The role of mate guarding, Male Size and Male Investment on Individual Reproductive Success in the Blue Crab, Callinectes Sapidus.

Male blue crabs, Callinectes Sapidus, guard their mates before and after mating, suggesting that the conditions regulating both types of mate guarding dictate individual reproductive success. I tested the hypothesis that large male blue crabs have advantages in sexual competition using experimental manipulations, a simulation model, and field data on crabs from mid-Chesapeake Bay between 1991-1994.

Early response to nanoparticles in the Arabidopsis transcriptome compromises plant defence and root-hair development through salicylic acid signalling

Background: The impact of nano-scaled materials on photosynthetic organisms needs to be evaluated. Plants represent the largest interface between the environment and biosphere, so understanding how nanoparticles affect them is especially relevant for environmental assessments. Nanotoxicology studies in plants allude to quantum size effects and other properties specific of the nano-stage to explain increased toxicity respect to bulk compounds. However, gene expression profiles after exposure to nanoparticles and other sources of environmental stress have not been compared and the impact on plant defence has not been analysed. Results: Arabidopsis plants were exposed to TiO2-nanoparticles, Ag-nanoparticles, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as well as different sources of biotic (microbial pathogens) or abiotic (saline, drought, or wounding) stresses. Changes in gene expression profiles and plant phenotypic responses were evaluated. Transcriptome analysis shows similarity of expression patterns for all plants exposed to nanoparticles and a low impact on gene expression compared to other stress inducers. Nanoparticle exposure repressed transcriptional responses to microbial pathogens, resulting in increased bacterial colonization during an experimental infection. Inhibition of root hair development and transcriptional patterns characteristic of phosphate starvation response were also observed. The exogenous addition of salicylic acid prevented some nano-specific transcriptional and phenotypic effects, including the reduction in root hair formation and the colonization of distal leaves by bacteria. Conclusions: This study integrates the effect of nanoparticles on gene expression with plant responses to major sources of environmental stress and paves the way to remediate the impact of these potentially damaging compounds through hormonal priming.

Can environmental constraints determine random patterns of plant species co-occurrence?

Plant community ecologists use the null model approach to infer assembly processes from observed patterns of species co-occurrence. In about a third of published studies, the null hypothesis of random assembly cannot be rejected. When this occurs, plant ecologists interpret that the observed random pattern is not environmentally constrained - but probably generated by stochastic processes. The null model approach (using the C-score and the discrepancy index) was used to test for random assembly under two simulation algorithms. Logistic regression, distance-based redundancy analysis, and constrained ordination were used to test for environmental determinism (species segregation along environmental gradients or turnover and species aggregation). This article introduces an environmentally determined community of alpine hydrophytes that presents itself as randomly assembled. The pathway through which the random pattern arises in this community is suggested to be as follows: Two simultaneous environmental processes, one leading to species aggregation and the other leading to species segregation, concurrently generate the observed pattern, which results to be neither aggregated nor segregated - but random. A simulation study supports this suggestion. Although apparently simple, the null model approach seems to assume that a single ecological factor prevails or that if several factors decisively influence the community, then they all exert their influence in the same direction, generating either aggregation or segregation. As these assumptions are unlikely to hold in most cases and assembly processes cannot be inferred from random patterns, we would like to propose plant ecologists to investigate specifically the ecological processes responsible for observed random patterns, instead of trying to infer processes from patterns

Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: the HELENA cross-sectional study

Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.

Efeito antimutagênico, antigenotóxico, antiobesidade e antioxidante da Ilex paraguariensis (erva-mate)

O extrato aquoso de erva-mate, obtido a partir de folhas secas de Ilex paraguariensis, é uma bebida amplamente consumida na América do Sul. Inicialmente, nosso objetivo foi caracterizar os compostos presentes nas amostras de erva-mate disponíveis no mercado brasileiro (CH: chimarrão; T: chá mate torrado; G: chá mate torrado, comercialmente acondicionado em garrafas ou C: em copos; TS: chá mate torrado solúvel A mutagenicidade, citotoxicidade e antimutagenicidade de todas as amostras também foram avaliadas atavés do Teste de Ames na presença e na ausência de ativação metabólica. Em seguida, analisamos a amostra TS (2,5, 5,0 e 10 mg/mL) quanto a sua atividade antioxidante e antigenotóxica. Além disso, avaliamos também os efeitos da amostra TS sobre a sinalização da leptina e da insulina no hipotálamo e o estresse oxidativo hepático de ratos adultos obesos programados pela superalimentação neonatal (S). Para induzir S, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzido a três filhotes por lactante e as ninhadas com número padrão de filhotes (dez/lactante) foram utilizadas como controle. Aos 150 dias de vida, as proles S foram subdivididas em: TS - tratados com extrato aquoso de erva-mate (1g/kg de peso corporal/dia, por gavagem) e S - recebendo água por gavagem durante 30 dias. A prole controle (C) também recebeu água nas mesmas condições do grupo S. Em nossos resultados, verificamos a presença de ácido clorogênico, cafeína e teobromina em todas as amostras analisadas. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos nas infusões estudadas foram CH: 5,140,23; T: 4,330,01; G: 0,930,25; C: 0,800,3 e TS: 8,350,5 mg/ml. Não observamos efeito mutagênico ou citotóxico nas amostras analisadas. Um efeito antimutagênico significativo foi observado para a cepa TA97 (pré-, co- e pós-tratamento), na presença de ativação metabólica, em todas as amostras testadas. A amostra TS também apresentou um efeito antimutagênico significativo para a TA102 (pré-, co-e e pós-tratamento), na presença de ativação metabólica. Na análise exclusiva da amostra TS, observamos uma atividade antioxidante quando utilizado o ensaio de DPPH, apresentando IC50 69,3+3,1 μg/ml. Além disso, a amostra TS apresentou um efeito protetor sobre a quebra do DNA plasmidial induzida por radicais superóxido e hidroxila, de maneira dose dependente. No teste do cometa, detectamos um efeito antigenotóxico induzido pelo TS em cultura primária de células epiteliais de esôfago. Em nossos testes in vivo observamos que os animais TS não desenvolveram sobrepeso, obesidade visceral e hiperfagia. A resistência hipotalâmica à leptina não foi significativamente revertida, porém a resistência à insulina foi minimizada pelo tratamento com TS no grupo programado pela S. No fígado, TS normalizou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, GPx e CAT) e diminuiu os marcadores de estresse oxidativo, MDA e 4-HNE. O tratamento com TS também reduziu o conteúdo de glicogênio e triglicerídios hepáticos. Nossos resultados sugerem que a erva-mate foi capaz de proteger o DNA contra danos oxidativos, aumentou as defesas antioxidantes, melhorou a função hepática em ratos superalimentados na lactação, talvez através da modulação da sinalização hipotalâmica da insulina podendo ser, portanto, uma importante ferramenta para prevenção e tratamento de doenças relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo.