985 resultados para Mental Ability
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In continuation of our studies on crystal engineering using fluorine as a steering group, the photobehaviour of di and tri fluoro 4-styrylcoumarins has been examined. It is found that out of the five derivatives, four crystallize into P-packing mode producing syn-HH photodimer upon irradiation whereas the parent hydrocarbon produces an anti K-T dimer. The packing features of the photolabile crystals of 4-(4-fluorostyryl)-6-fluorocoumarin (1), 4-(2,6-difluorostyryl) 6-fluorocoumarin (2) and the photodimer (3a) of 4-(2,6-fluorostyryl)-7-fluorocoumarin (3) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The stereochemistry of the photodimer of 4-(2-fluorostyryl)-6-fluorocoumarin (4) is deduced based on preliminary X-ray crystallographic data. However, 4-(2,6-difluorostyryl) coumarin (5) is photoinert. The remarkable steering ability of fluorine is established with the molecular packing in the crystal lattice leading to the formation of syn H-H dimer in the above four examples. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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An attempt has been made to describe the glass forming ability (GFA) of liquid alloys, using the concepts of the short range order (SRO) and middle range order (MRO) characterizing the liquid structure.A new approach to obtain good GFA of liquid alloys is based on the following four main factors: (1) formation of new SRO and competitive correlation with two or more kinds of SROs for crystallization, (2) stabilization of dense random packing by interaction between different types of SRO, (3) formation of stable cluster (SC) or middle range order (MRO) by harmonious coupling of SROs, and (4) difference between SRO characterizing the liquid structure and the near-neighbor environment in the corresponding equilibrium crystalline phases. The atomic volume mismatch estimated from the cube of the atomic radius was found to be a close relation with the minimum solute concentration for glass formation. This empirical guideline enables us to provide the optimum solute concentration for good GFA in some ternary alloys. Model structures, denoted by Bernal type and the Chemical Order type, were again tested in the novel description for the glass structure as a function of solute concentration. We illustrated the related energetics of the completion between crystal embryo and different types of SRO. Recent systematic measurements also provide that thermal diffusivity of alloys in the liquid state may be a good indicator of their GFA.
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1. Dispersal ability of a species is a key ecological characteristic, affecting a range of processes from adaptation, community dynamics and genetic structure, to distribution and range size. It is determined by both intrinsic species traits and extrinsic landscape-related properties. 2. Using butterflies as a model system, the following questions were addressed: (i) given similar extrinsic factors, which intrinsic species trait(s) explain dispersal ability? (ii) can one of these traits be used as a proxy for dispersal ability? (iii) the effect of interactions between the traits, and phylogenetic relatedness, on dispersal ability. 3. Four data sets, using different measures of dispersal, were compiled from published literature. The first data set uses mean dispersal distances from capture-mark-recapture studies, and the other three use mobility indices. Data for six traits that can potentially affect dispersal ability were collected: wingspan, larval host plant specificity, adult habitat specificity, mate location strategy, voltinism and flight period duration. Each data set was subjected to both unifactorial, and multifactorial, phylogenetically controlled analyses. 4. Among the factors considered, wingspan was the most important determinant of dispersal ability, although the predictive powers of regression models were low. Voltinism and flight period duration also affect dispersal ability, especially in case of temperate species. Interactions between the factors did not affect dispersal ability, and phylogenetic relatedness was significant in one data set. 5. While using wingspan as the only proxy for dispersal ability maybe problematic, it is usually the only easily accessible species-specific trait for a large number of species. It can thus be a satisfactory proxy when carefully interpreted, especially for analyses involving many species from all across the world.
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Methods which disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water as `debundled', while maintaining their unique physical properties are highly useful. We present here a family of cationic cholesterol compounds (Chol(+)) {Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl pyridinium bromide (Chol-PB+), Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl N-methyl pyrrolidinium bromide (Chol-MPB+), Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl N-methyl morpholinium bromide (Chol-MMB+) and Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl diazabicyclo octanium bromide (Chol-DOB+)}. Each of these could be easily dispersed in water. The resulting cationic cholesterol (Chol(+)) suspensions solubilized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by the non-specific physical adsorption of Chol(+) to form stable, transparent, dark aqueous suspensions at room temperature. Electron microscopy reveals the existence of highly segregated CNTs in these samples. Zeta potential measurements showed an increase in potential of cationic cholesterol aggregates on addition of CNTs. The CNT-Chol(+) suspensions were capable of forming stable complexes with genes (DNA) efficiently. The release of double-helical DNA from such CNT-Chol(+) complexes could be induced upon the addition of anionic micellar solution of SDS. Furthermore, the CNT-based DNA complexes containing cationic cholesterol aggregates showed higher stability in fetal bovine serum media at physiological conditions. Confocal studies confirm that CNT-Chol(+) formulations adhere to HeLa cell surfaces and get internalized more efficiently than the cationic cholesterol suspensions alone (devoid of any CNTs). These cationic cholesterol-CNT suspensions therefore appear to be a promising system for further use in biological applications.
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Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), which are abnormal impulse propagations in cardiac tissue, can develop because of various reasons including early afterdepolarizations (EADs). We show how a cluster of EAD-generating cells (EAD clump) can lead to PVCs in a model of cardiac tissue, and also investigate the factors that assist such clumps in triggering PVCs. In particular, we study, through computer simulations, the effects of the following factors on the PVC-triggering ability of an EAD clump: (1) the repolarization reserve (RR) of the EAD cells; (2) the size of the EAD clump; (3) the coupling strength between the EAD cells in the clump; and (4) the presence of fibroblasts in the EAD clump. We find that, although a low value of RR is necessary to generate EADs and hence PVCs, a very low value of RR leads to low-amplitude EAD oscillations that decay with time and do not lead to PVCs. We demonstrate that a certain threshold size of the EAD clump, or a reduction in the coupling strength between the EAD cells, in the clump, is required to trigger PVCs. We illustrate how randomly distributed inexcitable obstacles, which we use to model collagen deposits, affect PVC-triggering by an EAD clump. We show that the gap-junctional coupling of fibroblasts with myocytes can either assist or impede the PVC-triggering ability of an EAD clump, depending on the resting membrane potential of the fibroblasts and the coupling strength between the myocyte and fibroblasts. We also find that the triggering of PVCs by an EAD clump depends sensitively on factors like the pacing cycle length and the distribution pattern of the fibroblasts.
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Let us ask the following questions concerning any given mental process: (i) which are the reasons for its being, (ii) which are the ostensible characteristics of its evolution, (iii) which is the inner essence of the process, its identity, its suchness, and (iv) which are the relations between such why, how, and what. Sometimes these questions can be answered to our complete satisfaction: when somebody asks “Why did you eat the pie?” and the answer is “Because I was hungry” the exchange can at a neutral level be considered complete. But when one reflects further into the more profound reasons of anything that happens, then it is impossible to say if a good explanation can always be given concerning such why. Obvious answers to daily questions may satisfy our unreflecting curiosity, but not our deeper inquisitiveness.
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A thick amorphous alloy (a-alloy) coating was synthesized by laser cladding. The a-alloy had a multicomponent chemistry, i.e., Ni66Cr5MO4Zr6P15B4 (in atom%). The maximum thickness of the coating is 0.8 mm. The a-alloy coating had large glass-forming ability (GFA) with wide supercooled liquid region (SLR) ranging from 52 to 61 K through the coating. The reason for high GFA in the a-alloy coating was discussed. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
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Poster presentado a 11th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology(ISME -11)celebrado en Viena del 20 al 25 de agosto de 2006
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481 p.