1000 resultados para Padrões de interface


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Technological innovations, the development of the internet, and globalization have increased the number and complexity of web applications. As a result, keeping web user interfaces understandable and usable (in terms of ease-of-use, effectiveness, and satisfaction) is a challenge. As part of this, designing userintuitive interface signs (i.e., the small elements of web user interface, e.g., navigational link, command buttons, icons, small images, thumbnails, etc.) is an issue for designers. Interface signs are key elements of web user interfaces because ‘interface signs’ act as a communication artefact to convey web content and system functionality, and because users interact with systems by means of interface signs. In the light of the above, applying semiotic (i.e., the study of signs) concepts on web interface signs will contribute to discover new and important perspectives on web user interface design and evaluation. The thesis mainly focuses on web interface signs and uses the theory of semiotic as a background theory. The underlying aim of this thesis is to provide valuable insights to design and evaluate web user interfaces from a semiotic perspective in order to improve overall web usability. The fundamental research question is formulated as What do practitioners and researchers need to be aware of from a semiotic perspective when designing or evaluating web user interfaces to improve web usability? From a methodological perspective, the thesis follows a design science research (DSR) approach. A systematic literature review and six empirical studies are carried out in this thesis. The empirical studies are carried out with a total of 74 participants in Finland. The steps of a design science research process are followed while the studies were designed and conducted; that includes (a) problem identification and motivation, (b) definition of objectives of a solution, (c) design and development, (d) demonstration, (e) evaluation, and (f) communication. The data is collected using observations in a usability testing lab, by analytical (expert) inspection, with questionnaires, and in structured and semi-structured interviews. User behaviour analysis, qualitative analysis and statistics are used to analyze the study data. The results are summarized as follows and have lead to the following contributions. Firstly, the results present the current status of semiotic research in UI design and evaluation and highlight the importance of considering semiotic concepts in UI design and evaluation. Secondly, the thesis explores interface sign ontologies (i.e., sets of concepts and skills that a user should know to interpret the meaning of interface signs) by providing a set of ontologies used to interpret the meaning of interface signs, and by providing a set of features related to ontology mapping in interpreting the meaning of interface signs. Thirdly, the thesis explores the value of integrating semiotic concepts in usability testing. Fourthly, the thesis proposes a semiotic framework (Semiotic Interface sign Design and Evaluation – SIDE) for interface sign design and evaluation in order to make them intuitive for end users and to improve web usability. The SIDE framework includes a set of determinants and attributes of user-intuitive interface signs, and a set of semiotic heuristics to design and evaluate interface signs. Finally, the thesis assesses (a) the quality of the SIDE framework in terms of performance metrics (e.g., thoroughness, validity, effectiveness, reliability, etc.) and (b) the contributions of the SIDE framework from the evaluators’ perspective.

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A fim de contribuir para o conhecimento dos padrões de distribuição de Paspalum, este estudo trata da distribuição das espécies que ocorrem em Pernambuco. Para isto foi realizada uma intensa revisão de literatura, de coleções depositadas em diversos herbários e de bancos de dados disponíveis na internet, além de coletas no estado de Pernambuco. As 31 espécies analisadas foram classificadas em dois padrões de distribuição: amplo, com 29 espécies e restrito, com duas espécies. As espécies do padrão restrito têm sua distribuição na região Nordeste do Brasil, sendo uma endêmica ao domínio do semi-árido e outra, até o momento só registrada para a costa atlântica do Brasil. O padrão de distribuição amplo pode ser subdividido em dois grupos, contínuo e disjunto, os quais por sua vez foram classificados em três subgrupos: americano, centro-sulamericano e sulamericano. Discute-se a importância desta análise para melhor compreender as origens da flora pernambucana.

