Financial crises in "successful" emerging economies

Includes bibliography

O papel da espacialidade em Quatrevingt-treize de Victor Hugo: um romance histórico à espreita dos espaços monárquicos e revolucionários

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A espacialidade no romance histórico francês no século XIX: Balzac, Hugo e Elémir

Pós-graduação em Estudos Literários - FCLAR

Experimental investigation of the reactions 25 Mg(alpha,n)28 Si, 26 Mg(alpha,n)29 Si, 18 O(alpha,n)21 Ne and their impact on stellar nucleosynthesis

In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Kernreaktionen 25Mg(alpha,n)28Si, 26Mg(alpha,n)29Si und 18O(alpha,n)21Ne im astrophysikalisch interessanten Energiebereich von E alpha = 1000 keV bis E alpha = 2450 keV untersucht.rnrnDie Experimente wurden am Nuclear Structure Laboratory der University of Notre Dame (USA) mit dem vor Ort befindlichen Van-de-Graaff Beschleuniger KN durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden Festkörpertargets mit evaporiertem Magnesium oder anodisiertem Sauerstoff mit alpha-Teilchen beschossen und die freigesetzten Neutronen untersucht. Zum Nachweis der freigesetzten Neutronen wurde mit Hilfe von Computersimulationen ein Neutrondetektor basierend auf rn3He-Zählrohren konstruiert. Weiterhin wurden aufgrund des verstärkten Auftretens von Hintergrundreaktionen verschiedene Methoden zur Datenanalyse angewendet.rnrnAbschliessend wird mit Hilfe von Netzwerkrechnungen der Einfluss der Reaktionen 25Mg(alpha,n)28Si, 26Mg(alpha,n)29Si und 18O(alpha,n)21Ne auf die stellare Nukleosynthese untersucht.rn

Governor Tom Judge: Early Years - The Path to Becoming Montana's 18th Governor -- Sidney Armstrong, Larry Pettit & Kent Kleinkopf “In the Crucible of Change”

