Insulin inhibits LPS-induced signaling pathways in alveolar macrophages

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS) is triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Insulin was shown to have a protective role in SIRS related to sepsis. Lungs are particularly affected in this condition and provide a second wave of mediators/cytokines which amplifies SIRS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of insulin on the signaling pathways elicited by LPS in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and its consequence in cellular response to LPS measured as production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To this purpose, resident AMs from male Wistar rats were obtained by lung lavage and stimulated by LPS ( 100 ng/mL). Insulin ( 1 mU/mL) was added 10 min before LPS. Activation ( phosphorylation) of signaling molecules by LPS was analyzed by western blot, 30 min after LPS stimulation. TNF was measured in the AMs culture supernatants by bioassay using L-929 tumor cells. Relative to controls, LPS induced a significant increase in the activation of ERK (3.6-fold), p38 (4.4-fold), Tyr-326 Akt (4.7-fold), Ser-473 Akt (6.9-fold), PKCa (4.7-fold) and PKCd (2.3-fold). Treatment of AMs with insulin before LPS stimulation, significantly reduced the activation of ERK (54%), p38 (48%), Tyr-326 Akt (64%), Ser-473 Akt (41%), PKCa (62%) and PKCd (39%). LPS induced TNF production in AMs which was also inhibited by insulin (60%). These results show that insulin down-regulates MAPK, PI3K and PKCs and inhibits a downstream effect of LPS, TNF production, in rat AMs stimulated with LPS and suggest that the protective effect of insulin in sepsis could be through modulation of signal transduction pathways elicited by LPS in lung macrophages. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Leukotrienes Target F-actin/Cofilin-1 to Enhance Alveolar Macrophage Anti-fungal Activity

Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen and causes local and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are pivotal for the clearance of C. albicans from the lung. Activated AMs secrete 5-lipoxygenase-derived leukotrienes (LTs), which in turn enhance phagocytosis and microbicidal activity against a diverse array of pathogens. Our aim was to investigate the role of LTB(4) and LTD(4) in AM antimicrobial functions against C. albicans and the signaling pathways involved. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of LT biosynthesis as well as receptor antagonism reduced phagocytosis of C. albicans when compared with untreated or WT controls. Conversely, exogenous LTs of both classes augmented base-line C. albicans phagocytosis by AMs. Although LTB(4) enhanced mainly mannose receptor-dependent fungal ingestion, LTD(4) enhanced mainly dectin-1 receptor-mediated phagocytosis. LT enhancement of yeast ingestion was dependent on protein kinase C-delta (PKC delta) and PI3K but not PKC alpha and MAPK activation. Both LTs reduced activation of cofilin-1, whereas they enhanced total cellular F-actin; however, LTB(4) accomplished this through the activation of LIM kinases (LIMKs) 1 and 2, whereas LTD(4) did so exclusively via LIMK-2. Finally, both exogenous LTB(4) and LTD(4) enhanced AM fungicidal activity in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. Our data identify LTB(4) and LTD(4) as key mediators of innate immunity against C. albicans, which act by both distinct and conserved signaling mechanisms to enhance multiple antimicrobial functions of AMs.

p38 alpha MAP Kinase Controls IL-17 Synthesis in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome and Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis

PURPOSE. Interleukin (IL)-17, which is responsible for the initial influx of leukocytes into the target tissue, was recently described as the main cytokine involved in autoimmune diseases. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a significant cause of noninfectious blindness in the world. Herein the authors aimed at unraveling the involvement of IL-17 in VKH and in experimental autoimmune uveitis, focusing on the signaling pathways involved in IL-17 synthesis. METHODS. Mice were immunized with 161-180 peptide and pertussis toxin. Draining lymph node cells, harvested 21 days after immunization, were cultured in the presence or absence of p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor (SB203580) and assayed for cytokine production and quantification of CD4(+)IL-17(+) cells. Mice received intraocular injections of SB203580, and disease severity was evaluated by histologic examination of the enucleated eyes at day 21. CD4(+) lymphocytes from MSK-1/2-deficient mice, human CD4(+) cells silenced with MSK1 siRNA, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VKH patients were cultured in the presence or absence of p38 alpha MAPK inhibitor and then assayed for IL-17, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 production. RESULTS. The inhibition of p38 alpha MAPK fully blocked the synthesis of IL-17 by PBMCs from VKH patients and lymphocytes from EAU mice. The absence of the msk1/2 gene resulted in failure to produce IL-17 by murine and human lymphocytes. Interestingly, intraocular injections of SB203580 in EAU mice did not suppress development of the disease. CONCLUSIONS. These data show that p38 alpha MAPK-MSK1/2 is involved in the control of IL-17 synthesis by CD4(+) T cells and that inhibition of p38 alpha MAPK in vitro suppresses IL-17 synthesis but that inhibition of this kinase in vivo did not protect from EAU. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3567-3574) DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4393

