Gerenciamento integrado de QoS em redes de computadores

O gerenciamento de redes de computadores é uma tarefa complexa de ser realizada porque a redes atualmente possuem muitos equipamentos, protocolos, serviços e usuários. Como regra geral, redes de computadores são heterogêneas e a introdução de facilidades para o fornecimento de qualidade de serviço (QoS) faz com que a gerência de redes se torne ainda mais complexa, e neste cenário as soluções tradicionais de gerenciamento podem falhar. O gerenciamento de redes com QoS vem sendo investigado por diversos grupos, e soluções comerciais para o problema já podem ser encontradas. Entretanto, a gerência de QoS possui aspectos diversos que são investigados separadamente. Do ponto de vista do administrador de redes, soluções pontuais são importantes, mas a integração entre os diversos aspectos de gerência de QoS também é uma necessidade. Tal necessidade, entretanto, não tem encontrado respaldo nas pesquisas desenvolvidas ou nos produtos de gerenciamento disponibilizados no mercado. Nesta situação, o administrador da rede é obrigado a trabalhar ao mesmo tempo com soluções disjuntas que não oferecem integração. Isso acaba por complicar a gerência de QoS, que por si só já é uma atividade complexa. QoS e discutida a necessidade de integração. As soluções existentes e pesquisas desenvolvidas são classificadas para que possam ser mais bem avaliadas em uma visão mais global. A classificação realizada organiza os aspectos de QoS em tarefas de gerência de QoS que devem ser executadas por um administrador de redes que possuam facilidades de QoS. Para que a integração das tarefas de gerência de QoS seja possível, um modelo para gerência integrada de QoS em redes de computadores é proposto. O modelo, definido em camadas, utiliza elementos distribuídos na rede para executar tarefas específicas e um ambiente de gerência central fornece uma interface única de acesso ao sistema de gerência ao administrador da rede. O modelo proposto é analisado de acordo com alguns aspectos (por exemplo, em relação à sua escalabilidade, flexibilidade e exeqüibilidade). Uma implementação do mesmo é apresentada para a gerência de redes baseadas em IP que possuam mecanismos para fornecimento de QoS. A avaliação do modelo mostra, ao final, que a gerência de QoS, além de ser uma necessidade real, é possível de ser executada de forma integrada, como desejam os administradores de rede.

Mecanismos para interoperação de backbones MPLS e redes que utilizem outras arquiteturas de QoS

Acredita-se que no futuro as redes de telecomunicação e dados serão integradas em uma só rede, baseada na comutação de pacotes IP. Esta rede deverá oferecer serviços com qualidade (QoS) para as aplicações atuais e futuras. Uma das tecnologias que deverá ser adotada no núcleo desta nova rede é MPLS. MPLS introduz o conceito de switching (comutação) no ambiente IP e também permite que seja implementada a Engenharia de Tráfego, otimizando sua utilização através do roteamento baseado em restrições. Junto com MPLS outras arquiteturas para fornecimento de QoS, como Serviços Integrados e Serviços Diferenciados, serão utilizadas. Entretanto, como nenhuma delas atende a todos os requisitos para garantia de QoS fim a fim e levando-se em consideração o fato de a Internet ser uma rede heterogênea, surge a necessidade de um framework que permita a interoperabilidade das diferentes arquiteturas existentes. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de integração que fornece garantias de QoS fim a fim para redes que utilizam tanto Serviços Integrados como Serviços Diferenciados através do emprego de uma infra-estrutura baseada em MPLS e Serviços Diferenciados. A aplicabilidade do modelo foi testada no simulador ns2 e os resultados são apresentados neste trabalho.

Uma Solução baseada em políticas para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e Multicast em redes IP

Aplicações como videoconferência, vídeo sob-demanda, aplicações de ensino a distância, entre outras, utilizam-se das redes de computadores como infra-estrutura de apoio. Mas para que tal uso seja efetivo, as redes de computadores, por sua vez, devem fornecer algumas facilidades especiais para atender às necessidades dessas aplicações. Dentre as facilidades que devem ser fornecidas estão os suportes à qualidade de serviço (QoS - Quality of Service) e as transmissões multicast. Além do suporte a QoS e multicast nas redes, é necessário fornecer um gerenciamento da rede adequado às expectativas de tais aplicações. Soluções que fornecem gerenciamento de forma individual para tais facilidades, já foram propostas e implementadas. Entretanto, estas soluções não conseguem agir de modo integrado, o que torna a tarefa do gerente da rede extremamente complexa e difícil de ser executada, pois possibilitam um fornecimento não adequado das facilidades desejadas às aplicações. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma solução para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e multicast. Fazem parte da solução: a definição e implementação de uma arquitetura para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e multicast, utilizando gerenciamento baseado em políticas (PBNM - Policy-Based Network Management), além da validação da solução proposta através da implementação de um protótipo. Um ambiente, condições de teste, e análise dos resultados obtidos, também são apresentados durante a dissertação.

