-orbit coupling’s explicit locking between spin and motion. These two phases are separated by a critical curve containing both first-order and second-order transitions joined at a critical point. The narrow first-order transition gives rise to long-lived metastable states. For our third experiment we prepared independent BECs in a double-well potential, with an artificial magnetic field between the BECs. We transitioned to a single BEC by lowering the barrier while expanding the region of artificial field to cover the resulting single BEC. We compared the vortex distribution nucleated via conventional dynamics to those produced by our procedure, showing our dynamical process populates vortices much more rapidly and in larger number than conventional nucleation.

Caractérisation structurale de l'aptamère du riborégulateur SAM-I

La détermination de la structure d’une molécule dans une cellule est souvent la première étape à la compréhension de son mode d’action. Un exemple flagrant est le riborégulateur, qui est un ARN hautement structuré capable de lier un ligand et de modifier la régulation génique chez les bactéries. Cette étude se penche sur la structure de l’aptamère d’un riborégulateur pouvant se lier au métabolite S-adénosylméthionine (SAM), qui est impliqué dans des réactions de méthylations essentielles dans une cellule. Plus précisément, le modèle sélectionné pour ces travaux provient de la famille SAM-I et est composé de quatre tiges (P1 à P4). En utilisant des techniques biophysiques telles le FRET et le single-molecule FRET (sm-FRET), nous pouvons comprendre plus en détails le dynamisme structural du repliement de l’aptamère qui se passe en deux étapes. La première étape de repliement de l’aptamère est constituée par la formation de l’état intermédiaire induite par la liaison du magnésium. Cet état a été caractérisé grâce à des mutations nucléotidiques bloquant des changements conformationnels spécifiques. Aussi, cette étude a permis d’ajouter des détails biophysiques sur la dernière étape de repliement de l’aptamère induite par la liaison de SAM. La réorganisation finale du site de liaison implique une rotation de la tige P1. D’ailleurs, la formation de la tige P1 permet le contrôle direct de l’expression génétique. Ces deux étapes permettent à l’aptamère du riborégulateur SAM d’adopter sa structure native essentielle à l’arrêt de transcription. En bref, nous décrivons en détail les mécanismes structuraux expliquant le fonctionnement du riborégulateur SAM. Certains de ces mécanismes pourraient être communs à plusieurs classes de riborégulateurs, d’où l’intérêt de prospecter d’autres cibles.

Impact de la modulation de l’expression de la protéine sécrétogranine III sur les fonctions analgésiques du récepteur NTS2

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) représentent la famille de récepteurs membranaires la plus étendue. Présentement, 30% des médicaments disponibles sur le marché agissent sur plus ou moins 4% des RCPG connus. Cela indique qu’il existe encore une multitude de RCPG à explorer, qui pourraient démontrer un potentiel thérapeutique intéressant pour des pathologies encore sans traitement disponible. La douleur chronique, qui affecte 1 canadien sur 5, fait partie de ces affections pour lesquelles les thérapies sont faiblement efficaces. Dans le but éventuel de pallier à ce problème, le projet de ce mémoire consistait à mieux comprendre les mécanismes régissant l’adressage membranaire du récepteur de la neurotensine de type 2 (NTS2), un RCPG dont l’activation induit des effets analgésiques puissants de type non opioïdergique. Des données du laboratoire ayant révélé une interaction entre la 3e boucle intracellulaire de NTS2 et la sécrétogranine III (SgIII), une protéine résidente de la voie de sécrétion régulée, notre objectif était de caractériser le rôle de SgIII dans la fonctionnalité du récepteur NTS2. Pour ce faire, l’interaction entre les deux protéines a d’abord été vérifiée par co-immunoprécipitation, GST pull down, essais de colocalisation subcellulaire et par FRET. Nous avons également utilisé un outil d’interférence à l’ARN (DsiRNA) pour invalider la protéine SgIII dans un modèle cellulaire neuronal et chez l’animal. Des essais de radioliaison sur le modèle cellulaire ont révélé une diminution de l’adressage de NTS2 à la membrane plasmique lorsque SgIII était supprimée. De la même façon, une invalidation de SgIII chez le rat inhibe les effets analgésiques d’un agoniste NTS2-sélectif (JMV-431), qui sont normalement observés dans le test de retrait de la queue (douleur aiguë). Nous avons cependant identifié que des stimulations au KCl, à la capsaïcine et à la neurotensine induisaient plutôt une insertion du récepteur à la membrane dans les cellules neuronales. Puisque l’interaction entre SgIII et la 3e boucle intracellulaire du récepteur NTS2 est peu probable selon un système de sécrétion classique, un modèle hypothétique de transition dans les corps multi-vésiculaires a été vérifié. Ainsi, la présence de NTS2 et de SgIII a été révélée dans des préparations exosomales de DRG F11, en plus d’une transférabilité du récepteur par le milieu extracellulaire. En somme, ces résultats démontrent la dépendance du récepteur NTS2 envers SgIII et la voie de sécrétion régulée, en plus d’identifier certains facteurs pouvant augmenter son expression à la surface cellulaire. Le projet contribue ainsi à ouvrir la voie vers des approches pour potentialiser les propriétés de NTS2 in vivo¸ en plus d’une piste d’explication concernant le trafic intracellulaire du récepteur.

Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer study of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion

This is a comprehensive study of protein-mediated membrane fusion through single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). Membrane fusion is one of the important cellular processes by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure. For example, exocytosis, fertilization of an egg by a sperm and communication between neurons are a few among many processes that rely on some form of fusion. Proteins called soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) play a central role in fusion processes which is also regulated by many accessory proteins, such as synaptotagmin, complexin and Munc18. By a new lipid mixing method at the single-vesicle level, we are able to accurately detect different stages of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion including docking, hemi and full fusion via FRET value of single donor/acceptor vesicle pair. Through this single-vesicle lipid mixing assay, we discovered the vesicle aggregation induced by C2AB/Ca2+, the dual function of complexin, and the fusion promotion role of Munc18/SNARE-core binding mode. While this new method provides the information regarding the extent of the ensemble lipid mixing, the fusion pore opening between two vesicular cavities and the interaction between proteins cannot be detected. In order to overcome these limitations, we then developed a single-vesicle content mixing method to reveal the key factor of pore expansion by detecting the FRET change of dual-labeled DNA probes encapsulated in vesicles. Through our single-vesicle content mixing assay, we found the fusion pore expansion role of yeast SNAREs as well as neuronal SNAREs plus synaptotagmin 1.

Comparison of the modes of action of Apremilast and Roflumilast

The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family are cAMP specific phosphodiesterases that play an important role in the inflammatory response and is the major PDE type found in inflammatory cells. A significant number of PDE4 specific inhibitors have been developed and are currently being investigated for use as therapeutic agents. Apremilast, a small molecule inhibitor of PDE 4 is in development for chronic inflammatory disorders and has shown promise for the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis as well as other inflammatory diseases. It has been found to be safe and well tolerated in humans and in March 2014 it was approved by the US food and drug administration for the treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis. The only other PDE4 inhibitor on the market is Roflumilast and it is used for treatment of respiratory disease. Roflumilast is approved in the EU for the treatment of COPD and was recently approved in the US for treatment to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations. Roflumilast is also a selective PDE4 inhibitor, administered as an oral tablet once daily, and is thought to act by increasing cAMP within lung cells. As both (Apremilast and Roflumilast) compounds selectively inhibit PDE4 but are targeted at different diseases, there is a need for a clear understanding of their mechanism of action (MOA). Differences and similarity of MOA should be defined for the purposes of labelling, for communication to the scientific community, physicians, and patients, and for an extension of utility to other diseases and therapeutic areas. In order to obtain a complete comparative picture of the MOA of both inhibitors, additional molecular and cellular biology studies are required to more fully elucidate the signalling mediators downstream of PDE4 inhibition which result in alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. My studies were conducted to directly compare Apremilast with Roflumilast, in order to substantiate the differences observed in the molecular and cellular effects of these compounds, and to search for other possible differentiating effects. Therefore the main aim of this thesis was to utilise cutting-edge biochemical techniques to discover whether Apremilast and Roflumilast work with different modes of action. In the first part of my thesis I used novel genetically encoded FRET based cAMP sensors targeted to different intracellular compartments, in order to monitor cAMP levels within specific microdomains of cells as a consequence of challenge with Apremilast and Roflumilast, which revealed that Apremilast and Roflumilast do regulate different pools of cAMP in cells. In the second part of my thesis I focussed on assessing whether Apremilast and Roflumilast cause differential effects on the PKA phosphorylation state of proteins in cells. I used various biochemical techniques (Western blotting, Substrate kinase arrays and Reverse Phase Protein array and found that Apremilast and Roflumilast do lead to differential PKA substrate phosphorylation. For example I found that Apremilast increases the phosphorylation of Ribosomal Protein S6 at Ser240/244 and Fyn Y530 in the S6 Ribosomal pathway of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial fibroblast and HEK293 cells, whereas Roflumilast does not. This data suggests that Apremilast has distinct biological effects from that of Roflumilast and could represent a new therapeutic role for Apremilast in other diseases. In the final part of my thesis, Phage display technology was employed in order to identify any novel binding motifs that associate with PDE4 and to identify sequences that were differentially regulated by the inhibitors in an attempt to find binding motifs that may exist in previously characterised signalling proteins. Petide array technology was then used to confirm binding of specific peptide sequences or motifs. Results showed that Apremilast and Roflumilast can either enhance or decrease the binding of PDE4A4 to specific peptide sequences or motifs that are found in a variety of proteins in the human proteome, most interestingly Ubiquitin-related proteins. The data from this chapter is preliminary but may be used in the discovery of novel binding partners for PDE4 or to provide a new role for PDE inhibition in disease. Therefore the work in this thesis provides a unique snapshot of the complexity of the cAMP signalling system and is the first to directly compare action of the two approved PDE4 inhibitors in a detailed way.