Early Phase of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Diabetic Rats: Role of Insulin on the Signaling Pathways and Mediators

Background: Allergic lung inflammation is impaired in diabetic rats and is restored by insulin treatment. In the present study we investigated the effect of insulin on the signaling pathways triggered by allergic inflammation in the lung and the release of selected mediators. Methods: Diabetic male Wistar rats (alloxan, 42 mg/kg, i.v., 10 days) and matching controls were sensitized by s.c. injections of ovalbumin (OA) in aluminium hydroxide, 14 days before OA (1 mg/0.4 ml) or saline intratracheal challenge. A group of diabetic rats were treated with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH, 4 IU, s.c.), 2 h before the OA challenge. Six hours after the challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for mediator release and lung tissue was homogenized for Western blotting analysis of signaling pathways. Results: Relative to non-diabetic rats, the diabetic rats exhibited a significant reduction in OA-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK, 59%), p38 (53%), protein kinase B (Akt, 46%), protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha (63%) and PKC-delta (38%) in lung homogenates following the antigen challenge. Activation of the NF-kappa B p65 subunit and phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha were almost suppressed in diabetic rats. Reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, 32%) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, 46%) in the lung homogenates was also observed. The BAL concentration of prostaglandin (PG)-E(2), nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-6 was reduced in diabetic rats (74%, 44% and 65%, respectively), whereas the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2 concentration was not different from the control animals. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin completely or partially restored all of these parameters. This protocol of insulin treatment only partially reduced the blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The data presented show that insulin regulates MAPK, PI3K, PKC and NF-kappa B pathways, the expression of the inducible enzymes iNOS and COX-2, and the levels of NO, PGE(2) and IL-6 in the early phase of allergic lung inflammation in diabetic rats. It is suggested that insulin is required for optimal transduction of the intracellular signals that follow allergic stimulation. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Islet neogenesis-associated protein signaling in neonatal pancreatic rat islets: involvement of the cholinergic pathway

Islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP) increases islet mass and insulin secretion in neonatal and adult rat islets. lit the Present Study, we measured the short- and long-term effects of INGAP-PP (a pentadecapeptide having the 104-118 amino acid sequence of INGAP) upon islet protein expression and phosphorylation of components of the PI3K, MAPK and cholinergic pathways, and on insulin secretion. Short-term exposure of neonatal islets to INGAP-PP (90 s, 5, 15, and 30 min) significantly increased Akt1(-Ser473) and MAPK3/1(-Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation and INGAP-PP also acutely increased insulin secretion from islets perifused with 2 and 20 mM glucose. Islets cultured for 4 days in the presence of INGAP-PP showed an increased expression of Akt1, Frap1, and Mapk1 mRNAs as well as of the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype, and phospholipase C (PLC)-beta 2 proteins. These islets also showed increased Akt1 and MAPK3/1 protein phosphorylation. Brief exposure of INGAP-P-treated islets to carbachol (Cch) significantly increased P70S6K(-Thr389) and MAPK3/1 phosphorylation and these islets released more insulin when challenged with Cch that was prevented by the M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these data indicate that short- and long-term exposure to INGAP-PP significantly affects the expression and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in islet PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. The observations of INGAPP-PP-stimulated up-regulation of cholinergic M3 receptors and PLC-beta 2 proteins, enhanced P70S6K and MAIIK3/1 phosphorylation and Cch-induced insulin secretion suggest a participation of the cholinergic pathway in INGAP-PP-mediated effects.

