Lehiaketa motor baten direkzio piparen diseinua

[EU]Hurrengo orrialdeetan aurkezten den proiektu honetan, lehiaketa motor baten direkzio piparen diseinua proposatzen da zeinak Moto Engineering Foundation fundazioak sustatutako nazioarteko Motostudent txapelketan parte hartzeko motorrera egokituta egon beharko den. Honako helburu honekin beraz, direkzio piparen diseinu egoki bat egin ahal izateko piezak sufrituko dituen karga egoerak aurreikusi beharko ditugu hauen arabera jasan beharreko tentsio egoerak aztertu ahal izateko. Piezaren tentsioen analisia aurrera eraman beharko da beraz, diseinaturiko piezaren funtzionamendu egokia ziurtatu ahal izateko. Historian zehar existitutako diseinu modelo ezberdinak eta baita gaur egunean gehien erabilitakoak ere aurkeztu eta gero, gure kasura hobekien moldatuko zaion adibidetik ekingo zaio diseinuari, aldez aurretik eskuratutako datu eta errodamenduetatik abiatuz. Horrenbestez, oinarritzat hartutako direkzio sistema modeloa eta bestelako elementuen neurriak datutzat hartuta, tija zein norabide ardatzarena esate baterako, direkzio piparen hasierako geometria definituko da. Eskuragarri ditugun analisi metodo ezberdinak aztertu eta gure kasura hobekien moldatzen dena aukeratu eta eraikitako piezari aplikatuko zaio. Lorturiko emaitzen arabera hasiera batean planteaturiko diseinua onartu edo baztertzea erabaki beharko dugu. Beraz, gure diseinua optimizatuz joateko aukera izango dugu, baldintzak eta betebeharrak egiztatuko dituen amaierako pieza diseinua lortu arte. Bukatzeko, proiektuari itxiera emango dion atala aurkeztuko da, hala nola, proiektuaren garapenean zehar lorturiko emaitzak eta ondorioak biltzen dituen atala non lorturiko direkzio piparen funtzionamendu egokia bermatzen dituzten parametroak aurkeztuko diren. Gainera, direkzio sistemaren funtsezko atala izango diren errodamenduen kalkulu eta aukeraketa bideratuko da baita ere.

Lehiaketako motor baten erditxasiaren diseinua

[EU]Proiektu honek lehiaketarako moto baten erditxasia garatzen du, baita txasira lotuta egongo den modua ere. Erditxasia pieza estruktural bat da eta nahiz eta agian beharrezkoa ez izan lehiaketako moto batean, izan ere hauetan pilotuek ipurdia oso aurrean kokatzen dute pisua txasira bideratuz, moto guztiek duten atal bat da eta pertsonaren pisua eta honek egiturari eragiten dizkion indar eta esfortzuak eusteko erabiltzen da. Kasu batzuetan txasiaren beraren barnean egoten da zati hau eta beraz dena pieza bat izaten da, baina gure kasuan biak, erditxasia eta txasia elkarri lotuta egongo dira. Hasteko erditxasi hau zein eratara fabrikatua izan daitekeen aztertuko da(hodi, txapa…), eta modu bakoitzaren abantailak eta desabantailak ikusi beharko dira azkenik nola egingo den aukeratzeko. Honela gure piezaren eboluzio bat emango da guk behar ditugun exijentzia teknikoak bete ditzan eta ekonomikoki ere bideragarria izan dadin. Amaitzeko pieza bere lekuan bermatzeko beharko diren elementu laguntzaileak ere kalkulatu edo aukeratu beharko dira, lehiaketan dugun portaera guk nahi duguna izan dadin.

Lehiaketa motor baten atzealde-suspentsio sistema doigarri baten elementuen diseinua

[EU]Proiektu hau lehiaketa motor baten atzealde-suspentsio sistema doigarri baten elementuen diseinuan datza. Luzeran erregulagarria izango den tirantea eta suspentsio triangelua diseinatu eta optimizatuko dira. Diseinuak ahalik eta pisu txikiena izatea ahalbidetzen duten makinen elementuak (errotulak eta errodamenduak) aukeratuko dira. Lanaren garapenerako Motostudent izeneko lehiaketatik hartutako datu errealak erabiliko dira. Suspentsio sistemaren diseinua Creo2.0 (lehengo Pro-Engineer) software-arekin egingo da. Bestalde, beste software batzuk ere erabiliko dira, hala nola, Working Model 2D eta ANSYS, sistemaren analisia errazteko.

