865 resultados para Net Income from Land Use


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The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011, delivered a breakthrough on the international community's response to climate change. In the second largest meeting of its kind, the negotiations advanced, in a balanced fashion, the implementation of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, the Bali Action Plan, and the Cancun Agreements. The outcomes included a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change as soon as possible, and no later than 2015. One of the decisions adopted by COP 17 and CMP 7 regard to the land use, land-use change and forestry, and invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to review and, if necessary, update supplementary methodologies for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol. Land degradation is a human-induced or natural process which negatively affects the productivity of land within an ecosystem. The direct causes of land degradation are geographically specific. Climate change, including changes in short-term variation, as well as long-term gradual changes in temperature and precipitation, is expected to be an additional stress on rates of land degradation. Book Topics: Introduction to Climate Change and Land Degradation Change Mitigation Climate Change and Waste Land Restoration Water Management and Planning Erosion and Hydrological Restoration Forest Fire Land Restoration Polluted Soils Restoration Combating Climate Change by Restoration of Degraded Land Research Matters Climate Change Governance Advanced Statistics Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land is of interests to academics, engineers, consultans, designers and professionals involved in restoration of degraded lands projects.

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Mitigacin GEI sistemas agrcolas

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Vivimos una poca en la que el mundo se transforma aceleradamente. La globalizacin est siguiendo un curso imparable, la poblacin mundial as como la poblacin urbana siguen creciendo, y en los pases emergentes los ingresos promedios aumentan, resultando en un cambio tambin acelerado de las dietas y hbitos alimentarios. En conjunto esos factores estn causando un aumento fundamental de la demanda de alimentos. Junto con la apertura de los mercados agrcolas, estos procesos han provocado un crecimiento del comercio internacional de alimentos durante la ltima dcada. Dado que muchos pases de Amrica Latina estn dotados de abundancia de recursos naturales, estas tendencias han producido un crecimiento rpido de las exportaciones de bienes primarios desde Amrica Latina al resto del mundo. En slo 30 aos la participacin en el mercado agrcola de Amrica Latina casi se ha duplicado, desde 10% en 1980 a 18% en 2010. Este aumento del comercio agrcola ha dado lugar a un debate sobre una serie de cuestiones cruciales relacionadas con los impactos del comercio en la seguridad alimentaria mundial, en el medio ambiente o en la reduccin de la pobreza rural en pases en desarrollo. Esta tesis aplica un marco integrado para analizar varios impactos relacionados con la transformacin de los mercados agrcolas y los mercados rurales debidos a la globalizacin y, en particular, al progresivo aumento del comercio internacional. En concreto, la tesis aborda los siguientes temas: En primer lugar, la produccin mundial de alimentos tendr que aumentar considerablemente para poder satisfacer la demanda de una poblacin mundial de 9000 millones personas en 2050, lo cual plantea grandes desafos sobre los sistemas de la produccin de alimentos. Alcanzar este logro, sin comprometer la integridad del medio ambiente en regiones exportadoras, es un reto an mayor. En este contexto, la tesis analiza los efectos de la liberalizacin del comercio mundial, considerando distintas tecnologas de produccin agraria, sobre unos indicadores de seguridad alimentaria en diferentes regiones del mundo y sobre distintos indicadores ambientales, teniendo en cuenta escalas diferentes en Amrica Latina y el Caribe. La tesis utiliza el modelo International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) un modelo dinmico de equilibrio parcial del sector agrcola a escala global para modelar la apertura de los mercados agrcolas as como diferentes escenarios de la produccin hasta el ao 2050. Los resultados del modelo estn vinculados a modelos biofsicos para poder evaluar los cambios en la huella hdrica y la calidad del agua, as como para cuantificar los impactos del cambio en el uso del suelo sobre la biodiversidad y los stocks de carbono en 2050. Los resultados indican que la apertura de los mercados agrcolas es muy importante para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria a nivel mundial, sin embargo, produce tambin presiones ambientales indeseables en algunas regiones de Amrica Latina. Contrastando dos escenarios que consideran distintas modos de produccin, la expansin de la tierra agrcola frente a un escenario de la produccin ms intensiva, se demuestra que las mejoras de productividad son generalmente superiores a la expansin de las tierras agrcolas, desde un punto de vista econmico e ambiental. En cambio, los escenarios de intensificacin sostenible no slo hacen posible una mayor produccin de alimentos, sino que tambin generan menos impactos medioambientales que los otros escenarios futuros en todas sus dimensiones: biodiversidad, carbono, emisiones de nitratos y uso del agua. El anlisis muestra que hay un trade-off entre el objetivo de alcanzar la sostenibilidad ambiental y el objetivo de la seguridad alimentaria, independiente del manejo agrcola en el futuro. En segundo lugar, a la luz de la reciente crisis de los precios de alimentos en los aos 2007/08, la tesis analiza los impactos de la apertura de los mercados agrcolas en la transmisin de precios de los alimentos en seis pases de Amrica