Proprioceptive force estimation and control for teleoperation in radioactive environments

A medida que se incrementa la energía de los aceleradores de partículas o iones pesados como el CERN o GSI, de los reactores de fusión como JET o ITER, u otros experimentos científicos, se va haciendo cada vez más imprescindible el uso de técnicas de manipulación remota para la interacción con el entorno sujeto a la radiación. Hasta ahora la tasa de dosis radioactiva en el CERN podía tomar valores cercanos a algunos mSv para tiempos de enfriamiento de horas, que permitían la intervención humana para tareas de mantenimiento. Durante los primeros ensayos con plasma en JET, se alcanzaban valores cercanos a los 200 μSv después de un tiempo de enfriamiento de 4 meses y ya se hacía extensivo el uso de técnicas de manipulación remota. Hay una clara tendencia al incremento de los niveles de radioactividad en el futuro en este tipo de instalaciones. Un claro ejemplo es ITER, donde se esperan valores de 450 Sv/h en el centro del toroide a los 11 días de enfriamiento o los nuevos niveles energéticos del CERN que harán necesario una apuesta por niveles de mantenimiento remotos. En estas circunstancias se enmarca esta tesis, que estudia un sistema de control bilateral basado en fuerza-posición, tratando de evitar el uso de sensores de fuerza/par, cuyo contenido electrónico los hace especialmente sensitivos en estos ambientes. El contenido de este trabajo se centra en la teleoperación de robots industriales, que debido a su reconocida solvencia y facilidad para ser adaptados a estos entornos, unido al bajo coste y alta disponibilidad, les convierte en una alternativa interesante para tareas de manipulación remota frente a costosas soluciones a medida. En primer lugar se considera el problema cinemático de teleoperación maestro-esclavo de cinemática disimilar y se desarrolla un método general para la solución del problema en el que se incluye el uso de fuerzas asistivas para guiar al operador. A continuación se explican con detalle los experimentos realizados con un robot ABB y que muestran las dificultades encontradas y recomendaciones para solventarlas. Se concluye el estudio cinemático con un método para el encaje de espacios de trabajo entre maestro y esclavo disimilares. Posteriormente se mira hacia la dinámica, estudiándose el modelado de robots con vistas a obtener un método que permita estimar las fuerzas externas que actúan sobre los mismos. Durante la caracterización del modelo dinámico, se realizan varios ensayos para tratar de encontrar un compromiso entre complejidad de cálculo y error de estimación. También se dan las claves para modelar y caracterizar robots con estructura en forma de paralelogramo y se presenta la arquitectura de control deseada. Una vez obtenido el modelo completo del esclavo, se investigan diferentes alternativas que permitan una estimación de fuerzas externas en tiempo real, minimizando las derivadas de la posición para minimizar el ruido. Se comienza utilizando observadores clásicos del estado para ir evolucionando hasta llegar al desarrollo de un observador de tipo Luenberger-Sliding cuya implementación es relativamente sencilla y sus resultados contundentes. También se analiza el uso del observador propuesto durante un control bilateral simulado en el que se compara la realimentación de fuerzas obtenida con las técnicas clásicas basadas en error de posición frente a un control basado en fuerza-posición donde la fuerza es estimada y no medida. Se comprueba como la solución propuesta da resultados comparables con las arquitecturas clásicas y sin embargo introduce una alternativa para la teleoperación de robots industriales cuya teleoperación en entornos radioactivos sería imposible de otra manera. Finalmente se analizan los problemas derivados de la aplicación práctica de la teleoperación en los escenarios mencionados anteriormente. Debido a las condiciones prohibitivas para todo equipo electrónico, los sistemas de control se deben colocar a gran distancia de los manipuladores, dando lugar a longitudes de cable de centenares de metros. En estas condiciones se crean sobretensiones en controladores basados en PWM que pueden ser destructivas para el sistema formado por control, cableado y actuador, y por tanto, han de ser eliminadas. En este trabajo se propone una solución basada en