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Uma análise de distribuição geográfica de Chamaecrista sect. Chamaecrista ser. Coriaceae foi realizada com base em mapas atualizados plotando as ocorrências conhecidas de 27 táxons (20 espécies) da série. Apenas uma espécie ocorre na região do Caribe, nas Bahamas, C. caribaea (Northr.) Britton, enquanto todas as demais estão presentes no principal centro de diversidade, a Cadeia do Espinhaço, exibindo dois padrões principais: 1) ocorrência contínua ou disjunta ao longo da Cadeia do Espinhaço e áreas adjacentes ou disjuntas e 2) espécies endêmicas da porção sul dessa formação montanhosa. Entre as disjunções, destacam-se três espécies, uma ocorrendo no Espinhaço e em serras do "Arco de Brasília" até Goiás (C. cardiostegia H. S. Irwin & Barneby), uma no Espinhaço e no Espírito Santo (C. mucronata (C. Sprengel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) e outra centrada no Espinhaço e no Planalto das Guianas (C. roraimae (Benth.) Gleason). Os padrões de distribuição geográfica são discutidos com base em dados obtidos sobre outros grupos de angiospermas e uma análise realizada anteriormente com cinco espécies da série. Os resultados demonstram uma concentração de espécies restrita a regiões de altitude situadas no Domínio do Cerrado, corroborando o alto grau de endemismo já documentado em outros grupos na região. Essa análise constitui um primeiro passo para possibilitar estudos visando à compreensão dos processos responsáveis pela diversificação do grupo no cerrado, sobretudo em áreas elevadas.

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Este trabalho objetivou identificar padrões de identidade e qualidade de vinagres e quantificar a presença de compostos fenólicos totais em vinagres produzidos a partir de frutas e vegetais. Analisaram-se, em triplicata, vinagres de cana-de-açúcar, cana-de-açúcar com milho, kiwi, laranja, laranja com mel, maçã, arroz, manga, maracujá, milho, tangerina, tangerina com milho, vinagre de vinho tinto e vinagre de vinho branco. Foram realizadas análises de extrato seco, densidade, acidez volátil, pH, cinzas, grau alcoólico, açúcares redutores e polifenóis totais. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias destes ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5%. Houve correlação estatística entre extrato seco e densidade. Todas as amostras apresentaram valores de 0% de álcool. A presença do mel na formulação do vinagre de laranja com mel (43,27 mg EAG 100.mL-1) contribuiu para o aumento do conteúdo de polifenóis totais em relação ao de laranja (28,83 mg EAG.100 mL-1) em 50%. O fermentado de laranja com mel apresentou teor de polifenóis totais (43,27 mg EAG.100 mL-1) maior que o vinagre de vinho tinto (31,86 mg EAG.100 mL-1), assim como os de laranja e tangerina (34,36 mg EAG.100 mL-1). Conclui-se que houve diferenças entre as amostras para os parâmetros analisados e que os fermentados acéticos de laranja com mel, laranja e tangerina apresentam maior conteúdo de polifenóis totais que o de vinho tinto.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os padrões de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida das hordeínas e isoenzimas de cinco cultivares brasileiras de cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.): Embrapa 43, Embrapa 127, Embrapa 128, Embrapa 129 e BR 2, visando a identificação das cultivares. A uniformidade (homogeneidade) desses padrões também foi determinada por meio da análise individual de 90 amostras de sementes de cada cultivar. A maioria das cultivares foi prontamente discriminada pelos eletroforegramas de hordeínas. Três cultivares apresentaram padrões únicos de hordeínas, enquanto as outras duas (Embrapa 128 e BR 2) apresentaram padrões diferentes de esterases (EC 3.1.1.1). As medidas de similaridade calculadas a partir dos dados de hordeínas e esterases conjugados, utilizando o coeficiente de Jaccard, possibilitaram discriminar todas as cultivares e biótipos encontrados. A cultivar Embrapa 43 apresentou dois biótipos bem definidos de hordeínas e esterases. A variação do perfil de hordeínas nessa cultivar foi diretamente relacionada com a variação nos zimogramas de esterase. Essa relação não foi observada em todas as cultivares que apresentaram biótipos. Pode-se constatar que a análise de dados de eletroforese de hordeínas e esterases em conjunto é um método útil para a identificação de cultivares de cevada.

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Importantes mudanças fisiológicas e bioquímicas têm sido estudadas em sementes de milho submetidas a alta temperatura de secagem. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da secagem a alta temperatura nos padrões eletroforéticos da enzima a -amilase em sementes de linhagens, de híbridos simples e respectivos recíprocos. As sementes foram colhidas com teor de água de aproximadamente 35% e secadas a 45º C. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de cada material foi avaliada pelo teste de germinação e a enzima alfa-amilase foi extraída de sementes germinadas, em tampão Tris-HCl 0,2 M. Sementes das linhagens secadas à sombra foram utilizadas como testemunha. Os perfis isoenzimáticos para a alfa-amilase revelaram uma maior intensidade de banda para as sementes das linhagens e de híbridos tolerantes a alta temperatura de secagem. Para as linhagens tolerantes a alta temperatura de secagem nenhuma diferença foi observada na atividade da enzima nas sementes secadas à sombra e artificialmente, o que já não ocorreu para as linhagens intolerantes, para as quais maior atividade foi verificada para as sementes secadas naturalmente. Foram observadas ainda diferenças na atividade da enzima alfa-amilase em sementes híbridas e nas dos seus respectivos recíprocos.