Metodologia para conversão de veículos equipados com motores a combustão interna para tração elétrica: aplicação de motor síncrono de ímã permanente com fluxo magnético radial a um furgão, Brasil. 2009.

Questões climáticas, atmosféricas e de poluição ambiental têm tornado o uso final da energia assunto de interesse mundial. Sistemas com tração elétrica oferecem a oportunidade de redução de emissões. O mix de energia caracterizado pela matriz energética brasileira viabiliza o desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. É desenvolvida aqui uma metodologia para conversão de veículos equipados com motores a combustão interna para tração elétrica. A metodologia considera fatores como o peso e tamanho, o torque de partida, transmissão e potência, entre outros. Ferramentas matemáticas e a prática corrente fornecem a base para a elaboração deste trabalho, que descreve a análise de desempenho de veículos elétricos, os componentes utilizados, as equações mecânicas e os critérios para escolha do veículo ideal para conversão. É apresentada a execução de um projeto de conversão de uma Kombi para tração elétrica, cujo objetivo tem caráter educativo, buscando assim promover os benefícios da tecnologia veicular elétrica. Para viabilização do experimento, o trabalho conclui que é necessário ampliar a demanda por nacionalização de tecnologia, o que tornaria o projeto uma realidade comercialmente viável. Além disto, há necessidade de políticas públicas para o incentivo da tecnologia veicular elétrica no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para converter veículos para tração elétrica, visto que sistematiza as etapas de projeto, a partir das quais outros poderão seguir, utilizando componentes encontrados no mercado nacional.

Neural Prosthetics and Parietal Cortex

In the last decade, research efforts into directly interfacing with the neurons of individuals with motor deficits have increased. The goal of such research is clear: Enable individuals affected by paralysis or amputation to regain control of their environments by manipulating external devices with thought alone. Though the motor cortices are the usual brain areas upon which neural prosthetics depend, research into the parietal lobe and its subregions, primarily in non-human primates, has uncovered alternative areas that could also benefit neural interfaces. Similar to the motor cortical areas, parietal regions can supply information about the trajectories of movements. In addition, the parietal lobe also contains cognitive signals like movement goals and intentions. But, these areas are also known to be tuned to saccadic eye movements, which could interfere with the function of a prosthetic designed to capture motor intentions only. In this thesis, we develop and examine the functionality of a neural prosthetic with a non-human primate model using the superior parietal lobe to examine the effectiveness of such an interface and the effects of unconstrained eye movements in a task that more closely simulates clinical applications. Additionally, we examine methods for improving usability of such interfaces.

The parietal cortex is also believed to contain neural signals relating to monitoring of the state of the limbs through visual and somatosensory feedback. In one of the world’s first clinical neural prosthetics based on the human parietal lobe, we examine the extent to which feedback regarding the state of a movement effector alters parietal neural signals and what the implications are for motor neural prosthetics and how this informs our understanding of this area of the human brain.

On the diel rhythm of motor activity in perch [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.30, 12-14, 1976]

The river perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) is most active in the daytime hours, and displays seasonal changes of diel rhythm with a break of the rhythm in spring and autumn. In the present work data were obtained on the motor activity of 3 perch measuring l8-20 cm, caught by net in the littoral of a reservoir and spawned under laboratory conditions. The degree of intensity of movement of perch was judged by special experiments. The results are summarised in this short paper.

A comparison of the costs of operation of the motor bus, Birney safety car, and trolley bus on the local transportation routes in Pasadena

With the installation by the Pacific Electric Railway of a bus system in Pasadena to supplant most of its trolley lines, the problem of the comparison of the costs of the two systems naturally presented itself. The study here undertaken was originally started as just a comparison of the motor bus and Birney Safety Car, but as the work progressed it seemed advisable to include the trolley bus as well - a method of transportation that is comparatively new as far as development is concerned, but which seems to be finding increasing favor in the East.