Um modelo para a descoberta de QoS em redes de computadores

A evolução das redes de computadores criou a necessidade de novos serviços de rede que fornecessem qualidade de serviços nos fluxos de dados dos usuários. Nesse contexto, uma nova área de pesquisa surgiu, o gerenciamento de QoS, onde foram apresentadas novas tarefas para o gerenciamento de recursos de rede que fornecem QoS. Uma delas, a descoberta de QoS, é responsável por identificar alvos numa rede de computadores. Um alvo é uma entidade capaz de implementar funcionalidades para o fornecimento de QoS. Essa dissertação apresenta uma proposta de modelo para a descoberta de QoS. O modelo é composto por duas partes: metodologia e arquitetura. A metodologia define os procedimentos para a realização da descoberta de QoS, enquanto a arquitetura define entidades que implementam tais procedimentos bem como o relacionamento entre essas entidades. O modelo proposto também tem por objetivo ser extensível, escalável e distribuído. Além disso, um protótipo baseado no modelo é apresentado.

Multilayer optimization in radio resource allocation for the packet transmission in wireless networks

In the last decade mobile wireless communications have witnessed an explosive growth in the user’s penetration rate and their widespread deployment around the globe. It is expected that this tendency will continue to increase with the convergence of fixed Internet wired networks with mobile ones and with the evolution to the full IP architecture paradigm. Therefore mobile wireless communications will be of paramount importance on the development of the information society of the near future. In particular a research topic of particular relevance in telecommunications nowadays is related to the design and implementation of mobile communication systems of 4th generation. 4G networks will be characterized by the support of multiple radio access technologies in a core network fully compliant with the Internet Protocol (all IP paradigm). Such networks will sustain the stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements and the expected high data rates from the type of multimedia applications to be available in the near future. The approach followed in the design and implementation of the mobile wireless networks of current generation (2G and 3G) has been the stratification of the architecture into a communication protocol model composed by a set of layers, in which each one encompasses some set of functionalities. In such protocol layered model, communications is only allowed between adjacent layers and through specific interface service points. This modular concept eases the implementation of new functionalities as the behaviour of each layer in the protocol stack is not affected by the others. However, the fact that lower layers in the protocol stack model do not utilize information available from upper layers, and vice versa, downgrades the performance achieved. This is particularly relevant if multiple antenna systems, in a MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) configuration, are implemented. MIMO schemes introduce another degree of freedom for radio resource allocation: the space domain. Contrary to the time and frequency domains, radio resources mapped into the spatial domain cannot be assumed as completely orthogonal, due to the amount of interference resulting from users transmitting in the same frequency sub-channel and/or time slots but in different spatial beams. Therefore, the availability of information regarding the state of radio resources, from lower to upper layers, is of fundamental importance in the prosecution of the levels of QoS expected from those multimedia applications. In order to match applications requirements and the constraints of the mobile radio channel, in the last few years researches have proposed a new paradigm for the layered architecture for communications: the cross-layer design framework. In a general way, the cross-layer design paradigm refers to a protocol design in which the dependence between protocol layers is actively exploited, by breaking out the stringent rules which restrict the communication only between adjacent layers in the original reference model, and allowing direct interaction among different layers of the stack. An efficient management of the set of available radio resources demand for the implementation of efficient and low complexity packet schedulers which prioritize user’s transmissions according to inputs provided from lower as well as upper layers in the protocol stack, fully compliant with the cross-layer design paradigm. Specifically, efficiently designed packet schedulers for 4G networks should result in the maximization of the capacity available, through the consideration of the limitations imposed by the mobile radio channel and comply with the set of QoS requirements from the application layer. IEEE 802.16e standard, also named as Mobile WiMAX, seems to comply with the specifications of 4G mobile networks. The scalable architecture, low cost implementation and high data throughput, enable efficient data multiplexing and low data latency, which are attributes essential to enable broadband data services. Also, the connection oriented approach of Its medium access layer is fully compliant with the quality of service demands from such applications. Therefore, Mobile WiMAX seems to be a promising 4G mobile wireless networks candidate. In this thesis it is proposed the investigation, design and implementation of packet scheduling algorithms for the efficient management of the set of available radio resources, in time, frequency and spatial domains of the Mobile WiMAX networks. The proposed algorithms combine input metrics from physical layer and QoS requirements from upper layers, according to the crosslayer design paradigm. Proposed schedulers are evaluated by means of system level simulations, conducted in a system level simulation platform implementing the physical and medium access control layers of the IEEE802.16e standard.

