Studies on the evaluation of different sources of proteins, carbohydrates and mineral requirements for juvenile penaeid prawn Penaeus Indicus H. Milne Edwards

In India, directed research on penaeid prawn nutrition was taken up only recently when the aquaculture of prawns gained momentum. One of the important penaeid prawns sought for culture and has great potential is Penagus indiggs, H.Milne Edwards. The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute working on different aspects of culture of this species over the past one and half decades, has developed a hatchery technology for mass production of its seed and has suggested several improvements on its farming in the grow-out systems. One of the areas of active research in this direction has been on the nutrition of the species with a view to develop suitable feed not only for hatchery production of seed, but also in the field culture. As part of this investigation, the present study, on the evaluation of different protein and carbohydrate sources and mineral requirements for the juvenile E, indicus was taken up and the results obtained are embodied in the thesis

Health, Education and Employment in a Forward-Backward Dichotomy Based on Standard of Living Index for the Tribes in Kerala

The Paper unfolds the paradox that exists in the tribal community with respect to the development indicators and hence tries to cull out the difference in the standard of living of the tribes in a dichotomous framework, forward and backward. Four variables have been considered for ascertaining the standard of living and socio-economic conditions of the tribes. The data for the study is obtained from a primary survey in the three tribal predominant districts of Wayanad, Idukki and Palakkad. Wayanad was selected for studying six tribal communities (Paniya, Adiya, Kuruma, Kurichya, Urali and Kattunaika), Idukki for two communities (Malayarayan and Muthuvan) and Palakkad for one community (Irula). 500 samples from 9 prominent tribal communities of Kerala have been collected according to multistage proportionate random sample framework. The analysis highlights the disproportionate nature of socio-economic indicators within the tribes in Kerala owing to the failure of governmental schemes and assistances meant for their empowerment. The socio-economic variables, such as education, health, and livelihood have been augmented with SLI based on correlation analysis gives interesting inference for policy options as high educated tribal communities are positively correlated with high SLI and livelihood. Further, each of the SLI variable is decomposed using Correlation and Correspondence analysis for understanding the relative standing of the nine tribal sub communities in the three dimensional framework of high, medium and low SLI levels. Tribes with good education and employment (Malayarayan, Kuruma and Kurichya) have a better living standard and hence they can generally be termed as forward tribes whereas those with a low or poor education, employment and living standard indicators (Paniya, Adiya, Urali, Kattunaika, Muthuvans and Irula) are categorized as backward tribes

Implication of Trade, Livelihood and Employment Exclusion among Workers in Plantation Sector in Kerala

The first part of the study has focused on the trends in area, production and productivity comparing the state’s performance with of national level performance. Also an attempt was made to understand the trends in commodity price over the years especially in the post liberalization period from the early 1990s. Plantation commodities occupy an important share in the country’s export basket and thereby earning foreign exchange to the national exchequer. Taking into consideration the competitive dimension of natural rubber, cardamom and pepper in the export market was analyzed to see penetration of these commodities in the world market.The second part of the study has tried to understand the plantation workers livelihood by understand the employment generation in the sector. Livelihood assets of plantation workers were analyzed to understand the nature of ownership of various assets. Understanding the poor quality and ownership of various livelihood assets and their relative deprivation the study also tried to understand the income-expenditure patterns and the nature of indebtedness among workers and the factors responsible for deprivation and thereby social exclusion.Area, Production and productivity trends of rubber, pepper and cardamom show a mixed picture. Area, Production trends are impacted greatly by the commodity price of the plantation crops.High correlation exists between commodity price and area and production trends of plantation crops in the state.In terms of Natural Rubber, Kerala experienced a steady growth over the years in terms of area production and productivity as the price of rubber has increasedIn terms of black pepper, the state witnessed a deceleration in growth.In the case of cardamom the area of cultivation declined whereas production increasedProductivity of natural rubber, pepper and cardamom has increased substantially over the yearsEmployment pattern in rubber and spices sub-sector has been analyzed by looking in to the commodity prices so as to see the changes in employment pattern over the years. The study has helped to understand that commodity price and employment generation in plantations are interconnected to such an extent that a fall in the commodity price have greater reverberations on the employment pattern in plantations.Livelihood analysis both in the small and large holdings show that workers belonging to rubber (large and small rubber) plantations have shown better possession of livelihood assets when compared to spices plantation workers as 16.2 percent of the spices sub-sector workers claimed about ownership of house which is considered to be an important and primary livelihood asset.In the case of natural assets like accessibility, availability and duration of water for drinking and other household purposes, the situation of workers in spices plantation still remain poor as around 80 percent of workers depending on public well public taps and canals as source of drinking water.Evaluating financial assets also give clear indication that the road to secure financial assets still remains a distant dream for the workers in plantation sectorEvaluating income and expenditure trends pinpoints to the fact that disparity in terms of income exist among the plantation workersWhile observing the employment though wage levels have improved because of improvement in commodity price of plantation crops, significant improvements are not visible in their livelihood and they remain excluded compared to other sections of the society.

