Tambora 1815 as a test case for high impact volcanic eruptions: Earth system effects

The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the ‘Year Without a Summer’ of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event — tens of thousands of people lost their lives — the eruption also was an ‘experiment of nature’ from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as expressed in early instrumental observations, climate proxies and geological evidence, climate reconstructions, and model simulations. Progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the eruption process and estimated amount of SO2 injected into the atmosphere, although large uncertainties still exist with respect to altitude and hemispheric distribution of Tambora aerosols. With respect to climate effects, the global and Northern Hemispheric cooling are well constrained by proxies whereas there is no strong signal in Southern Hemisphere proxies. Newly recovered early instrumental information for Western Europe and parts of North America, regions with particularly strong climate effects, allow Tambora’s effect on the weather systems to be addressed. Climate models respond to prescribed Tambora-like forcing with a strengthening of the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex, global cooling and a slowdown of the water cycle, weakening of the summer monsoon circulations, a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and a decrease of atmospheric CO₂. Combining observations, climate proxies, and model simulations for the case of Tambora, a better understanding of climate processes has emerged.

Ruy Mauro Marini, un imprescindible para el debate latinoamericano

El militante y académico brasileño Ruy Mauro Marini es habitualmente reconocido como uno de los principales referentes dentro de lo que se ha dado a conocer como la vertiente marxista de la Teoría de la Dependencia, de gran relevancia en el debate político y social latinoamericano durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970. En este artículo, nuestra intención es revisitar algunos de sus principales aportes al pensamiento crítico de nuestra región, pero -más allá de situarlos históricamente- afirmaremos que se trata de un autor con plena vigencia para la compresión de la legalidad específica de las leyes del capitalismo en economías dependientes, el debate sobre la inserción internacional de la región y el rol de los movimientos sociales en el siglo XXI. Además de algunas ineludibles referencias a su trayectoria de vida personal, nos abocaremos fundamentalmente a analizar cómo entiende Marini el Ciclo Dependiente, lo cual es indisoluble de los conceptos de Subimperialismo, de Superexplotación de la fuerza de trabajo y de Cooperación antagónica.

En la colonia, 1800-1815; poema.

Mode of access: Internet.

Retrospect of a long life : from 1815 to 1883 /

Includes indexes.

History of Europe, from the commencement of the French revolution in 1789, to the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, abridged from the last London edition ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Polygraph Protection Act of 1985 [microform] : hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session on S. 1815 ... April 23, 1986.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 86 S541-62

The war for monarchy, 1793-1815,

Includes bibliographical footnotes and index.

Beschrijving van de schilderij voorstellende den veldslag bij Waterloo : op den 18 junij 1815 /

Date from online catalog of Niederländische Nationalbibliothek, consulted 2/12/09.

Anglo-American Isthmian diplomacy, 1815-1915.

"Authorized reprint of the original edition, produced by microfilm-xerography."

Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 1815-1871.

Bd. 1. Von 1815 bis 1848 -- Bd. 2. Von 1848 bis 1871.