Latina: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Mxico y el Per. Para identificar las posibles relaciones de cointegracin entre los ndices de precios al consumidor de alimentos y los ndices de precios de agrarios internacionales, sujetos a diferentes grados de apertura de mercados agrcolas en los seis pases de Amrica Latina, se utiliza un modelo simple de correccin de error (single equation error correction). Los resultados indican que la integracin global de los mercados agrcolas ha dado lugar a diferentes tasas de transmisin de precios en los pases investigados. Sobre todo en el corto plazo, las tasas de transmisin dependen del grado de apertura comercial, mientras que en el largo plazo las tasas de transmisin son elevadas, pero en gran medida independientes del rgimen de comercio. Por lo tanto, durante un perodo de shocks de precios mundiales una mayor apertura del comercio trae consigo ms inestabilidad de los precios domsticos a corto plazo y la resultante persistencia en el largo plazo. Sin embargo, estos resultados no verifican necesariamente la utilidad de las polticas comerciales, aplicadas frecuentemente por los gobiernos para amortiguar los shocks de precios. Primero, porque existe un riesgo considerable de volatilidad de los precios debido a cambios bruscos de la oferta nacional si se promueve la autosuficiencia en el pas; y segundo, la poltica de proteccionismo asume el riesgo de excluir el pas de participar en las cadenas de suministro de alto valor del sector agrcola, y por lo tanto esa poltica podra obstaculizar el desarrollo econmico. Sin embargo, es indispensable establecer polticas efectivas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los hogares a los aumentos repentinos de precios de alimentos, lo cual requiere una planificacin gubernamental precisa con el presupuesto requerido disponible. En tercer lugar, la globalizacin afecta a la estructura de una economa y, por medios distintos, la distribucin de los ingreso en un pas. Per sirve como ejemplo para investigar ms profundamente las cuestiones relacionadas con los cambios en la distribucin de los ingresos en zonas rurales. Per, que es un pas que est cada vez ms integrado en los mercados mundiales, consigui importantes descensos en la pobreza extrema en sus zonas rurales, pero a la vez adolece de alta incidencia de pobreza moderada y de desigualdad de los ingresos en zonas rural al menos durante el periodo comprendido entre 2004 y 2012. Esta parte de la tesis tiene como objetivo identificar las fuerzas impulsoras detrs de estas dinmicas en el Per mediante el uso de un modelo de microsimulacin basado en modelos de generacin de ingresos aplicado a nivel los hogares rurales. Los resultados indican que la fuerza principal detrs de la reduccin de la pobreza ha sido el crecimiento econmico general de la economa, debido a las condiciones macroeconmicas favorables durante el periodo de estudio. Estos efectos de crecimiento beneficiaron a casi todos los sectores rurales, y dieron lugar a la disminucin de la pobreza rural extrema, especialmente entre los agricultores de papas y de maz. En parte, estos agricultores probablemente se beneficiaron de la apertura de los mercados agrcolas, que es lo que podra haber provocado un aumento de los precios al productor en tiempos de altos precios mundiales de los alimentos. Sin embargo, los resultados tambin sugieren que para una gran parte de la poblacin ms pobre existan barreras de entrada a la hora de poder participar en el empleo asalariado fuera de la agricultura o en la produccin de cultivos de alto valor. Esto podra explicarse por la falta de acceso a unos activos importantes: por ejemplo, el nivel de educacin de los pobres era apenas mejor en 2012 que en 2004; y tambin las dotaciones de tierra y de mano de obra, sobre todo de los productores pobres de maz y patata, disminuyeron entre 2004 y 2012. Esto lleva a la conclusin de que an hay margen para aplicar polticas para facilitar el acceso a estos activos, que podra contribuir a la erradicacin de la pobreza rural. La tesis concluye que el comercio agrcola puede ser un importante medio para abastecer una poblacin mundial creciente y ms rica con una cantidad suficiente de caloras. Para evitar adversos efectos ambientales e impactos negativos para los consumidores y de los productores pobres, el enfoque debe centrarse en las mejoras de la productividad agrcola, teniendo en cuenta los lmites ambientales y ser socialmente inclusivo. En este sentido, ser indispensable seguir desarrollando soluciones tecnolgicas que garanticen prcticas de produccin agrcola minimizando el uso de recursos naturales. Adems, para los pequeos pobres agricultores ser fundamental eliminar las barreras de entrada a los mercados de exportacin que podra tener efectos indirectos favorables a travs de la adopcin de nuevas tecnologas alcanzables a travs de mercados internacionales. ABSTRACT The world is in a state of rapid transition. Ongoing globalization, population growth, rising living standards and increasing urbanization, accompanied by changing dietary patterns throughout the world, are increasing the demand for food. Together with more open trade regimes, this has triggered growing international agricultural trade during the last decade. For many Latin American countries, which are gifted with relative natural resource abundance, these trends have fueled rapid export growth of primary goods. In just 30 years, the Latin American agricultural market share has almost doubled from 10% in 1980 to 18% in 2010. These market developments have given rise to a debate around a number of crucial issues related to the role of agricultural trade for global food security, for the environment or for poverty reduction in developing countries. This thesis uses an integrated framework to analyze a broad array of possible impacts related to transforming agricultural and rural markets in light of globalization, and in particular of increasing trade activity. Specifically, the following issues are approached: First, global food production will have to rise substantially by the year 2050 to meet effective demand of a nine billion people world population which poses major challenges to food production systems. Doing so without compromising environmental integrity in exporting regions is an even greater challenge. In this context, the thesis explores the effects of future global trade liberalization on food security indicators in different world regions and on a variety of environmental indicators at different scales in Latin America and the Caribbean, in due consideration of different future agricultural production practices. The International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) a global dynamic partial equilibrium model of the agricultural sector developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is applied to run different future production scenarios, and agricultural trade regimes out to 2050. Model results are linked to biophysical models, used to assess changes in water footprints and water quality, as well as impacts on biodiversity and carbon stocks from land use change by 2050. Results indicate that further trade liberalization is crucial for improving food security globally, but that it would also lead to more environmental pressures in some regions across Latin America. Contrasting land expansion versus more intensified agriculture shows that productivity improvements are generally superior to agricultural land expansion, from an economic and environmental point of view. Most promising for achieving food security and environmental goals, in equal measure, is the sustainable intensification scenario. However, the analysis shows that there are trade-offs between environmental and food security goals for all agricultural development paths. Second, in light of the recent food price crisis of 2007/08, the thesis looks at the impacts of increasing agricultural market integration on food price transmission from global to domestic markets in six Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. To identify possible cointegrating relationships between the domestic food consumer price indices and world food price levels, subject to different degrees of agricultural market integration in the six Latin American countries, a single equation error correction model is used. Results suggest that global agricultural market integration has led to different levels of price path-through in the studied countries. Especially in the short-run, transmission rates depend on the degree of trade openness, while in the long-run transmission rates are high, but largely independent of the country-specific trade regime. Hence, under world price shocks more trade openness brings with it more price instability in the short-term and the resulting persistence in the long-term. However, these findings do not necessarily verify the usefulness of trade policies, often applied by governments to buffer such price shocks. First, because there is a considerable risk of price volatility due to domestic supply shocks if self-sufficiency is promoted. Second, protectionism bears the risk of excluding a country from participating in beneficial high-value agricultural supply chains, thereby hampering economic development. Nevertheless, to reduce households vulnerability to sudden and large increases of food prices, effective policies to buffer food price shocks should be put in place, but must be carefully planned with the required budget readily available. Third, globalization affects the structure of an economy and, by different means, the distribution of income in a country. Peru serves as an example to dive deeper into questions related to changes in the income distribution in rural areas. Peru, a country being increasingly integrated into global food markets, experienced large drops in extreme rural poverty, but persistently high rates of moderate rural poverty and rural income inequality between 2004 and 2012. The thesis aims at disentangling the driving forces behind these dynamics by using a microsimulation model based on rural household income generation models. Results provide evidence that the main force behind poverty reduction was overall economic growth of the economy due to generally favorable macroeconomic market conditions. These growth effects benefited almost all rural sectors, and led to declines in extreme rural poverty, especially among potato and maize farmers. In part, these farmers probably benefited from policy changes towards more open trade regimes and the resulting higher producer prices in times of elevated global food price levels. However, the results also suggest that entry barriers existed for the poorer part of the population to participate in well-paid wage-employment outside of agriculture or in high-value crop production. This could be explained by a lack of sufficient access to important rural assets. For example, poor peoples educational attainment was hardly better in 2012 than in 2004. Also land and labor endowments, especially of (poor) maize and potato growers, rather decreased than increased over time. This leads to the conclusion that there is still scope for policy action to facilitate access to these assets, which could contribute to the eradication of rural poverty. The thesis concludes that agricultural trade can be one important means to provide a growing and richer world population with sufficient amounts of calories. To avoid adverse environmental effects and negative impacts for poor food consumers and producers, the focus should lie on agricultural productivity improvements, considering environmental limits and be socially inclusive. In this sense, it will be crucial to further develop technological solutions that guarantee resource-sparing agricultural production practices, and to remove entry barriers for small poor farmers to export markets which might allow for technological spill-over effects from high-value global agricultural supply chains.