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Considerando a legislação sobre sementes e mudas, Lei n° 10.711, de 05 de agosto de 2003 e o Decreto n° 5.153, de 23 de julho de 2004, a REDE SEMENTE SUL reuniu um grupo de trabalho para discutir e elaborar documento com objetivo de levantar e analisar dados de pesquisa e apresentar proposta para padrões de germinação, teor de água de sementes e prazo de validade dos testes de germinação para 27 espécies florestais nativas do sul do Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos nos registros de análises de sementes dos últimos 25 anos da Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária - FEPAGRO, somado às informações obtidas nos últimos cinco anos da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul - FZB/RS. Adotou-se como critério de confiança na seleção das espécies, resultados de germinação obtidos de, no mínimo, dez lotes ao longo do período de armazenamento. Para estabelecer os padrões de germinação (Pg), ou seja, valor mínimo de germinação para certificação do lote, utilizou-se como base o cálculo das médias (µ) e seus respectivos desvios padrões (DP) através da seguinte fórmula: Pg = µ - DP. Para os valores críticos de teor de água (U%) das sementes, adotou-se critérios distintos conforme comportamento das sementes em relação a sua tolerância à dessecação: sementes ortodoxas (U% máxima = µ + DP; sementes recalcitrantes: U% mínima = µ - DP; sementes classe intermediária: U% mín = µ - DP e U% máx = µ + DP). O levantamento de dados históricos nos arquivos da Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO) e Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande so Sul (FZB/RS) permitiu estabelecer propostas para padrões de germinação, teor de água e prazo de validade do teste de germinação, para 27 espécies florestais nativas do bioma floresta atlântica na região sul do Brasil.

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Public servant wages represent a significant part of Brazilian state governments' current expenses. Based on the literature, this paper has tried to identify which states practice efficient, compensatory or appropriation wage politics through the estimation of public-private wage differentials. The differential of salaries was calculated between 1995 and 2004 following the Oaxaca's technique. The results show that the wage policy of an important number of states has had efficiency and a numerous part of the North and the Northeast states have developed compensatory politics. The Federal District and Roraima practiced a wage policy characterized by explicit appropriation.

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Marketing and finance are both facing challenges in the constantly changing business environment. Finance is challenged to change its role from cost control to value-adding business partner while marketing needs to be able to demonstrate its accountability so how it contributes to firm performance. Finance is the key partner for marketing to prove its impact by helping marketing to measure its actions. By doing so, finance can also emphasize its business partner role. There is not a lot of research conducted of the relationship between marketing and finance departments. The aim of this study is to investigate how the professional differences of marketing and finance and their forms of cooperation affect marketing performance measurement. Literature of marketing and finance disciplines, their cooperation, performance implications of their interface as well as the roles of marketing performance measurement, performance measurement system and measures were reviewed. This research was conducted as a qualitative case study among senior management of marketing and finance in the sporting goods company. The data collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and secondary data was described and classified and connections were made. The results of the study show that the nature of marketing and finance disciplines has many effects on their cooperation and performance measurement. Due to the ambiguous nature of marketing, measuring its performance is still seen as a challenge but digitalization is helping the measurement. It was indicated that marketing and finance professionals need to have different skillsets in order to perform their roles effectively and thus cooperation is needed. Marketing performance needs to be measured with both financial and nonfinancial measures. Both marketing and finance interviewees highlighted the importance of marketing measures over financial measures. Measuring marketing performance comprehensively is seen as a challenge since marketing and finance cooperation is still shaped by the cost control and budget management roles, rather than performance measurement. We recognized three constraints affecting this cooperation and performance measurement: people, time and software. If marketing and finance would develop deeper cooperation, they could create comprehensive performance measurement system that improves organizational performance.