un filtro LC comercial y se prueba de forma extensiva que su inclusión no produce efectos negativos sobre el control del actuador. ABSTRACT As the energy on the particle accelerators or heavy ion accelerators such as CERN or GSI, fusion reactors such as JET or ITER, or other scientific experiments is increased, it is becoming increasingly necessary to use remote handling techniques to interact with the remote and radioactive environment. So far, the dose rate at CERN could present values near several mSv for cooling times on the range of hours, which allowed human intervention for maintenance tasks. At JET, they measured values close to 200 μSv after a cooling time of 4 months and since then, the remote handling techniques became usual. There is a clear tendency to increase the radiation levels in the future. A clear example is ITER, where values of 450 Sv/h are expected in the centre of the torus after 11 days of cooling. Also, the new energetic levels of CERN are expected to lead to a more advanced remote handling means. In these circumstances this thesis is framed, studying a bilateral control system based on force-position, trying to avoid the use of force/torque sensors, whose electronic content makes them very sensitive in these environments. The contents of this work are focused on teleoperating industrial robots, which due its well-known reliability, easiness to be adapted to these environments, cost-effectiveness and high availability, are considered as an interesting alternative to expensive custom-made solutions for remote handling tasks. Firstly, the kinematic problem of teloperating master and slave with dissimilar kinematics is analysed and a new general approach for solving this issue is presented. The solution includes using assistive forces in order to guide the human operator. Coming up next, I explain with detail the experiments accomplished with an ABB robot that show the difficulties encountered and the proposed solutions. This section is concluded with a method to match the master’s and slave’s workspaces when they present dissimilar kinematics. Later on, the research studies the dynamics, with special focus on robot modelling with the purpose of obtaining a method that allows to estimate external forces acting on them. During the characterisation of the model’s parameters, a set of tests are performed in order to get to a compromise between computational complexity and estimation error. Key points for modelling and characterising robots with a parallelogram structure are also given, and the desired control architecture is presented. Once a complete model of the slave is obtained, different alternatives for external force estimation are review to be able to predict forces in real time, minimizing the position differentiation to minimize the estimation noise. The research starts by implementing classic state observers and then it evolves towards the use of Luenberger- Sliding observers whose implementation is relatively easy and the results are convincing. I also analyse the use of proposed observer during a simulated bilateral control on which the force feedback obtained with the classic techniques based on the position error is compared versus a control architecture based on force-position, where the force is estimated instead of measured. I t is checked how the proposed solution gives results comparable with the classical techniques and however introduces an alternative method for teleoperating industrial robots whose teleoperation in radioactive environments would have been impossible in a different way. Finally, the problems originated by the practical application of teleoperation in the before mentioned scenarios are analysed. Due the prohibitive conditions for every electronic equipment, the control systems should be placed far from the manipulators. This provokes that the power cables that fed the slaves devices can present lengths of hundreds of meters. In these circumstances, overvoltage waves are developed when implementing drives based on PWM technique. The occurrence of overvoltage is very dangerous for the system composed by drive, wiring and actuator, and has to be eliminated. During this work, a solution based on commercial LC filters is proposed and it is extensively proved that its inclusion does not introduce adverse effects into the actuator’s control.