The dramatic period of progressive change in Montana that is documented "In the Crucible of Change" series really exploded with the election of Governors Forrest Anderson and Tom Judge. Anderson's single term saw the dispatching of the sales tax as an issue for a long period, the reorganization of the executive branch of state government and the revision of Montana's Constitution. As a former legislator, county attorney, Supreme Court justice, and Attorney General, Anderson brought unmatched experience to the governorship when elected. Tom Judge, although much younger (elected MT’s youngest governor at age 38 immediately following Anderson), also brought serious experience to the governorship: six years as a MT State Representative, two years as a MT State Senator, four years is Lieutenant Governor and significant business experience. The campaign and election of John F. Kennedy in 1960 spurred other young Americans to service, including Tom Judge. First elected in 1960, he rose rapidly through MT’s political-governmental hierarchy until he took over the governorship in time to implement many of the changes started in Governor Anderson’s term. But as a strong progressive leader in his own right, Governor Judge sponsored and implemented significant advancements of his own for Montana. Those accomplishments, however, are the subject of other films in this series. This film deals with Tom Judge’s early years – his rise to the governorship from when he returned home after college at Notre Dame and newspaper experience in Kentucky to his actual election in November 1972. That story is discussed in this episode by three major players in the effort, all directly involved in Tom Judge’s early years and path to the governorship: Sidney Armstrong, Larry Pettit and Kent Kleinkopf. Their recollections of the early Tom Judge and the period of his advancement to the governorship provide an insider’s perspective of the growth of this significant leader of the important period of progressive change documented “In the Crucible of Change.” Sidney Armstrong, President of Sidney Armstrong Consulting, serves on the board and as the Executive Director of the Greater Montana Foundation. Formerly Executive Director of the Montana Community Foundation (MCF), she has served on national committees and participated in national foundation initiatives. While at MCF, she worked extensively with MT Governors Racicot and Martz on the state charitable endowment tax credit and other endowed philanthropy issues. A member of MT Governor Thomas L. Judge’s staff in the 1970s, she was also part of Governor Brian Schweitzer’s 2004 Transition Team, continuing to serve as a volunteer advisor during his term. In the 1980s, Sidney also worked for the MT State AFL-CIO and the MT Democratic Party as well as working two sessions with the MT Senate as Assistant Secretary of the Senate and aide to the President. A Helena native, and great granddaughter of pioneer Montanans, Sidney has served on numerous nonprofit boards, and is currently a board member for the Montana History Foundation. Recently she served on the board of the Holter Museum of Art and was a Governor’s appointee to the Humanities Montana board. She is a graduate of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland and the University of Montana. Armstrong's Irish maternal immigrant great-grandparents, Thomas and Maria Cahill Cooney, came to Virginia City, MT in a covered wagon in 1865, looking for gold. Eventually, they settled on the banks of the Missouri River outside Helena as ranchers. She also has roots in Butte, MT, where her journalist father's family, both of whom were newspaper people, lived. Her father, Richard K. O’Malley, is also the author of a well-known book about Butte, Mile High, Mile Deep, recently re-published by Russell Chatham. She is the mother of four and the grandmother of eight. Dr. Lawrence K. Pettit (Larry Pettit) (b. 5/2/1937) has had a dual career in politics and higher education. In addition to being Montana’s first Commissioner of Higher Education (the subject of another film in this series); Pettit, of Lewistown, served as legislative assistant to U.S. Senators James E. Murray and Lee Metcalf, campaign manager, head of transition team and assistant to Montana Governor Thomas L. Judge; taught political science at The Pennsylvania State University (main campus), was chair of political science at Montana State University, Deputy Commissioner for Academic Programs at the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Chancellor of the University System of South Texas (since merged with Texas A&M University), President of Southern Illinois University, and President of Indiana University of Pennsylvania from where he retired in 2003. He has served as chair of the Commission on Leadership for the American Council on Education, president of the National Association of (University) System Heads, and on many national and state boards and commissions in higher education. Pettit is author of “If You Live by the Sword: Politics in the Making and Unmaking of a University President.” More about Pettit is found at http://www.lawrencekpettit.com… Kent Kleinkopf of Missoula is co-founder of a firm with a national scope of business that specializes in litigation consultation, expert vocational testimony, and employee assistance programs. His partner (and wife of 45 years) Kathy, is an expert witness in the 27 year old business. Kent received a BA in History/Education from the University of Idaho and an MA in Economics from the University of Utah. The Kleinkopfs moved to Helena, MT in 1971 where he was Assistant to the Commissioner of State Lands (later Governor) Ted Schwinden. In early 1972 Kent volunteered full time in Lt. Governor Tom Judge’s campaign for Governor, driving the Lt. Governor extensively throughout Montana. After Judge was elected governor, Kent briefly joined the staff of Governor Forrest Anderson, then in 1973 transitioned to Judge’s Governor’s Office staff, where he became Montana’s first “Citizens’ Advocate.” In that capacity he fielded requests for assistance from citizens with concerns and information regarding State Agencies. While on the Governor’s staff, Kent continued as a travel aide with the governor both in Montana and nationally. In 1977 Kent was appointed Director of the MT Department of Business Regulation. That role included responsibility as Superintendent of Banking and Chairman of the State Banking Board, where Kent presided over the chartering of many banks, savings and loans, and credit unions. In 1981 the Kleinkopfs moved to Missoula and went into the business they run today. Kent was appointed by Governor Brian Schweitzer to the Board of the Montana Historical Society in 2006, was reappointed and continues to serve. Kathy and Kent have a daughter and son-in-law in Missoula.