Análise de desempenho de estratégias de retransmissão para o mecanismo HCCA do padrão de redes sem fio IEEE 802.11e

This paper presents the performanee analysis of traffie retransmission algorithms pro¬posed to the HCCA medium aeeess meehanism of IEEE 802.11 e standard applied to industrial environmen1. Due to the nature of this kind of environment, whieh has eleetro¬magnetic interferenee, and the wireless medium of IEEE 802.11 standard, suseeptible to such interferenee, plus the lack of retransmission meehanisms, refers to an impraetieable situation to ensure quality of service for real-time traffic, to whieh the IEEE 802.11 e stan¬dard is proposed and this environment requires. Thus, to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new approach that involves the ereation and evaluation of retransmission al-gorithms in order to ensure a levei of robustness, reliability and quality of serviee to the wireless communication in such environments. Thus, according to this approaeh, if there is a transmission error, the traffie scheduler is able to manage retransmissions to reeo¬ver data 10s1. The evaluation of the proposed approaeh is performed through simulations, where the retransmission algorithms are applied to different seenarios, whieh are abstrae¬tions of an industrial environment, and the results are obtained by using an own-developed network simulator and compared with eaeh other to assess whieh of the algorithms has better performanee in a pre-defined applieation

Análise de desempenho na rede metropolitana de saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte : um dimensionamento aplicado a telemedicina e a telessaúde utilizando QoS baseado no padrão IEEE 802.1Q

It s notorious the advance of computer networks in recent decades, whether in relation to transmission rates, the number of interconnected devices or the existing applications. In parallel, it s also visible this progress in various sectors of the automation, such as: industrial, commercial and residential. In one of its branches, we find the hospital networks, which can make the use of a range of services, ranging from the simple registration of patients to a surgery by a robot under the supervision of a physician. In the context of both worlds, appear the applications in Telemedicine and Telehealth, which work with the transfer in real time of high resolution images, sound, video and patient data. Then comes a problem, since the computer networks, originally developed for the transfer of less complex data, is now being used by a service that involves high transfer rates and needs requirements for quality of service (QoS) offered by the network . Thus, this work aims to do the analysis and comparison of performance of a network when subjected to this type of application, for two different situations: the first without the use of QoS policies, and the second with the application of such policies, using as scenario for testing, the Metropolitan Health Network of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)

Search schemes for random optimization algorithms that preserve the asymptotic distribution

Markovian algorithms for estimating the global maximum or minimum of real valued functions defined on some domain Omega subset of R-d are presented. Conditions on the search schemes that preserve the asymptotic distribution are derived. Global and local search schemes satisfying these conditions are analysed and shown to yield sharper confidence intervals when compared to the i.i.d. case.

Beam Search Algorithms for Minimizing Tool Switches on a Flexible Manufacturing System

In the minimization of tool switches problem we seek a sequence to process a set of jobs so that the number of tool switches required is minimized. In this work different variations of a heuristic based on partial ordered job sequences are implemented and evaluated. All variations adopt a depth first strategy of the enumeration tree. The computational test results indicate that good results can be obtained by a variation which keeps the best three branches at each node of the enumeration tree, and randomly choose, among all active nodes, the next node to branch when backtracking.