Study on Microcredit in Kerala with Special Reference to Employment and Income Generation through Microenterprises and Livelihood Projects

This study aimed to study the evolution and substance of microfinance as a major tool for combating poverty at the global and national level. The development of micro finance in Kerala is briefly discussed. It also indicates the importance and role of microcredit in bringing the poor up in the society through entrepreneurial initiatives. The current trends in the field are also discussed, leading to the need of the present research.

Employment Realm in Technical Education in Kerala-A Study on the Problem of Unemployment among Engineers

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Employment and Income of Workers on Indonesian Oil Palm Plantations: Food Crisis at the Micro Level

The importance of oil palm sector for Indonesia is inevitable as the country currently serves as the world’s largest producer of crude palm oil. This paper focuses on the situation of workers on Indonesian oil palm plantations. It attempts to investigate whether the remarkable development of the sector is followed by employment opportunities and income generation for workers. This question is posed within the theoretical framework on the link between trade liberalisation and labour rights, particularly in a labour-intensive and low-skilled sector. Based on extensive field research in Riau, this paper confirms that despite the rapid development of the oil palm plantation sector in Indonesia, the situations of workers in the sector remain deplorable, particularly their employment status and income. This also attests that trade liberalisation in the sector adversely affects labour rights. The poor working conditions also have ramifications for food security at the micro level.

European employment strategy and spanish labour market policies

The paper aim is to analyse the influence of the European Employment Strategy (EES)in the implementation of the Spanish labour market policies. The first part of the paper describes the evolution and content of the EES. In the second one, the definition of activation is also explained. In addition to that, the ways how the EES develops and promotes active labour market policies are examined. The evolution of labour market policies in Spain and the current configuration of both active and passive policies are studied in the next three chapters. In these parts, the paper investigates to which extent the provisions of the EES have been implemented in Spain. The paper shows that: i) activation has been rising in the European countries since the implementation of the EES; ii) this fact has also happened in relative terms (comparing the evolution of active to passive policies); iii) Spain has been one of the countries which has led these processes; iv) the EES seems to have been influencing

The allometry of non-employment. What can compositional data analysis tell us about labour market performance across the UK's regions?