Razor Thin Win: The 1972 Constitution Ballot, Campaign, Ratification & the Courts -- Mae Nan (Robinson) Ellingson & Mick McKeon “In the Crucible of Change”

Beyond the challenge of crafting a new state Constitution that empowered the people and modernized and opened up state and local government in Montana, the Constitutional Convention delegates, as they signed the final document, looked forward to the arduous task of getting it ratified by the electorate in a short ten week period between the end of the convention on March 24 and the ratification election of June 6, 1972. While all 100 delegates signed the draft Constitution, not all supported its adoption. But the planning about how to get it adopted went back to the actions of the Convention itself, which carefully crafted a ballot that kept “hot political issues” from potentially killing the entire document at the polls. As a result, three side issues were presented to the electorate on the ballot. People could vote for or against those side issues and still vote to ratify the entire document. Thus, the questions of legalizing gambling, having a unicameral legislature and retaining the death penalty were placed separately on the ballot (gambling passed, as did the retention of the death penalty, but the concept of a one-house legislature was defeated). Once the ballot structure was set, delegates who supported the new Constitution organized a grassroots, locally focused effort to secure ratification – thought hampered by a MT Supreme Court decision on April 28 that they could not expend $45,000 in public monies that they had set aside for voter education. They cobbled together about $10,000 of private money and did battle with the established political forces, led by the MT Farm Bureau, MT Stockgrowers’ Assn. and MT Contractors Assn., on the question of passage. Narrow passage of the main document led to an issue over certification and a Montana Supreme Court case challenging the ratification vote. After a 3-2 State Supreme Court victory, supporters of the Constitution then had to defend the election results again before the federal courts, also a successful effort. Montana finally had a new progressive State Constitution that empowered the people, but the path to it was not clear and simple and the win was razor thin. The story of that razor thin win is discussed in this chapter by the two youngest delegates to the 1972 Constitutional Convention, Mae Nan Ellingson of Missoula and Mick McKeon, then of Anaconda. Both recognized “Super Lawyers in their later professional practices were also significant players in the Constitutional Convention itself and actively participated in its campaign for ratification. As such, their recollections of the effort provide an insider’s perspective of the struggle to change Montana for the better through the creation and adoption of a new progressive state Constitution “In the Crucible of Change.” Mae Nan (Robinson) Ellingson was born Mae Nan Windham in Mineral Wells, TX and graduated from Mineral Wells High School in 1965 and Weatherford College in Weatherford, TX in 1967. Mae Nan was the youngest delegate at the 1972 Convention from Missoula. She moved to Missoula in 1967 and received her BA in Political Science with Honors from the University of MT in 1970. She was a young widow known by her late husband’s surname of Robinson while attending UM graduate school under the tutelage of noted Professor Ellis Waldron when he persuaded her to run for the Constitutional Convention. Coming in a surprising second in the delegate competition in Missoula County she was named one of the Convention’s “Ten Outstanding Constitutional Convention Delegates,” an impressive feat at such a young age. She was 24 at the time, the youngest person to serve at the ConCon, and one of 19 women out of 100 delegates. In the decade before the Convention, there were never more than three women Legislators in any session, usually one or two. She was a member of the American Association of University Women, a Pi Sigma Alpha political science honorary, and a Phi Alpha Theta historical honorary. At the Convention, she led proposals for the state's bill of rights, particularly related to equal rights for women. For years, Ellingson kept a copy of the preamble to the Constitution hanging in her office; while all the delegates had a chance to vote on the wording, she and delegate Bob Campbell are credited with the language in the preamble. During the convention, she had an opportunity that opened the door to her later career as an attorney. A convention delegate suggested to her that she should go to law school. Several offered to help, but at the time she couldn't go to school. Her mom had died in Texas, and she ended up with a younger brother and sister to raise in Missoula. She got a job teaching, but about a year later, intrigued with the idea of pursuing the law as a career, she called the man back to ask about the offer. Eventually another delegate, Dave Drum of Billings, sponsored her tuition at the UM School of Law. After receiving her JD with Honors (including the Law Review and Moot Court) from the UM Law School Ellingson worked for the Missoula city attorney's office for six years (1977-83), and she took on landmark projects. During her tenure, Missoula became the first city to issue open space bonds, a project that introduced her to Dorsey & Whitney. The city secured its first easement on Mount Sentinel, and it created the trail along the riverfront with a mix of playing fields and natural vegetation. She also helped develop a sign ordinance for