Allocation of protective devices in distribution circuits using nonlinear programming models and genetic algorithms

The optimized allocation of protective devices in strategic points of the circuit improves the quality of the energy supply and the system reliability index. This paper presents a nonlinear integer programming (NLIP) model with binary variables, to deal with the problem of protective device allocation in the main feeder and all branches of an overhead distribution circuit, to improve the reliability index and to provide customers with service of high quality and reliability. The constraints considered in the problem take into account technical and economical limitations, such as coordination problems of serial protective devices, available equipment, the importance of the feeder and the circuit topology. The use of genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed to solve this problem, using a binary representation that does (1) or does not (0) show allocation of protective devices (reclosers, sectionalizers and fuses) in predefined points of the circuit. Results are presented for a real circuit (134 busses), with the possibility of protective device allocation in 29 points. Also the ability of the algorithm in finding good solutions while improving significantly the indicators of reliability is shown. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Um monitor de metadados de QoS e QoC para plataformas de middleware

Context-aware applications are typically dynamic and use services provided by several sources, with different quality levels. Context information qualities are expressed in terms of Quality of Context (QoC) metadata, such as precision, correctness, refreshment, and resolution. On the other hand, service qualities are expressed via Quality of Services (QoS) metadata such as response time, availability and error rate. In order to assure that an application is using services and context information that meet its requirements, it is essential to continuously monitor the metadata. For this purpose, it is needed a QoS and QoC monitoring mechanism that meet the following requirements: (i) to support measurement and monitoring of QoS and QoC metadata; (ii) to support synchronous and asynchronous operation, thus enabling the application to periodically gather the monitored metadata and also to be asynchronously notified whenever a given metadata becomes available; (iii) to use ontologies to represent information in order to avoid ambiguous interpretation. This work presents QoMonitor, a module for QoS and QoC metadata monitoring that meets the abovementioned requirement. The architecture and implementation of QoMonitor are discussed. To support asynchronous communication QoMonitor uses two protocols: JMS and Light-PubSubHubbub. In order to illustrate QoMonitor in the development of ubiquitous application it was integrated to OpenCOPI (Open COntext Platform Integration), a Middleware platform that integrates several context provision middleware. To validate QoMonitor we used two applications as proofof- concept: an oil and gas monitoring application and a healthcare application. This work also presents a validation of QoMonitor in terms of performance both in synchronous and asynchronous requests

Uma abordagem dirigida por modelos para desenvolvimento de middlewares auto-adaptativos para transmissão de fluxo de dados baseado em restrições de QoS

The use of middleware technology in various types of systems, in order to abstract low-level details related to the distribution of application logic, is increasingly common. Among several systems that can be benefited from using these components, we highlight the distributed systems, where it is necessary to allow communications between software components located on different physical machines. An important issue related to the communication between distributed components is the provision of mechanisms for managing the quality of service. This work presents a metamodel for modeling middlewares based on components in order to provide to an application the abstraction of a communication between components involved in a data stream, regardless their location. Another feature of the metamodel is the possibility of self-adaptation related to the communication mechanism, either by updating the values of its configuration parameters, or by its replacement by another mechanism, in case of the restrictions of quality of service specified are not being guaranteed. In this respect, it is planned the monitoring of the communication state (application of techniques like feedback control loop), analyzing performance metrics related. The paradigm of Model Driven Development was used to generate the implementation of a middleware that will serve as proof of concept of the metamodel, and the configuration and reconfiguration policies related to the dynamic adaptation processes. In this sense was defined the metamodel associated to the process of a communication configuration. The MDD application also corresponds to the definition of the following transformations: the architectural model of the middleware in Java code, and the configuration model to XML

MoSAC: um módulo para seleção de configurações arquiteturais baseado em critérios de QoS no contexto de sistema distribuídos autoadaptativos

The process for choosing the best components to build systems has become increasingly complex. It becomes more critical if it was need to consider many combinations of components in the context of an architectural configuration. These circumstances occur, mainly, when we have to deal with systems involving critical requirements, such as the timing constraints in distributed multimedia systems, the network bandwidth in mobile applications or even the reliability in real-time systems. This work proposes a process of dynamic selection of architectural configurations based on non-functional requirements criteria of the system, which can be used during a dynamic adaptation. This proposal uses the MAUT theory (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory) for decision making from a finite set of possibilities, which involve multiple criteria to be analyzed. Additionally, it was proposed a metamodel which can be used to describe the application s requirements in terms of the non-functional requirements criteria and their expected values, to express them in order to make the selection of the desired configuration. As a proof of concept, it was implemented a module that performs the dynamic choice of configurations, the MoSAC. This module was implemented using a component-based development approach (CBD), performing a selection of architectural configurations based on the proposed selection process involving multiple criteria. This work also presents a case study where an application was developed in the context of Digital TV to evaluate the time spent on the module to return a valid configuration to be used in a middleware with autoadaptative features, the middleware AdaptTV