Análisis, simulación y pruebas de un convertidor DC/DC para aplicaciones aeronáuticas

En la actualidad se está desarrollando la electrónica para el diseño de sistemas de conversión de potencia de alta frecuencia, que reduce notablemente el peso y el ruido de los dispositivos convertidores y aumenta a su vez la densidad de potencia sin afectar negativamente al rendimiento, coste o fiabilidad de dichos dispositivos. La disciplina que se encarga de investigar y crear estos sistemas es la electrónica de potencia. Este documento recoge la metodología empleada para el diseño, análisis y simulación de un convertidor DC/DC de 10 kW de aplicación aeronáutica. Este dispositivo forma parte de un proyecto en el que colaboran el Centro de Electrónica Industrial de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (CEI - UPM) y las empresas Indra y Airbus. Su objetivo es el diseño y construcción de un rectificador trifásico que proporcione una salida continua de 28 V y 10 kW de potencia. Durante su aplicación final, se dispondrá de dos dispositivos idénticos al diseñado en este proyecto, aportando cada uno de ellos 5 kW, sin embargo, debido a la importancia en seguridad en las aplicaciones aeronáuticas, cada rectificador debe ser capaz de aportar 10 kW de potencia en caso de fallo en uno de ellos. En primer lugar, este trabajo explica el diseño elegido para dicho convertidor, que sigue una topología Dual Active Bridge (DAB), en creciente interés para el desarrollo de dispositivos de potencia en alta frecuencia por sus mejoras en eficiencia y densidad de potencia. Esta topología consiste en dos puentes completos de dispositivos de conmutación, en este caso MOSFET, con un transformador entre medias diseñado para proporcionar la tensión de salida deseada. La topología ha sido modificada para satisfacer especificaciones del proyecto y cumplir las expectativas del diseño preliminar, que se centra en la transición suave de corriente en el transformador, siendo clave el diseño de un filtro resonante en serie con el transformador que proporciona una corriente senoidal con valor nulo en los instantes de conmutación de los MOSFET. Una vez introducida la topología, el siguiente capítulo se centra en el procedimiento de selección de componentes internos del convertidor: destacando el análisis de condensadores y MOSFET. Para su selección, se han estudiado las exigencias eléctricas en los puntos en los que estarán instalados, conociendo así las tensiones y corrientes que deberán soportar. Para asegurar un diseño seguro, los componentes han sido seleccionados de forma que durante su funcionamiento se les exija como máximo el 70% de sus capacidades eléctricas y físicas. Además, a partir de los datos aportados por los fabricantes ha sido posible estimar las pérdidas durante su funcionamiento. Este proyecto tiene un enfoque de aplicación aeronáutica, lo que exige un diseño robusto y seguro, que debe garantizar una detección rápida de fallos, de modo que sea capaz de aislar la anomalía de forma eficaz y no se propague a otros componentes del dispositivo. Para asegurarlo, se ha realizado la selección de sensores de tensión y corriente, que permiten la detección de fallos y la monitorización del convertidor. Al final de este apartado se muestra el esquema de alimentación, se analiza el consumo de los MOSFET y los sensores y se recopilan las pérdidas estimadas por los componentes internos del convertidor. Una vez terminado el diseño y selección de componentes, se muestran las simulaciones realizadas para prever el comportamiento del convertidor. Se presenta el modelo construido y las modificaciones instaladas para las diferentes simulaciones. Se destacan el diseño del regulador que introduce la entrada de corriente del convertidor para analizar su arranque, la construcción de una máquina de estados para analizar la detección de tensiones y corrientes fuera del intervalo correspondiente del correcto funcionamiento, y el modelo de MOSFET para simular los fallos posibles en estos dispositivos. También se analiza la influencia de la oscilación de la carga en los valores de tensión y en la resonancia del convertidor. Tras la simulación del equipo se describen las pruebas realizadas en los componentes magnéticos construidos dentro del periodo de elaboración de este trabajo: el transformador y la bobina externa, diseñada para mejorar el filtro resonante. La etapa final de este trabajo se ha centrado en la elaboración de un código de generación de señales PWM que controlen el funcionamiento de los MOSFET. Para esto se ha programado una tarjeta de control del procesador digital de señales (DSP)Delfino (TMS320F28335) instalado en una placa de experimentación (TMS320C2000), desarrollado por la empresa Texas Instruments, que facilita el acceso a los terminales GPIO y ADC del DSP durante el desarrollo del código, anexo a este documento.

Solution of the pulse width modulation problem using orthogonal polynomials and Korteweg-de Vries equations

The mathematical underpinning of the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique lies in the attempt to represent “accurately” harmonic waveforms using only square forms of a fixed height. The accuracy can be measured using many norms, but the quality of the approximation of the analog signal (a harmonic form) by a digital one (simple pulses of a fixed high voltage level) requires the elimination of high order harmonics in the error term. The most important practical problem is in “accurate” reproduction of sine-wave using the same number of pulses as the number of high harmonics eliminated. We describe in this paper a complete solution of the PWM problem using Padé approximations, orthogonal polynomials, and solitons. The main result of the paper is the characterization of discrete pulses answering the general PWM problem in terms of the manifold of all rational solutions to Korteweg-de Vries equations.

Controle de uma plataforma inercial estabilizada com três graus de liberdade.

Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma inercial autônoma com três graus de liberdade para aplicação em estabilização de sensores - por exemplo, gravimétricos estacionários e embarcados - podendo ser utilizada também para estabilização de câmeras. O sistema é formado pela Unidade de Medida Inercial, IMU, desenvolvida utilizando um sensor micro eletromecânico, MEMS - que possui acelerômetro, giroscópio e magnetômetros nos três eixos de orientação - e um microcontrolador para aquisição, processamento e envio dos dados ao sistema de controle e aquisição de dados. Para controle dos ângulos de inclinação e orientação da plataforma, foi implementado um controlador PID digital utilizando microcontrolador. Este recebe os dados da IMU e fornece os sinais de controle utilizando as saídas PWM que acionam os motores, os quais controlam a posição da plataforma. Para monitoramento da plataforma foi desenvolvido um programa para aquisição de dados em tempo real em ambiente Matlab, por meio do qual se pode visualizar e gravar os sinais da IMU, os ângulos de inclinação e a velocidade angular. Testou-se um sistema de transmissão de dados por rádio frequência entre a IMU e o sistema de aquisição de dados e controle para avaliar a possibilidade da não utilização de slip rings ou fios entre o eixo de rotação e os quadros da plataforma. Entretanto, verificou-se a inviabilidade da transmissão em razão da baixa velocidade de transmissão e dos ruídos captados pelo receptor de rádio frequência durante osmovimentos da plataforma. Sendo assim, dois pares de fios trançados foram utilizados fios para conectar o sensor inercial ao sistema de aquisição e processamento.

Interventi di efficientamento energetico nell’industria ceramica

Questa tesi di laurea si occupa di valutare degli interventi di miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica per un’industria ceramica. In coerenza con gli impegni assunti nel pacchetto Clima Energia, il Decreto legislativo n° 102 del 4 luglio 2014, stabilisce l’obiettivo nazionale di risparmio energetico che consiste nella riduzione, entro il 2020, di 20 milioni di tonnellate equivalenti di petrolio dei consumi di energia primaria, conteggiati a partire dal 2010. Inoltre tale decreto stabilisce un regime obbligatorio di efficienza energetica costituito dal meccanismo dei certificati bianchi, il quale dovrebbe contribuire al raggiungimento del 60% dell’obiettivo. Sulla base di queste direttive è stato effettuato presso uno stabilimento ceramico uno studio di fattibilità che si articola nelle seguenti fasi: 1.Analisi energetica del sistema attuale finalizzata all’identificazione delle richieste energetiche in termini di produzione e consumi. 2.Analisi impiantistica finalizzata alla scelta delle macchine e delle soluzioni tecniche di dettaglio. 3.Analisi economica finalizzata alla valutazione del costo di generazione di energia elettrica e termica relativamente ai sistemi oggetto di studio. 4.Valutazione della sostenibilità dell’investimento per ogni opzione considerata, mediante l’applicazione del metodo economico del valore attuale netto (VAN), per ottimizzare il tempo di rientro dall’investimento. Le tipologie di intervento proposte sono: 1)Recupero dell’aria di raffreddamento del forno, che scaldandosi a contatto con la piastrella, ha un contenuto entalpico elevato e quindi può essere utilizzata nel reparto di essiccazione. 2)Sostituzione dei bruciatori esistenti ed obsoleti del forno di cottura bicanale con 192 nuovi kit di bruciatori "autorecuperativi". 3)Implementazione di un impianto di cogenerazione costituito da un motore a combustione interna, recuperando i gas esausti e parte dell’acqua del circuito di raffreddamento ad alta temperatura.

Valutazione sperimentale degli effetti della pressione d'iniezione dell'AdBlue sull'efficienza di abbattimento degli NOx nei sistemi SCR

In questo lavoro vengono indagati i benefici dell’aumento della pressione d’iniezione dell’AdBlue nei sistemi SCR. Dopo aver esposto le ipotesi teoriche a supporto della tesi, si passa all’allestimento del veicolo dimostrativo impiegato per l’attività sperimentale. In questa fase viene illustrato tutto il processo di preparazione, che comprende: la messa a punto del circuito idraulico, la caratterizzazione degli iniettori impiegati, la strumentazione della linea di scarico, e il software INCA impiegato per il comando delle centraline. Dopodiché vengono descritti nel dettaglio i test, condotti con il veicolo sperimentale, sul banco a rulli. Attraverso le prove, eseguite su due differenti punti motore, si è potuto dimostrare l’effettivo aumento di efficienza di abbattimento degli NOx, da parte del sistema SCR, all’aumentare della pressione d’iniezione dell’AdBlue. Inoltre si hanno effetti positivi anche in merito al fenomeno dell’ammonia slip, che viene sensibilmente ridotto ai livelli di pressione più alti.