the city of Missoula. She ended up working as bond counsel for Dorsey & Whitney, and she opened up the firm's full-fledged Missoula office after commuting a couple of years to its Great Falls office. She was a partner at Dorsey Whitney, working there from 1983 until her retirement in 2012. The area of law she practiced there is a narrow specialty - it requires knowledge of constitutional law, state and local government law, and a slice of federal tax law - but for Ellingson it meant working on great public projects – schools, sewer systems, libraries, swimming pools, ire trucks. At the state level, she helped form the Montana Municipal Insurance Authority, a pooled insurance group for cities. She's shaped MT’s tax increment law, and she was a fixture in the MT Legislature when they were debating equal rights. As a bond lawyer, though, Ellingson considers her most important work for the state to be setting up the Intercap Program that allowed local governments to borrow money from the state at a low interest rate. She has been a frequent speaker at the League of Cities and Towns, the Montana Association of Counties, and the Rural Water Users Association workshops on topics related to municipal finance, as well as workshops sponsored by the DNRC, the Water and Sewer Agencies Coordination Team, and the Montana State University Local Government Center. In 2002, she received an outstanding service award from the Montana Rural Water Users Association. In addition to being considered an expert on Montana state and constitutional law, local government law and local government finance, she is a frequent teacher at the National Association of Bond Lawyers (NABL) Fundamentals of Municipal Bond Law Seminar and the NABL Bond Attorney’s Workshop. For over 30 years Mae Nan has participated in the drafting of legislation in Montana for state and local finance matters. She has served on the Board of Directors of NABL, as Chairman of its Education Committee, was elected as an initial fellow in 1995 to the American College of Bond Counsel, and was recognized as a Super Lawyer in the Rocky Mountain West. Mae Nan was admitted to practice before the MT and US Supreme Courts, was named one of “America’s Leading Business Lawyers” by Chambers USA (Rank 1), a Mountain States Super Lawyer in 2007 and is listed in Best Lawyers in America; she is a member and former Board Member of NABL, a Fellow of the American College of Bond Counsel and a member of the Board of Visitors of the UM Law School. Mae Nan is also a philanthropist who serves on boards and applies her intelligence to many organizations, such as the Missoula Art Museum. [Much of this biography was drawn from a retirement story in the Missoulian and the Dorsey Whitney web site.] Mick McKeon, born in Anaconda in 1946, is a 4th generation Montanan whose family roots in this state go back to the 1870’s. In 1968 he graduated from Notre Dame with a BA in Communications and received a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Montana Law School in 1971. Right after graduating from law school, Mick was persuaded by his father, longtime State Senator Luke McKeon, and his uncle, Phillips County Attorney Willis McKeon, to run for delegate to Montana’s Constitutional Convention and was elected to represent Deer Lodge, Philipsburg, Powell, and part of Missoula Counties. Along with a coalition of delegates from Butte and Anaconda, he fought through the new Constitution to eliminate the legal strangle hold, often called “the copper collar,” that corporate interests -- the Anaconda Company and its business & political allies -- had over state government for nearly 100 years. The New York Times called Montana’s Constitutional Convention a “prairie revolution.” After helping secure the ratification of the new Constitution, Mick began his practice of law in Anaconda where he engaged in general practice for nearly 20 years. Moving to Butte in 1991, Mick focused has practice in personal injury law, representing victims of negligence and corporate wrongdoing in both Montana district courts and federal court. As such, he participated in some of the largest cases in the history of the state. In 1992 he and his then law partner Rick Anderson obtained a federal court verdict of $11.5 million -- the largest verdict in MT for many years. Mick’s efforts on behalf of injured victims have been recognized by many legal organizations and societies. Recently, Mick was invited to become a member of the International Academy of Trial Lawyers - 600 of the top lawyers in the world. Rated as an American Super Lawyer, he has continuously been named one of the Best Lawyers in America, and an International Assn. of Trial Lawyers top 100 Trial Lawyer. In 2005, he was placed as one of Montana’s top 4 Plaintiff’s lawyers by Law Dragon. Mick is certified as a civil trial specialist by the National Board of Trial Advocacy and has the highest rating possible from Martindale-Hubble. Mick was awarded the Montana Trial Lawyers Public Service Award and provided pro bono assistance to needy clients for his entire career. Mick’s law practice, which he now shares with his son Michael, is limited to representing individuals who have been injured in accidents, concentrating on cases against insurance companies, corporations, medical providers and hospitals. Mick resides in Butte with his wife Carol, a Butte native. Mick, Carol, Michael and another son, Matthew, who graduated from Dartmouth College and was recently admitted to the Montana bar, enjoy as much of their time together in Butte and at their place on Flathead Lake.