Transcriptional regulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 by chronic exposure to angiotensin II in renal epithelial cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts an acute bimodal effect on proximal tubule NHE3: while low doses stimulate the exchanger, high doses inhibit it. In the present study, we have investigated the chronic effects of Ang II on NHE3 expression and transcriptional regulation. Treatment of a tubular epithelial cell line, OKP, with Ang II 10(-11) M significantly increased NHE protein expression and mRNA levels, without evidence of bimodal effect. No change in mRNA half-life was detected, but transient transfection studies showed a significant increase in NHE3 promoter activity. Binding sites for Sp1/Egr-1 and AP2 transcription factors of the NHE3 proximal promoter were mutated and we observed that the Sp1/Egr-1 binding site integrity is necessary for Ang II stimulatory effects. Inhibition of cytochrome P450, PI3K, PKA and MAPK pathways prevented the Ang II stimulatory effect on the NHE3 promoter activity. Taking all the results together, our data reveal that chronic Ang II treatment exerts a stimulatory effect on NHE3 expression and promoter activity. The Ang II up-regulation of the NHE3 promoter activity appears to involve the Sp1/Egr-1 binding site and the interplay of several intracellular signaling pathways. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dilepton mass spectra in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

PHENIX has measured the electron-positron pair mass spectrum from 0 to 8 GeV/c(2) in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV. The contributions from light meson decays to e(+)e(-) pairs have been determined based on measurements of hadron production cross sections by PHENIX. Within the systematic uncertainty of similar to 20% they account for all e(+)e(-) pairs in the mass region below similar to 1 GeV/c(2). The e(+)e(-) pair yield remaining after subtracting these contributions is dominated by semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons correlated through flavor conservation. Using the spectral shape predicted by PYTHIA, we estimate the charm production cross section to be 544 +/- 39(stat) +/- 142(syst) +/- 200(model) pb. which is consistent with QCD calculations and measurements of single leptons by PHENIX. (C) 2008 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

Kartläggning av plastkorkar och förslag till förbättringar för den australiensiska marknaden

The project Design analysis and proposals of plastic screw caps in Australia was performed at Högskolan Dalarna incooperation with University of Western Sydney, Australia. The Swedish company Tetra Pak, in Lund, were assigner forthe project that was performed 2006-2007. The commission was to do a survey about the packages for non-carbonateddrinks in Australia. The bottles had to be plastic, able to open in one step and with focus on the caps.The project has result in design analysis and a new proposal of a plastic screw cap for the Australian market. Sixbottles were choosen and they were all testet on 20 consumers each with a Likert-scale test. The result from the test andthe survey underlied the work with a proposal of a new design. The most important qualities for a optimal opening is:a tamper that is easy to break and also guarantee that is not been opened before, wide and soft grip, ergonomics, easyto close and that is good looking.

Estudo do processamento das memórias de curta e longa duração

(João Quevedo - Estudo do Processamento das Memórias de Curta e Longa Duração) - Este trabalho apresenta a compilação dos 4 principais experimentos carreados ao longo de 1999-2002: 3 deles envolvem o modelo animal e um quarto utilizase de voluntários humanos. Entretanto, o uso desses diferentes paradigmas não prejudica a unidade do conjunto. O Capítulo 1 apresenta sucintamente o marco teórico dos 4 trabalhos. Inicialmente são discutidos aspectos modulatórios da consolidação da memória. Após, alguns elementos da bioquímica da consolidação da memória são apresentados no intuito de permitir establecer um entendimento das vias da PKA e da MAPK e suas correlações com a via final comum – a síntese protéica. Adicionalmente, a dissociação STM e LTM é discutida a partir do referencial farmacológico. Uma última unidade apresenta conceitos primitivos do papel da amígdala na modulação da memória e das evidências da implicação das emoções, via amígdala, na modulação da memória em humanos. Os experimentos utilizando a esquiva inibitória como paradigma e o rato como sujeito ocupam os Capítulos 2, 3 e 4. No Capítulo 2 é apresentado um corpo de resultados que permite observar uma dissecção farmacológica da STM e LTM. Os dados demonstram um envolvimento de fenômenos dependentes de PKA em ambas STM e LTM, dependentes de MAPK apenas na STM, e dependentes de síntese protéica apenas na LTM. O Capítulo 3 apresenta um trabalho realizado em colaboração com o Prof. Steven P. R. Rose (Open University, UK), que envolve a determinação dos momentos sensíveis à inibição da síntese protéica na consolidação da LTM. Foram observados dois momentos: um inicial, junto ao treino, e um tardio apos 3h. Além disso, foi possível demonstrar que um treino prévio de baixa intensidade, mas não a pré-exposição ao aparato, pode impedir o estabelecimento de amnésia induzida pelo bloqueio da síntese protéica. O Capítulo 4 estende os achados com anisomicina observados no Capítulo 3, estudando também o inibidor da PKA, Rp-cAMPs, e o inibidor da MAPKK, PD 098059. Os dados obtidos confirmam também para essas cascatas a indução em um treino prévio de baixa intensidade de algum fenômeno celular de longa duração que torna o aprendizado de um segundo treino independente de PKA, MAPK ou síntese protéica. O estudo da dissociação da STM e LTM foi ampliado, agora no modelo humano, no experimento descrito no Capítulo 6. Nesse experimento, observamos uma clara influência do conteúdo emocional na LTM, mas a ausência desse efeito na STM. A discussão geral (Capítulo 7) busca integrar esses achados descritos nos capítulos anteriores dentro da nova perspectiva molecular da neurobiologia da memória. Além disso, abre discussão acerca de possíveis novas possibilidades de pesquisa.