Derivazione di un meccanismo con amplificazione inerziale per lo smorzamento delle vibrazioni

Questa Tesi si occupa di una derivazione di un meccanismo con amplificazione inerziale per lo smorzamento delle vibrazioni, il quale è stato usato come un meccanismo costituente di un oscillatore semplice, ovvero di un modello matematico fondamentale su cui è basata la dinamica strutturale, aumentandogli notevolmente la sua complessità geometrica. Viene studiata la risposta dinamica ottenuta dall’analisi armonica, in quanto lo stesso è soggetto alla forzante passiva. Lo studio del comportamento dinamico ingloba un percorso, il quale parte dalla descrizione matematica dell’equilibrio dinamico, nonché delle condizioni al contorno, tramite l’uso di analisi matriciale delle strutture e del calcolo complesso, e si conclude, derivando le grandezze cinematiche e dinamiche, necessarie affinché si possa determinare, in un modo chiaro e privo di ambiguità, lo stato del sistema dinamico. Il passo successivo risiede nell’analisi analitica e numerica dei risultati ottenuti e anche della visualizzazione grafica ed interpretazione degli stessi. Affinché i risultati possano essere considerati validi, occorre che gli stessi passino la procedura di validazione tramite l’uso degli esempi numerici. Successivamente, i risultati validati vengono confrontati con la stessa tipologia dei risultati derivati per gli oscillatori classici o gli oscillatori di riferimento, il quale comportamento è già noto nell’ambito della dinamica strutturale. La Tesi procede con l’applicazione pratica degli oscillatori per lo smorzamento delle vibrazioni. In particolare si studia la loro capacità di alterare la risposta dinamica complessiva del sistema di cui fanno parte, rispetto al caso in cui la stessa struttura è priva di essi. In fine la Tesi si conclude, mettendo in evidenza i vantaggi e gli svantaggi dell’oscillatore dotato di un meccanismo con amplificazione inerziale rispetto agli altri oscillatori classici.

Analisi e dimensionamento di un prototipo di macchina automatica aggraffatrice

Questo elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di dimensionare un prototipo di macchina aggraffatrice, utilizzata per creare la giunzione tra il fondo del barattolo, il corpo del barattolo stesso e la testa o cupola. La progettazione, in particolare, ha richiesto anche la verifica dei motori necessari alla movimentazione della macchina, con particolare attenzione alla fase di arresto di emergenza, in cui le inerzie in gioco risultano essere elevate e la durata del transitorio molto breve. Viene descritta la macchina nel dettaglio, focalizzandosi sulle principali caratteristiche che la rendono peculiare, procedendo poi con la costruzione di un modello cinematico complessivo, seguita dall’analisi cinematica del sistema. Si focalizza, in seguito, sul transitorio durante l’arresto di emergenza e, di conseguenza, sulla verifica dei motori, riducendo i modelli di ciascun sottogruppo della macchina all’albero motore. Il transitorio di emergenza viene analizzato anche con un secondo metodo, dove il dimensionamento del motore viene verificato con l’utilizzo di un software appositamente studiato per la scelta di servomotori. Confronto dei risultati ottenuti