Conditions for observing IR chemiluminescence and the role of condensation in metal oxidation reactions

Infrared chemiluminescence (IRCL) studies of cw metal oxidation reactions wherein metal atoms entrained in a carrier gas were mixed with an oxidizer by means of a nozzle system are described. One goal of the work was to determine the vibrational distribution of the product molecule produced by the chemical reaction. In order to observe IRCL it was important to operate the system at the appropriate P-T point in the phase diagram of both the metal and metal salt, otherwise rapid condensation quenched any IRCL that was present. If the nucleation rate was greater 1010 3 than ~ cm-sec-I, then only "black body" radiation could be seen from the reaction. Most of the studies were on the Li/I2 system which is unique in that the phase diagrams of Li and LiI in the P-T ranges of interest are almost identical. This property permitted a relatively easy control with respect to condensation and the measurement of IRCL in the 10-28 um range for the excited LiI molecule.

Molecular mechanisms involved in cell response to mechanical forces

New devices were designed to generate a localized mechanical vibration of flexible gels where human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured. The stimulation setups were able to apply relatively large strains (30%~50%) at high temporal frequencies (140~207 Hz) in a localized subcellular region. One of the advantages of this technique was to be less invasive to the innate cellular functions because there was no direct contact between the stimulating probe and the cell body. A mechanical vibration induced by the device in the substrate gel where cells were seeded could mainly cause global calcium responses of the cells. This global response was initiated by the influx of calcium across the stretch-activated channels in the plasma membrane. The subsequent production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) via phospholipase C (PLC) activation triggered the calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cause a global intracellular calcium fluctuation over the whole cell body. This global calcium response was also shown to depend on actomyosin contractility and F-actin integrity, probably controlling the membrane stretch-activated channels. The localized nature of the stimulation is one of the most important features of these new designs as it allowed the observation of the calcium signaling propagation by ER calcium release. The next step was to focus on the calcium influx, more specifically the TRPM7 channels. As TRPM7 expression may modulate cell adhesion, an adhesion assay was developed and tested on HUVECs seeded on gel substrates with different treatments: normal treatment on gels showed highest attachment rate, followed by the partially treated gels (only 5% of usual fibronectin amount) and untreated gels, with the lowest attachment rate. The trend of the attachment rates correlated to the magnitude of the calcium signaling observed after mechanical stimulation. TRPM7 expression inhibition by siRNA caused an increased attachment rate when compared to both control and non-targeting siRNA-treated cells, but resulted in an actual weaker response in terms of calcium signaling. It suggests that TRPM7 channels are indeed important for the calcium signaling in response to mechanical stimulation. A complementary study was also conducted consisting in the mechanical stimulation of a dissected Drosophila embryo. Although ionomycin treatment showed calcium influx in the tissue, the mechanical stimulation delivered as a vertical vibration did not elicited calcium signaling in response. One possible reason is the dissection procedure causing desensitization of the tissue due to the scrapings and manipulations to open the embryo.

Effects of synthetic conditions on the structural, stability and ion conducting properties of Li0.30(La0.50Ln0.50)0.567TiO3 (Ln= La, Pr, Nd) solid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries

The structure, thermal stability, morphology and ion conductivity of titanium perovskites with the general formula Li3xLn2/3−xTiO3 (Ln = rare earth element; 3x= 0.30) are studied in the context of their possible use as solid electrolyte materials for lithium ion batteries. Materials are prepared by a glycine-nitrate method using different sintering treatments, with a cation-disorder-induced structural transition from tetragonal to cubic symmetry, detected as quenching temperature increases. SEM images show that the average grain size increases with increasing sintering temperature and time. Slightly higher bulk conductivity values have been observed for quenched samples sintered at high temperature. Bulk conductivity decreases with the lanthanide ion size. A slight conductivity enhancement, always limited by grain boundaries, is observed for longer sintering times. TDX measurements of the electrolyte/cathode mixtures also show a good stability of the electrolytes in the temperature range of 30-1100ºC.

Quantum Dots

The purpose of this communication is to make a bibliographic review of Quantum Dots methods and their applications in the field of Biotechnology. Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorophores, which are gaining widespread recognition as a result of their exceptional photophysical properties.

Transport in the blood of an anti-tumor water-soluble rutheniun cyclopentadienyl complex: a fluorescence study on albumin binding

Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014