Avaliação da eficiência da lavagem de embalagens plásticas provenientes do resíduo sólido urbano domiciliar do município de Porto Alegre

O presente trabalho relata o estudo realizado na área de lavagem de embalagens provenientes da coleta domiciliar de resíduos sólidos. Foram triadas três tipos de embalagens muito utilizados no dia-a-dia: garrafas PET, embalagens cartonadas (Tetra Pak) e embalagens diversas de PP (polipropileno). Após a triagem das embalagens, as mesmas foram cortadas de forma padronizada com uma guilhotina e submetidas à lavagem por 3 horas com cinco soluções diferentes: água da torneira, solução de detergente a 0,5 % e 1 % e solução de soda cáustica (NaOH) a 1 % e 2 %. Foram feitas coletas da água de lavagem ao início de cada experimento (0 h), antes da adição das embalagens e ao final da lavagem (3h). Foram coletadas, também, amostras aos 15 min, 45 min, 1h 30 min e 2h 30 min, para análise da Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO5). Em complemento, realizou-se a análise das variáveis físico-químicos potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), cor, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), fósforo total, nitrogênio total de Kjeldahl, sólidos totais, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos suspensos fixos, sólidos suspensos voláteis, sólidos dissolvidos totais, sólidos dissolvidos fixos, sólidos dissolvidos voláteis, sólidos sedimentáveis, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5), além de uma avaliação visual do material lavado. Os resultados da caracterização do efluente de cada lavagem mostraram uma grande variabilidade nas variáveis, presença elevada de sólidos e efluente de mau aspecto. É proposto um tratamento para estes efluentes. Houve uma eficiência elevada nas lavagens, o que viabiliza a técnica, com vistas à reciclagem.

Inosina extracelular como intermediária na silnalização do TNF-alfa em células de sertóli em cultura

As purinas extracelulares ATP e adenosina têm sido extensivamente estudadas em diferentes modelos e tipos celulares na modulação de várias respostas fisiológicas e patológicas. No entanto, a inosina extracelular, produto da degradação da adenosina pela Adenosina Deaminase (ADA), foi considerada por muito tempo um simples metabólito inativo. Recentemente, diversos trabalho têm demonstrado que este nucleosídeo possui importante papel na regulação de inúmeros processos. As células de Sertóli são as células somáticas dos túbulos seminíferos, e possuem fundamental importância na espermatogênese. Estas células, expressam diferentes purinoreceptores, estando estes envolvidos na regulação de diversas funções destas células relacionadas ao controle do desenvolvimento das células germinativas. No testículo, o TNF-α é produzido pelas espermátides redondas e pelos macrófagos ativados presentes no espaço intersticial. As células de Sertóli expressam os dois receptores descritos para TNF-α, TNF-RI (p55) e TNF-RII (p75), e diversos trabalhos tem descrito a modulação de diferentes funções destas células por esta citocina, incluindo a modulação da produção de NO e da fosforilação das MAPKs. Recentemente, foi descrita a modulação purinérgica da sinalização por TNF-α, bem como, a atividade ATPásica do receptor TNF-R1. Assim, nesta dissertação, foi estudado o efeito do TNF-α nos níveis das purinas extracelulares, além da possível participação purinérgica na sinalização desta citocina, em células de Sertóli em cultura. O tratamento destas células com TNF-α leva a um rápido aumento (5minutos) da concentração extracelular da inosina, que se prolonga até seis horas de incubação, sem alterar a concentração dos demais nucleotídeos e seus metabólitos. A inosina modula a produção de NO e a fosforilação das MAPKs ERK½ e p38 em células de Sertóli em cultura, aparentemente, através de diferentes mecanismos, sendo o primeiro efeito independente do receptor para adenosina A1 e o segundo efeito dependente da ativação deste receptor. Além disso, a inosina extracelular está envolvida na modulação da produção de NO e da fosforilação da MAPK ERK½ em células de Sertóli em cultura pelo TNF-α. A inibição do acúmulo de inosina estimulado pelo TNF-α através da incubação com um inibidor da adenosina deaminase cancela o aumento da produção de NO estimulada por esta citocina. Além disso, o bloqueio do receptor para adenosina A1 por antagonistas específicos impede o aumento na fosforilação da ERK½ estimulada por esta citocina. Assim, nesta dissertação, é descrito um papel intermediário da inosina extracelular na sinalização do TNF-α em células de Sertóli em cultura.