Two way power flow using GTO thyristors

Two-way power flow is nothing new and has been in practical use using line commutated converters for at least 50 years. With these types of converters, reversal of power flow can be achieved by increasing the firing angle of the devices beyond 90 degrees thus producing a negative DC voltage. Line commutated converters have several known disadvantages including: the direct current cannot be reversed, the power factor decreases when the firing angle increases and the harmonics are high on the line current. To tackle the above problems a forced commutated converter can be used. The power factor can be unity and the harmonics can be reduced. Many researchers have used PWM with different control techniques to serve the above purposes. In each converter arm, they used a forced commutated device with an antiparallel diode. Under the rectification mode of operation the current path is preponderantly through the diodes and under the inverter operation the current flows preponderantly through the forced commutated devices. Although their results were encouraging and gave a unity power factor with nearly sinusoidal current, the main disadvantage was that there were difficulties in controlling the power factor when the system is needed to operate at lagging or leading power factor. In this work, a new idea was introduced by connecting two GTOs antiparallel instead of a diode and a GTO. A single phase system using two GTO converters which are connected in series was built. One converter operates as a rectifier and the other converter operates as an inverter. In the case of the inversion mode and in each inverter arm one GTO is operated as a diode simply by switching it always on and the other antiparallel GTO is operated as a normal device to carry the inverter current. In case of the rectification mode, in each arm one GTO is always off and the other GTP is operated as a controlled device. The main advantage is that the system can be operated at lagging or leading power factor.

Macrophages and lymphocyte responiveness to mitogen

Purified B-cells fail to proliferate in response to the strong thymus-independent (TI) antigen Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence of macrophages (Corbel and Melchers, 1983). The fact that macrophages, or factors derived from them are required is supported by the inability of marginal zone B-cells in infants to respond to highly virulent strains of bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Timens, 1989). This may be due to the lack of CD21 expression on B-cells in infants which could associate with its co-receptor (C3d) on adjacent macrophages. It is not clear whether cell surface contacts and/or soluble products are involved in lymphocyte-macrophage interactions in response to certain antigens. This thesis describes the importance of the macrophage in lymphocyte responses to T-dependent (TD) and TI antigens. The major findings of this thesis were as follows: (1). Macrophages were essential for a full proliferative response to a range of T - and B-cell mitogens and TI-1 and TI-2 antigens, including Concanavalin A, LPS, Pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Dextran sulphate, Phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and Poly[I][C]. (2). A ratio of 1 macrophage to 1000 lymphocytes was sufficient for the mitogens to exert their effects. (3). The optimal conditions were established for the activation of an oxidative burst in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage as measured by luminometry. The order of ability was OpZ >PMA/lonomycin >f-MLP >Con A >DS >PHA >Poly[I][C] >LPS >PWM. Responses were only substantial and protracted with OpZ and PMA. Peritoneal macrophages were the most responsive cells, whereas splenic and alveolar macrophages were significantly less active and no response could be elicited with Kupffer cells, thus demonstrating heterogeneity between macrophages. (4). Activated macrophages that were then fixed with paraformaldehyde were unable to restore mitogenic responsiveness, even with a ratio of 1 macrophage to 5 lymphocytes. (5). Although highly purified T- and B-cells could respond to mitogen provided live macrophages were present, maximum activation was only observed when all 3 cell types were present. (6). Supernatants from purified macrophage cultures treated with a range of activators were able to partially restore lymphocyte responses to mitogen in macrophage-depleted splenocyte cultures, and purified T - and B-cell cultures. In fact supernatants from macrophages treated with LPS for only 30 minutes could restore responsiveness. Supernatants from OpZ treated macrophages were without effect. (7). Macrophage supernatants could not induce proliferation in the absence of mitogen. They therefore provide a co-mitogenic signal required by lymphocytes in order to respond to mitogen. (8). Macrophage product profiles revealed that LPS and Con A-treated macrophage supernatants showed elevated levels of IL-1β, TNF -α L TB4 and TXB2. These products were therefore good candidates as the co-mitogenic factor. The possible inhibitory factors secreted by OpZ-treated macrophages were PGE2, IL-10 and NO. (9). The removal of cytokines, eicosanoids and TNF-α from LPS-treated macrophage supernatants using Cycloheximide, Dexamethasone and an MMPI respectively, resulted in the inability of these supernatants to restore macrophage-depleted lymphocyte responses to mitogen. (10). rIL-1β and rTNF-α are co-mitogenic factors, as macrophage-depleted lymphocytes incubated with rIL-1β and rTNF-α can respond to mitogen.