Bóvedas sexpartitas : los orígenes del gótico

Uno de los capítulos más interesantes del gótico europeo lo constituyen las bóvedas sexpartitas, sin lugar a dudas una de las bóvedas más singulares jamás creadas dentro de este estilo. Las primeras bóvedas góticas, en cruce de ojivas y de planta cuadrada, limitaban su uso a espacios relativamente pequeños, pero ante la necesidad de cubrir espacios de considerables dimensiones, apareció una nueva bóveda de características muy peculiares; la sexpartita. Esta bóveda en cruce de ojivas está reforzada por el centro con un arco paralelo a los arcos fajones que la divide por la mitad y que fragmenta el arco formero en dos, creando una pareja de ventanales en cada lado. La sencilla superficie en bóveda de arista, en el origen de las bóvedas de crucería, se complica extraordinariamente creando una volumetría de gran complejidad con seis cuarteles de plementería y con seis apoyos de distinto tamaño, cuatros esquineros y dos centrales más pequeños. Las dificultades que implica la construcción de este tipo de bóvedas explican quizás su abandono prematuro y la vuelta a la bóveda de crucería simple, ahora de tramos rectangulares. No obstante, a pesar de su corta existencia, la bóveda sexpartita fue la gran protagonista de los inicios del gótico y con ella se llevaron a cabo importantes abovedamientos, desde Inglaterra hasta Rumanía. La disciplina de la Historia de la Construcción se vio extraordinariamente favorecida por los estudios realizados en el siglo XIX, sin embargo su investigación se abandona durante el siglo XX para ser recuperada recientemente. Viollet-le-Duc, a finales del s. XIX, hace una sucinta explicación de este tipo de bóvedas. También Auguste Choisy, más tarde, dedica unas páginas a la bóveda sexpartita francesa; desde entonces, este tema, ha merecido escasísimas referencias en los estudios posteriores. Esta investigación se enmarca en este contexto y pretende poner de manifiesto los conocimientos geométricos y constructivos que hicieron posible la realización de las bóvedas sexpartitas europeas. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo la investigación de las principales bóvedas en Europa occidental; Francia, España, Inglaterra, Alemania, Suiza e Italia. Su estudio comparativo nos ha permitido poner de manifiesto sus características constructivas comunes y aquellos aspectos propios de cada país, así como algunos de los canales de comunicación que permitieron la expansión de esta arquitectura. Las nuevas tecnologías de medición, el escáner láser, la estación total, la fotogrametría, etc., han supuesto una revolución para la documentación y restauración del Patrimonio y un salto cualitativo formidable para el análisis de las bóvedas góticas, permitiendo estudios de la arquitectura histórica hasta ahora inabordables. Para realizar el análisis de las bóvedas sexpartitas europeas se ha llevado a cabo un levantamiento exhaustivo de las mismas, lo que ha permitido definir su despiece, obteniendo la forma de la talla de cada uno de los elementos constructivos que la componen; jarjas, dovelas, claves y plementería. La obtención de estos datos nos ha permitido abordar un profundo estudio de su estereotomía y construcción, aportando datos inéditos hasta el momento. Por otro lado se ha llevado a cabo la detección y catalogación de las principales bóvedas sexpartitas que aún se conservan en Europa. Los estudios realizados nos permiten afirmar que la bóveda sexpartita surge en Francia en la segunda mitad del siglo XII, utilizándose en las principales catedrales francesas, como Notre Dame de Paris, Bourges o Laon. A comienzos del siglo XIII cae en desuso en Francia y comienza su expansión por el resto de Europa, donde se abandona medio siglo después, desapareciendo definitivamente del gótico europeo. Mientras que los ejemplos que datan del siglo XII muestran soluciones escasamente desarrolladas y propias del románico, las bóvedas construidas en el siglo XIII muestran soluciones enormemente complejas, con grandes jarjamentos e inteligentes estrategias constructivas y geométricas que permiten la simplificación de sus estructuras auxiliares y una mayor libertad en su diseño. Estas bóvedas son el reflejo del desarrollo de la estereotomía gótica en sus comienzos por lo que su estudio nos ha permitido conocer el desarrollo y la evolución del gótico primitivo en Europa. ABSTRACT One of the most interesting chapters of European Gothic is the sexpartite vault, without doubt one of the most remarkable vaults ever created