Lehiaketa motor baten kate bidezko transmisioaren diseinua

[EU]Lan honen helburu nagusia, bi denborako lehiaketa motor baten kate bidezko transmisioaren diseinua egitea da, hau da, pinoi-kate-koroa multzoaren diseinua. Horretarako pinoia eta koroaren dimentsionaketa egingo da eta aplikazio honetarako kate mota egokiena aukeratuko da. Diseinua egin aurretik, metodologia desberdinak aztertuko dira eta eskuragarri dauden datuen arabera metodologia egokiena aukeratuko da. Lanaren garapenerako Motostudent lehiaketatik hartutako datu errealak erabiliko dira. Gainera, pieza desberdinen CAD eredua egingo da PTC Creo programa erabiliz.

Cholinergic neurons within the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in bilaterally lesioned rats with 192IgG-saporin.

En el presente estudio se han estudiado las neuronas colinérgicas del núcleo basal magnocelular y sus áreas de proyección en ratas lesionadas bilateralmente con la inmunotoxina 192IgG-saporina.

The Physiology and Computation of Pyramidal Neurons

A variety of neural signals have been measured as correlates to consciousness. In particular, late current sinks in layer 1, distributed activity across the cortex, and feedback processing have all been implicated. What are the physiological underpinnings of these signals? What computational role do they play in the brain? Why do they correlate to consciousness? This thesis begins to answer these questions by focusing on the pyramidal neuron. As the primary communicator of long-range feedforward and feedback signals in the cortex, the pyramidal neuron is set up to play an important role in establishing distributed representations. Additionally, the dendritic extent, reaching layer 1, is well situated to receive feedback inputs and contribute to current sinks in the upper layers. An investigation of pyramidal neuron physiology is therefore necessary to understand how the brain creates, and potentially uses, the neural correlates of consciousness. An important part of this thesis will be in establishing the computational role that dendritic physiology plays. In order to do this, a combined experimental and modeling approach is used.

This thesis beings with single-cell experiments in layer 5 and layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. In both cases, dendritic nonlinearities are characterized and found to be integral regulators of neural output. Particular attention is paid to calcium spikes and NMDA spikes, which both exist in the apical dendrites, considerable distances from the spike initiation zone. These experiments are then used to create detailed multicompartmental models. These models are used to test hypothesis regarding spatial distribution of membrane channels, to quantify the effects of certain experimental manipulations, and to establish the computational properties of the single cell. We find that the pyramidal neuron physiology can carry out a coincidence detection mechanism. Further abstraction of these models reveals potential mechanisms for spike time control, frequency modulation, and tuning. Finally, a set of experiments are carried out to establish the effect of long-range feedback inputs onto the pyramidal neuron. A final discussion then explores a potential way in which the physiology of pyramidal neurons can establish distributed representations, and contribute to consciousness.

Sistema de transmisión para vehículo de tracción trasera y motor delantero

El objetivo del proyecto es realizar el diseño de un sistema de transmisión para un vehículo de motor delantero y tracción trasera, haciendo especial hincapié en el diseño del segundo elemento de la transmisión: la caja de cambios. Se deben asegurar las prestaciones dadas por la ficha técnica del vehículo, un Ford Sierra xR4i 2.8, así como la transmisión de potencia máxima (150 CV/110 kW) y de par torsor (216 N·m/22 kg·m) del motor, el número de velocidades y las relaciones de marcha en la caja de cambios, la reducción final en el diferencial y los desarrollos. Para ello, se han estudiado, seleccionado (mediante catálogo comercial) y diseñado los distintos elementos del sistema de transmisión: embrague, caja de cambios, árbol de transmisión y diferencial. La aplicación del proyecto no está enfocada al mercado, es decir, no se va a comercializar la transmisión sino que esta será homologada para su uso particular, no competitivo, dentro de un circuito cerrado. Para llevar a cabo este proyecto se han dejado a un lado el estudio, la selección y el diseño de componentes eléctricos y electrónicos, ya que este se trata de un proyecto mecánico centrado en el diseño de los órganos de transmisión: ejes, rodamientos, elementos de unión, chavetas, engranajes... Los mecanismos desarrollados han sido los siguientes: - Embrague de discos de fricción. Concretamente, un embrague monodisco. - Caja de cambios de cinco velocidades montada sobre tres ejes (primario, intermedio y secundario). - Árbol de transmisión compuesto por un eje de sección circular hueca y dos juntas cardan de elección comercial a cada lado. - Diferencial convencional.