The low levels of unemployment recorded in the UK in recent years are widely cited as evidence of the country’s improved economic performance, and the apparent convergence of unemployment rates across the country’s regions used to suggest that the longstanding divide in living standards between the relatively prosperous ‘south’ and the more depressed ‘north’ has been substantially narrowed. Dissenters from these conclusions have drawn attention to the greatly increased extent of non-employment (around a quarter of the UK’s working age population are not in employment) and the marked regional dimension in its distribution across the country. Amongst these dissenters it is generally agreed that non-employment is concentrated amongst older males previously employed in the now very much smaller ‘heavy’ industries (e.g. coal, steel, shipbuilding). This paper uses the tools of compositiona l data analysis to provide a much richer picture of non-employment and one which challenges the conventional analysis wisdom about UK labour market performance as well as the dissenters view of the nature of the problem. It is shown that, associated with the striking ‘north/south’ divide in nonemployment rates, there is a statistically significant relationship between the size of the non-employment rate and the composition of non-employment. Specifically, it is shown that the share of unemployment in non-employment is negatively correlated with the overall non-employment rate: in regions where the non-employment rate is high the share of unemployment is relatively low. So the unemployment rate is not a very reliable indicator of regional disparities in labour market performance. Even more importantly from a policy viewpoint, a significant positive relationship is found between the size of the non-employment rate and the share of those not employed through reason of sickness or disability and it seems (contrary to the dissenters) that this connection is just as strong for women as it is for men

INFO2009 Employment Legislation Overview

Summary of key areas of employment legislation

Addressing endogeneity in the relationship between health and employment through a simultaneous equations model

Este documento analiza la relación de doble causalidad entre salud y empleo y su comportamiento dinámico usando datos de Estados Unidos tomados del PSID (Pane Study of Income Dynamics). Este estudio usa dos variables dependientes (Estado de salud auto-reportado y Empleo), las cuales son estimadas usando un modelo probit bivariado para abordar el problema de endegeneidad presente en dicha relación. Los resultados muestran evidencia significativa de la existencia de dicha endogeneidad y del impacto positivo que tiene sobre la probabilidad de ser empleado tener un buen estado de salud y vicesersa, sin embargo, el impacto de la situación de empleo sobre el estado de salud se encuentra que no es significativa.

La presència del suport natural en els processos d'inclusió laboral mitjançant el model de Treball amb Suport (Supported Employment). ' La presencia del apoyo natural en los procesos de inclusión laboral mediante el modelo de Empleo con Apoyo (Supported Employment)'.