within this style. The first Gothic vaults, with crossed ribs on a square base, were restricted to relatively small areas, but a new vault, with very particular characteristics emerged to address the need to cover spaces of considerable size; the sexpartite vault. This cross-ribbed vault is reinforced in the centre by an arch that runs parallel to the transverse arches, divides the vault in half and splits the wall arch in two, creating a pair of windows, one on each side. The simple groin vault surface, the source of ribbed vaults, was greatly complicated creating a highly complex volume with six sections of severies and with six supports of different sizes, four on the corners and two smaller central ones. The construction difficulties involved in building this type of vault may explain its premature abandonment and a return to the simple cross-ribbed vault, now in rectangular sections. However, despite its brief existence, the sexpartite vault was the great protagonist of the beginnings of Gothic architecture and important vaulting was built using this system from England to Romania. Studies undertaken in the 19th century helped the History of Construction as a discipline tremendously. Research was abandoned during the twentieth century however, and has only recently been taken up again. Towards the end of the 19th century, Viollet-le-Duc gave a brief description of this type of vault. Later, Auguste de Choisy also devoted some pages to the French sexpartite vault; since then, later studies have made very few references to it. Against this background, this research now attempts to bring to light the knowledge of geometry and construction that made the construction of the European sexpartite vault possible. To this end, the main vaults in Western Europe - France, Spain, England, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, have been studied. By making a comparative study we have been able to reveal the common construction features and those that are specific to each country, as well as some of the channels of communication that enabled this architecture to spread. New measuring technologies, the laser scanner, total station, photogrammetry, etc., have given rise to a revolution in heritage documentation and restoration, as well as facilitating a huge qualitative leap for the analysis of Gothic vaults, enabling studies of historical architecture that until now were inaccessible. A comprehensive survey was carried out to be able to analyse European sexpartite vaults. We could thus create an exploded view, which enabled us to obtain the form of each of the elements; tas-de-charges, voussoirs, keystones and severies. The data gathered provided previously unknown facts that enabled us to make an in-depth study of stereotomy and construction. Furthermore, the main sexpartite vaults still preserved in Europe have been identified and categorised. The studies undertaken allowed us to affirm that the sexpartite vault appeared in France in the second half of the twelfth century, being used in the main French cathedrals, such as Notre Dame de Paris, Bourges or Laon. At the beginning of the thirteenth century it fell into disuse in France and began to expand throughout the rest of Europe, where it was abandoned half a century later, disappearing from European Gothic for good. While the examples dating back to the 12th century display poorly developed solutions more characteristic of the Romanesque, the vaults built in the 13th century reveal enormously complex solutions, with large tas-de-charges and intelligent construction and geometric strategies that allowed auxiliary support structures to be simplified, and gave more freedom to design. These vaults reflect the beginnings of Gothic stereotomy and by studying them we have been able to learn more about the development and evolution of Early Gothic architecture in Europe.

Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns.

no.7

The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba,

no.1

Flora of Illinois, containing keys for the identification of the flowering plants and ferns, by George Neville Jones ...

no.2

A manual of the mosses of western Pennsylvania and adjacent regions.

no.6

Woody plants of the western national parks; containing keys for the identification of trees and shrubs, by Virginia Long Bailey and Harold Edwards Bailey.

no.4

The mosquitoes of the southern United States east of Oklahoma and Texas, by Stanley J. Carpenter ... Woodrow W. Middlekauff ... and Roy W. Chamberlain ...

no.3