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Accessibility is an essential concept widely used to evaluate the impact of transport and land-use strategies in urban planning and policy making. Accessibility is typically evaluated by using separately a transport model or a land-use model. This paper embeds two accessibility indicators (i.e., potential and adaptive accessibility) in a land use and transport interaction (LUTI) model in order to assess transport policies implementation. The first aim is to define the adaptive accessibility, considering the competition factor at territorial level (e.g. workplaces and workers). The second aim is to identify the optimal implementation scenario of policy measures using potential and adaptive accessibility indicators. The analysis of the results in terms of social welfare and accessibility changes closes the paper. Two transport policy measures are applied in Madrid region: a cordon toll and increase bus frequency. They have been simulated through the MARS model (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator, i.e. LUTI model). An optimisation procedure is performed by MARS for maximizing the value of the objective function in order to find the optimal policy implementation (first best). Both policy measures are evaluated in terms of accessibility. Results show that the introduction of the accessibility indicators (potential and adaptive) influence the optimal value of the toll price and bus frequency level, generating different results in terms of social welfare. Mapping the difference between potential and adaptive accessibility indicator shows that the main changes occur in areas where there is a strong competition among different land-use opportunities.

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The influence of past land use on the present-day diversity of stream invertebrates and fish was investigated by comparing watersheds with different land-use history. Whole watershed land use in the 1950s was the best predictor of present-day diversity, whereas riparian land use and watershed land use in the 1990s were comparatively poor indicators. Our findings indicate that past land-use activity, particularly agriculture, may result in long-term modifications to and reductions in aquatic diversity, regardless of reforestation of riparian zones. Preservation of habitat fragments may not be sufficient to maintain natural diversity in streams, and maintenance of such biodiversity may require conservation of much or all of the watershed.

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This study examined the relationship between land-use practices near tributary rivers in South Lake Maracaibo and the appearance of duckweed (Lemna obscura) in the lake. Four rivers were studied: The Mucujepe, Capaz, Guamo and Frio. Eight factors were assessed: rivers, sediments, erosion, soils, fertilizers, water quality, land use activities and vegetation corridors. Satellite images, official cartography, field visits and observations, water samples and personal communication with organizations involved were held to get an accurate and current assessment of the conditions. The study revealed the land-use practices surrounding the Pan-American Zone Rivers contribute to the duckweed blooming in Lake Maracaibo.

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Fragmentation of wildlife habitat is a primary driver of global species decline. A major contributor to habitat fragmentation in the United States is rural residential development. Rural development in Colorado is occurring at rates far greater than the national average. Additionally, the lack of state-level planning control coupled with a lack of comprehensive, effective planning tools at the local level creates conditions that contribute to habitat fragmentation in many rural counties. Greater oversight and involvement in land use planning is needed by the state level to assist county governments. This study provides five recommendations to strengthen Colorado state land use policy in order to reduce habitat fragmentation.

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Shows land use in the part of Rockland adjoining South Weymouth Naval Air Station.

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"Part I, covering land use, includes figures for the enlarged European Community for 1958 and 1965, together with those for 1973, 1974 and 1975. Provisional figures are also provided for the most important crop groups in 1976. The EUR 9 totals for 1958 and 1965 are given merely for information as the enlarged Community has been in existence only since 1 January 1973. The figures for EUR 9 for the years 1955 to 1972 may be found in the publication 'Agricultural Statistics' No 2/1974....The statistics on land use cover only the main crop area and not the secondary crop areas under associated crops and catch crops. For information on the methods used in the present document the reader is referred to the common six-language nomenclature for land use and production statistics (pages X XIII)."

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Community statistics of vegetable products include data relating, on the one hand, to land use, and on the other hand to production, cultivated areas and yields of different products or groups of products, including fodder products, vegetables and fruits.