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The perovskite crystal structure is host to many different materials from insulating to superconducting providing a diverse range of intrinsic character and complexity. A better fundamental description of these materials in terms of their electronic, optical and magnetic properties undoubtedly precedes an effective realization of their application potential. SmTiOa, a distorted perovskite has a strongly localized electronic structure and undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at 50 K in its nominally stoichiometric form. Sr2Ru04 is a layered perovskite superconductor (ie. Tc % 1 K) bearing the same structure as the high-tem|>erature superconductor La2_xSrrCu04. Polarized reflectance measurements were carried out on both of these materials revealing several interesting features in the far-infrared range of the spectrum. In the case of SmTiOa, although insulating, evidence indicates the presence of a finite background optical conductivity. As the temperature is lowered through the ordering temperature a resonance feature appears to narrow and strengthen near 120 cm~^ A nearby phonon mode appears to also couple to this magnetic transition as revealed by a growing asymmetry in the optica] conductivity. Experiments on a doped sample with a greater itinerant character and lower Neel temperature = 40 K also indicate the presence of this strongly temperature dependent mode even at twice the ordering temperature. Although the mode appears to be sensitive to the magnetic transition it is unclear whether a magnon assignment is appropriate. At very least, evidence suggests an interesting interaction between magnetic and electronic excitations. Although Sr2Ru04 is highly anisotropic it is metallic in three-dimensions at low temperatures and reveals its coherent transport in an inter-plane Drude-like component to the highest temperatures measured (ie. 90 K). An extended Drude analysis is used to probe the frequency dependent scattering character revealing a peak in both the mass enhancement and scattering rate near 80 cm~* and 100 cm~* respectively. All of these experimental observations appear relatively consistent with a Fermi-liquid picture of charge transport. To supplement the optical measurements a resistivity station was set up with an event driven object oriented user interface. The program controls a Keithley Current Source, HP Nano-Voltmeter and Switching Unit as well as a LakeShore Temperature Controller in order to obtain a plot of the Resistivity as a function of temperature. The system allows for resistivity measurements ranging from 4 K to 290 K using an external probe or between 0.4 K to 295 K using a Helium - 3 Cryostat. Several materials of known resistivity have confirmed the system to be robust and capable of measuring metallic samples distinguishing features of several fiQ-cm.

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The challenge the community college faces in helping meet the needs of the living open system of society is examined in this study. It is postulated that internalization student outcomes are required by society to reduce entropy and remain self-renewing. Such behavior is characterized as having an intrinsically motivated energy source and displays the seeking and conquering of challenge, the development of reflective knowledge and skill, full use of all capabilities, internal control, growth orientation, high self-esteem, relativistic thinking and competence. The development of a conceptual systems model that suggests how transactions among students, faculty and administration might occur to best meet the needs of internalization outcomes in students, and intrinsic motivation in faculty is a major purpose of this study. It is a speculative model that is based on a synthesis of a wide variety of variables. Empirical evidence, theoretical considerations, and speculative ideas are gathered together from researchers and theoretici.ans who are working on separate answers to questions of intrinsic motivation, internal control and environments that encourage their development. The model considers the effect administrators·have on faculty anq the corresponding effect faculty may have on students. The major concentration is on the administrator--teacher interface.For administrators the model may serve as a guide in planning effective transactions, and establishing system goals. The teacher is offered a means to coordinate actions toward a specific overall objective, and the administrator, teacher and researcher are invited to use the model to experiment, innovate, verify the assumptions on which the model is based, and raise additional hypotheses. Goals and history of the community colleges in Ontario are examined against current problems, previous progress and open system thinking. The nature of the person as a five part system is explored with emphasis on intrinsic motivation. The nature, operation, conceptualization, and value of this internal energy source is reviewed in detail. The current state of society, education and management theory are considered and the value of intrinsically motivating teaching tasks together with "system four" leadership style are featured. Evidence is reviewed that suggests intrinsically motivated faculty are needed, and "system four" leadership style is the kind of interaction-influence system needed to nurture intrinsic motivation in faculty.

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This work includes two major parts. The first part of the work concentrated on the studies of the application of the highperfonnance liquid chromatography-particle beam interface-mass spectrometry system of some pesticides. Factors that have effects on the detection sensitivity were studied. The linearity ranges and detection limits of ten pesticides are also given in this work. The second part of the work concentrated on the studies of the reduction phenomena of nitro compounds in the HPLC-PB-MS system. Direct probe mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques were also used in the work. Factors that have effects on the reduction of the nitro compounds were studied, and the possible explanation is proposed. The final part of this work included the studies of reduction behavior of some other compounds in the HPLC-PB-MS system, included in them are: quinones, sulfoxides, and sulfones.