Mixed-frequency testing of induction machines using inverters

This work has concentrated on the testing of induction machines to determine their temperature rise at full-load without mechanically coupling to a load machine. The achievements of this work are outlined as follows. 1. Four distinct categories of mixed-frequency test using an inverter have been identified by the author. The simulation results of these tests as well as the conventional 2-supply test have been analysed in detail. 2. Experimental work on mixed-frequency tests has been done on a small (4 kW) squirrel cage induction machine using a voltage source PWM inverter. Two out of the four categories of test suggested have been tested and the temperature rise results were found to be similar to the results of a direct loading test. Further, one of the categories of test proposed has been performed on a 3.3 kW slip-ring induction machine for the conformation of the rotor values. 3. A low current supply mixed-frequency test-rig has been proposed. For this purpose, a resonant bank was connected to the DC link of the inverter in order to maintain the exchange of power between the test machine and the resonant bank instead of between the main supply and the test machine. The resonant bank was then replaced with a special electro-mechanical energy storage unit. The current of the main power supply was then reduced in amplitude. 4. A variable inertia test for full load temperature rise testing of induction machines has been introduced. This test is purely mechanical in nature and does not require any electrical connection of the test machine to any other machine. It has the advantage of drawing very little net power from the supply.

Chain-link based HVDC voltage source converter using current injection

VSC converters are becoming more prevalent for HVDC applications. Two circuits are commercially available at present, a traditional six-switch, PWM inverter, implemented using series connected IGBTs - ABBs HVDC Light®, and the other a modular multi-level converter (MMC) - Siemens HVDC-PLUS. This paper presents an alternative MMC topology, which utilises a novel current injection technique, and exhibits several desirable characteristics.

Power conversion and signal transmission integration method based on dual modulation of DC-DC converters

For the development of communication systems such as Internet of Things, integrating communication with power supplies is an attractive solution to reduce supply cost. This paper presents a novel method of power/signal dual modulation (PSDM), by which signal transmission is integrated with power conversion. This method takes advantage of the intrinsic ripple initiated in switch mode power supplies as signal carriers, by which cost-effective communications can be realized. The principles of PSDM are discussed, and two basic dual modulation methods (specifically PWM/FSK and PWM/PSK) are concluded. The key points of designing a PWM/FSK system, including topology selection, carrier shape, and carrier frequency, are discussed to provide theoretical guidelines. A practical signal modulation-demodulation method is given, and a prototype system provides experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

Three-port DC-DC converter for stand-alone photovoltaic systems

System efficiency and cost effectiveness are of critical importance for photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper addresses the two issues by developing a novel three-port dc-dc converter for stand-alone PV systems, based on an improved Flyback-Forward topology. It provides a compact single-unit solution with a combined feature of optimized maximum power point tracking (MPPT), high step-up ratio, galvanic isolation, and multiple operating modes for domestic and aerospace applications. A theoretical analysis is conducted to analyze the operating modes followed by simulation and experimental work. This paper is focused on a comprehensive modulation strategy utilizing both PWM and phase-shifted control that satisfies the requirement of PV power systems to achieve MPPT and output voltage regulation. A 250-W converter was designed and prototyped to provide experimental verification in term of system integration and high conversion efficiency.

Protótipo de rastreador solar de um eixo baseado em microcontrolador

The increase in the efficiency of photo-voltaic systems has been the object of various studies the past few years. One possible way to increase the power extracted by a photovoltaic panel is the solar tracking, performing its movement in order to follow the sun’s path. One way to activate the tracking system is using an electric induction motor, which should have sufficient torque and low speed, ensuring tracking accuracy. With the use of voltage source inverters and logic devices that generate the appropriate switching is possible to obtain the torque and speed required for the system to operate. This paper proposes the implementation of a angular position sensor and a driver to be applied in solar tracker built at a Power Electronics and Renewable Energies Laboratory, located in UFRN. The speed variation of the motor is performed via a voltage source inverter whose PWM command to actuate their keys will be implemented in an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) device and a TM4C microcontroller. A platform test with an AC induction machine of 1.5 CV was assembled for the comparative testing. The angular position sensor of the panel is implemented in a ATMega328 microcontroller coupled to an accelerometer, commanded by an Arduino prototyping board. The solar position is also calculated by the microcontroller from the geographic coordinates of the site where it was placed, and the local time and date obtained from an RTC (Real-Time Clock) device. A prototype of a solar tracker polar axis moved by a DC motor was assembled to certify the operation of the sensor and to check the tracking efficiency.