Fucana ativa via das Map quinases e inibe a proliferação de células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO)

Fucan is a term used to denominate L-fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides. The fucans have been studied due their pharmacological activities like antithrombotic, antiproliferative and antioxidant. We have extracted three fucan fractions from the brown seaweed Spatoglossum schröederi. These fucans were denominated Fuc B 1, Fuc B 1.5 and Fuc B 2. The chemical analyzes show that the fucans have very similar composition as demonstrated by agarose electrophoresis gel, sugar and sulfate content. The antiproliferative effect was determined by MTT and BrdU methodologies in CHO cells. The inhibition of proliferation effect of the three fractions was about 40%. Therefore this we proceed just with the Fuc B 2 due the higher yield. There is no apoptosis indication using the anexin V/propidium iodide test. We found a cell cycle phase G1 arrest. The western blotting show that the PKC; pFAK; pERK 1/2 are activated when the cells were treated with fucans. The treatement with inhibitor of MAPK PD98059 extinguished the fucan effect. These results indicates that fucan act by the ERK pathway inducing the cell death.

Preservação do inóculo de Plasmodiophora brassicae utilizando o método de congelamento

A preservação das estruturas de resistência de Plasmodiophora brassicae, em condições laboratoriais, é dificultada pelo fato de se tratar de um parasita obrigatório. O método de congelamento, utilizando freezer, comum foi testado com o objetivo de viabilizar a sobrevivência e a preservação de suas características infectivas. Raízes de diferentes brássicas, naturalmente infectadas por P. brassicae, contendo sintomas típicos de hérnia, de uma mesma propriedade localizada no município de Pardinho, Estado de São Paulo, foram coletadas em diferentes épocas e imediatamente congeladas, em freezer, a aproximadamente -20ºC. Os tratamentos foram divididos da seguinte maneira: T1: hérnias congeladas por 389 dias (rúcula); T2: hérnias congeladas por 242 dias (brócolis); T3: hérnias congeladas por 21 dias (couve chinesa) e T4: testemunha (sem inóculo). Os testes de patogenicidade, após diferentes períodos de armazenamento, foram realizados em condições de casa de vegetação (25±2ºC). Cada planta de uma variedade suscetível de couve-chinesa (Pak choi) foi inoculada com 2mL da suspensão de esporos de cada tratamento, na concentração de 10(7) esporos.mL-1. Cada tratamento contou com seis repetições distribuídas em blocos ao acaso. Passadas cinco semanas após a inoculação, as raízes das plantas foram lavadas e avaliadas. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Os materiais congelados, entre 21 a 242 dias preservaram suas características infectivas, mostrando que o método de congelamento em freezer, nesse período, pode ser uma boa opção para a preservação das estruturas de resistência deste patógeno.

Efeito da temperatura sobre a severidade de Plasmodiophora brassicae

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amfepramone hydrochloride, mazindol, and diazepam in tablets

Simple and rapid procedures were developed for the quantification of amfepramone hydrochloride and diazepam and mazindol and diazepam in tablets using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. These techniques provided conditions for the separation of each active ingredient from the complex matrices of the dosage forms by dilution or extraction in methanol. Isocratic reversed phase chromatography was performed using acetonitrile, methanol, and aqueous 0,1% ammonium carbonate (70:10:20, v/v/v) as a mobile phase, Radial-Pak C-18 column (100 x 8 mm id, 4 mu m), a column temperature of 25+/-1 degrees C and detection at 255 nm. The calibration curves were linear over a wide concentration range (100-1000 mu g.mL(-1) to amfepramone hydrochloride and mazindol and 10-100 mu g.mL(-1) to diazepam) with good correlation factors of 0.9978, 0.9956 and 0.9997 for amfepramone hydrochloride, mazindol, and diazepam, respectively.Mean recoveries obtained from the two kinds of samples ranged from 83.2 to 102.5%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1.0 to 6.1.These results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed methods, as well as advantages such as simplicity and short duration of analysis.