Conocer en profundidad el proceso de adaptación a la empresa del trabajador con discapacidades significativas desde tres enfoques diferentes, que afectan a los principales protagonistas de este proceso: el trabajador con necesidad de apoyo (TANS), el preparador laboral y el compañero de trabajo-supervisor. Determinar, a partir de la aplicación del modelo de Trabajo con Apoyo, la existencia y funcionamiento de los principales agentes de apoyo en el proceso de inclusión laboral en la empresa normalizada. . Muestra no probabilística sistemática. Población: 162 trabajadores con discapacidades significativas que trabajan en el mercado laboral ordinario mediante el modelo de Empleo con Apoyo; 86 preparadores laborales (pertenecientes a 35 entidades distribuidas en el territorio español); 162 compañeros de trabajo del trabajador con discapacidad. . Búsqueda de entidades participantes. Elaboración y diseño de los cuestionarios de aplicación. Validación. Elaboración del sistema de registro y recogida de datos. Contacto con entidades y propuesta de colaboración. Prueba de ensayo de aplicación. Elaboración final: Cuestionario del Apoyo Natural. Envío de los cuestionarios a las entidades participantes. Contacto con nuevas entidades, envío de cuestionarios y confirmación. Implementación y seguimiento. Recepción de los QI-QII-QIII. Reenvío y ajuste de las respuestas. Obtención de los datos. . Cuestionario de aplicación del Apoyo Natural (QI-QII-QIII). . Además del PL se observa la presencia de otros agentes de apoyo dentro de la empresa. Se observa la iniciativa e implicación de los compañeros en las tareas de los trabajadores con necesidades de apoyo (TANS): proporcionan ayudas aunque no se expresen de manera directa. Los empleados se configuran en los principales agentes de apoyo para enseñar nuevas tareas a los trabajadores. En los programas de empleo con apoyo se manifiesta un ajuste entre el tiempo de apoyo y la tipología de necesidad de apoyo. Se observa la disponibilidad de los apoyos proporcionados por otros empleados de diferentes entornos de la empresa: interacción entre el TANS y otros empleados. La disponibilidad de los apoyos o ayudas en situaciones no relacionadas directamente con la tarea es más significativa cuanto más tiempo de contratación presenta el TANS. Las interacciones entre el TANS y demás empleados fomenta la participación en actividades extralaborales. Se observa una relación significativa entre las características del puesto de trabajo y el tipo de tareas que realizan los TANS, destacando el elevado grado de colaboración que requieren para su ejecución. El nivel de satisfacción por la ocupación expresado por los TANS es muy positivo a pesar del esfuerzo que supone la adaptación al entorno laboral normalizado. Se observa relación significativa entre el nivel de satisfacción y la presencia de contactos regulares dentro de la empresa. Se observa relación significativa entre el tiempo de dedicación del PL y el desarrollo de funciones dentro de los procesos de inclusión. No se observan diferencias significativas en lo que se refiere a las condiciones laborales de otros empleados de la misma categoría laboral. No se observa relación significativa entre el tipo de necesidad de apoyo que presentan los TANS y el trabajo que desarrollan diariamente los compañeros de trabajo en la empresa. Se observa una relación significativa en proporcionar elementos formativos y de entrenamiento y la experiencia acumulada a través de la práctica profesional del PL desarrollando sus funciones. En la mayoría de los procesos de inclusión se observa que el PL desde el inicio del contrato laboral del TANS recibe apoyo de los compañeros de trabajo y del supervisor. Ante la retirada progresiva del apoyo del PL se observa una continuidad de los apoyos proporcionado por los compañeros de trabajo. La función de PL no recae únicamente en un compañero de trabajo: los recursos de apoyos existentes se diluyen con el resto de los empleados. No se ha observado relación significativa entre la necesidad de apoyo que considera suficiente el TANS y el tiempo de intervención directa que considera necesario el PL. Se observa que la implicación directa del PL va disminuyendo a medida que se incrementan los apoyos naturales. Se considera al PL como un recurso de apoyo que no supone una intromisión en la empresa. El PL consigue integrarse dentro de la actividad de la empresa como un recurso natural más. Su presencia es valorada positivamente por los empleados. El tiempo de intervención directa no supone en ningún momento una distorsión en el mantenimiento de la producción ni en el ritmo de trabajo. No se observa relación significativa entre el tipo de necesidad de apoyo de los TANS y el apoyo proporcionado por los compañeros que consideran que ha incidido negativamente en su rendimiento. Más necesidad de apoyo y más tiempo de intervención no implica una disminución del rendimiento laboral de los compañeros de trabajo. . Sobre el empleo con apoyo: modelo de inclusión laboral eficaz, permite la búsqueda de una ocupación competitiva en el sistema ordinario, facilita la adaptación del trabajador y el mantenimiento del puesto de trabajo. Se centra en las necesidades de apoyo de los trabajadores desde una perspectiva global y un planteamiento ecológico. La finalidad no reside en el empleo sino en mejorar la calidad de vida del TANS. Sobre el TANS: siempre existen capacidades y potencialidades para asumir nuevas tareas o cambios en las mismas; cada trabajador desea un proyecto personal de futuro, es importante iniciar planes centrados en la persona con el trabajador y no para el trabajador; el nivel de satisfacción laboral es muy elevado y relacionado con la presencia de interacciones sociales dentro del entorno laboral. Sobre el PL: sistematizar, dentro de la metodología de empleo con apoyo, estrategias de intervención para la identificación de los apoyos naturales; el PL no sólo proporciona apoyos sino que también dispone y recibe los apoyos de la empresa. Sobre los apoyos naturales: sin apoyos no existe ningún plan de inclusión; su implicación garantiza poder construir un proceso estable acorde a las necesidades que cada TANS requiere en función del contexto sociolaboral; es necesario plantear abiertamente a los empresarios el papel que juegan los compañeros de trabajo en el proceso de inclusión.